The main features of the EGP in tropical Africa. Mining regions of Africa. Natural conditions and resources

Topic: “Africa. The composition of the territory. Economic and geographical location. Population".

Lesson objectives:

1. To study the features of EGP, composition and population of African countries

2. To consolidate the ability to characterize countries according to the model plan

3. To improve the skills of working with the text of the textbook, thematic atlas maps and wall maps.

Lesson steps:

1.Explanation of the new material .

Demonstration of the political map of Africa from the Center for Economic Development and Trade No. 2 "Economic and Social Geography of the World." Enter through the content into the section "Africa" and then "Political Map".

Assignment to the class:

-View the map, listen to the narrator's text and answer questions :

How many countries are there in Africa?

How many mainland and insular countries?

How many countries are landlocked?

Using the text of the tutorial on page 243, answer the question:

What are the features of EGP in African countries? (write them out in a notebook)

Assignment to the class:

Working with the political map of Africa and the business card on the flyleaf, highlight:

The largest countries in Africa by area

The largest countries in terms of population

(write them out in a notebook)

Consider the history of the formation of states.

A map from the "Territorial Division of Africa" hyperlink is projected onto the screen. The map is called "Obtaining state independence by the countries of Africa."

Assignment to the class on the map:

Which countries were not colonies?

Which countries owned colonies in Africa?

In what years did African countries gain independence?

The screen displays the countries and years of independence in chronological order.

What year is called the year of Africa?

Which states were the last to appear on the map of Africa?

The screen displays a table in which the state system of the countries is indicated. Using her data, we answer the questions:

How many monarchies are there in Africa? Which? (write them out in a notebook)

How many federal states? Which? (write them out in a notebook)

The youngest state?

What is the majority of African countries in terms of political structure?

Now let's look at the population of Africa.

Work with the section "Population" of Africa. Exit to it from the main field. After listening to the announcer's text, working with the "Population density" map (access to it through a hyperlink) and the text of the textbook on page 247,we answer questions:

What is the total population of Africa?

Is the population evenly spread across Africa? Compare, where the density is more, where it is less, why?

We answer the questions:

What type of reproduction are African countries?

Which country has the highest birth rate? Mortality?

What is life expectancy in Africa?

What is a population explosion?

We answer the questions:

Which countries have the highest number of AIDS cases, why?

We work with the text of the textbook, page 247. Let's find the characteristic of urbanization. Let's read the content and answer the questions:

What is a "city explosion"?

Name the largest cities in Africa using the map in the atlas and the table "Urban areas" of Africa, which is projected on the screen (exit via a hyperlink). Write them down in your notebook.

Using the urbanization map of the world in the textbook page 69, name the most urbanized countries, the least urbanized and write them down in your notebook.

Africa is a multinational region.

We answer the questions:

What races live in Africa, and in what part of it?

What, in your opinion, are transitional groups?

Which language groups are the peoples of Africa? We are looking for the answer to this question in the atlas map and on the map on the "Peoples of Africa" screen (exit via a hyperlink).

Photos of the population of Africa are projected on the screen (exit via a hyperlink).

Working with the map "Religions of Africa" (exit via a hyperlink (, we answer the question:

What religions are practiced in Africa, why?

So, summing up the lesson, what about the people of Africa?

1. It is multinational, which causes ethnic conflicts.

2. The second type of population reproduction is “demographic explosion”.

3. Migration of the population to cities - "urban explosion".

4. Most African countries are young and emerging economies, as they recently gained independence.

Consolidation of the studied material : for test questions (exit through the menu on the main page of the theme "Africa").

Homework: Topic 8, section 1.

By featuresEGP African countries can be subdivided into landlocked and inland. Most of the countries far from the sea belong to the least developed countries in the world.

Forms of government ... Almost all countries are republics, only three monarchies are Morocco,

Natural resources. Among continents -1st place in reserves of manganese ores, chromite, bauxite, gold, platinoids, cobalt, vanadium, diamonds, phosphorites. The richest software country - South Africa.

Agroclimatic resources ... 1/3 of the mainland are deserts, 1/3 are characterized by a long dry season and are prone to droughts, the countries of the equatorial belt are characterized by excessive moisture.

Population. The countries are characterized by the highest rates of reproduction in the world. Ethnic composition - 300-500 nationalities. V North Africa some of the ethnic groups have formed into large nations, but the majority are at the level of nationalities and tribes. The average density is 22 people / km2. The settlement is uneven. In the Sahara, vast areas (the largest in the world) are not inhabited; in the zone of tropical forests - very rarely; the bulk of people live on the coasts. Urbanization: 34% rate, the highest rate in the world.Household. After gaining independence, the countries began to overcome centuries-old backwardness. The restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structures of the economy is under way.

Industry ... Industries that determine the importance of the region in the international division of labor: a) mining industry (in the extraction of many types of minerals, Africa holds a monopoly place in the world); b) tropical and subtropical agriculture with an export orientation. But despite this, Africa ranks last among the regions of the world in terms of industrialization and agricultural productivity. cultures.

Most countries persistcolonial type the sectoral structure of the economy, characterized by: a) the predominance of consumer villages. farms; b) poor development of the manufacturing industry; c) limitation of the non-production sphere mainly to trade.

General characteristics of Africa.

Working workshop - work in groups. Group # 1.

According to the text (pp. 243-249), pictures of the textbook, the "visiting card" of countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the maps of the atlas, determine:

EGP of African countries (general characteristics, features).

Answer the questions:

1) What changes and why have occurred on the political map of Africa after the Second World War?

2) Which countries are republics and which are monarchies? What are the administrative and state structures?

Natural conditions.

1) Using maps of the atlas and tables 2 and 4 of the textbook appendix, make a classification of African countries according to the degree of their mineral wealth. Give the classification as a table:

Countries rich in a variety of mineral resources

Countries rich in 1-2 types of minerals

Countries poor in mineral resources

3) Draw conclusions about land, water and agro-climatic resources (task 3 p.256).

Homework: p. 243 - 249, problem 6 p. 257.

GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTRIES OF AFRICA

Table 11. Demographic, socio-economic indicators of the world, Africa and South Africa.

General review. Geographical position.

The mainland occupies 1/5 of the land the globe... In terms of size (30.3 million km 2 - with islands), it is second only to Asia from all parts of the world. Washed by the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Figure 14. Political map of Africa.

The region includes 55 countries.

Almost all African countries are republics (with the exception of Lesotho, Morocco and Swaziland, which remain constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states is unitary, with the exception of Nigeria and South Africa.

There is no other continent in the world that has suffered as much from colonial oppression and the slave trade as Africa. The collapse of the colonial system began in the 50s in the north of the continent, the last colony, Namibia, was liquidated in 1990. In 1993, a new state appeared on the political map of Africa - Eritrea (as a result of the disintegration of Ethiopia). Western Sahara (Saharan Arab Republic) are under the auspices of the UN.

Various criteria can be used to assess the EGP of African countries. One of the main criteria is dividing countries according to the presence or absence of access to the sea. Due to the fact that Africa is the most massive continent, no other of them has so many countries located far from the seas. Most of the landlocked countries are the most backward.

Natural conditions and resources.

The continent is crossed almost in the middle by the equator and lies entirely between the subtropical belts of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The peculiarity of its form - the northern part is 2.5 times wider than the southern one - determined the difference in their natural conditions. In general, the mainland is compact: there are 960 km 2 of territory per 1 km of the coastline. The relief of Africa is characterized by stepped plateaus, plateaus, and plains. The highest uplifts are confined to the outskirts of the continent.

Africa is exceptionally rich minerals, although they are still poorly studied. Among other continents, it ranks first in terms of reserves of manganese ores, chromite, bauxite, gold, platinum, cobalt, diamonds, and phosphorites. The resources of oil, natural gas, graphite, and asbestos are also great.

The share of Africa in the world mining industry is 1/4. Almost all of the extracted raw materials and fuel are exported from Africa to economically developed countries, which makes its economy highly dependent on the world market.

In total, there are seven main mining regions in Africa. Three of them are in North Africa and four in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Atlas Mountains region is distinguished by reserves of iron, manganese, polymetallic ores, phosphorites (the world's largest phosphorite belt).
The Egyptian mining region is rich in oil, natural gas, iron, titanium ores, phosphorites, etc.
The region of the Algerian and Libyan parts of the Sahara is distinguished by the largest oil and gas fields.
The West Guinea region is characterized by a combination of gold, diamonds, iron ores, graphite.
The East Guinea region is rich in oil, gas, metal ores.
Zaire-Zambia region. On its territory there is a unique "Copper Belt" with deposits of high-quality copper ores, as well as cobalt, zinc, lead, cadmium, germanium, gold, silver. Congo (formerly Zaire) is a major global producer and exporter of cobalt.
The largest mining region in Africa is located within Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. Almost all types of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals are mined here, with the exception of the inclusion of oil, gas and bauxite.

Mineral resources in Africa are unevenly distributed. There are countries in which the lack of a raw material base hinders their development.

Significant land resources Africa. There is more arable land per one of its inhabitants than in South-East Asia or Latin America... In total, 20% of the land suitable for agriculture is cultivated. However, extensive farming and rapid population growth have led to catastrophic soil erosion, which reduces crop yields. This, in turn, exacerbates the problem of hunger, which is very relevant to Africa.

Agroclimatic resources Africa is determined by the fact that it is the hottest continent; it lies entirely within the average annual isotherms of + 20 ° С. But at the same time, precipitation is the main factor determining the differences in climatic conditions. 30% of the territory - arid areas occupied by deserts, 30% - receive 200-600 mm of precipitation, but are subject to droughts; the equatorial areas suffer from an excess of moisture. Therefore, on 2/3 of the territory of Africa, sustainable agriculture is possible only with reclamation work.

Water resources Africa. In terms of their volume, Africa is significantly inferior to Asia and South America... The hydrographic network is extremely unevenly distributed. The utilization of the huge hydropower potential of the rivers (780 million kW) is not high.

Forest resources Africa's reserves are second only to the resources of Latin America and Russia. But its average forest cover is much lower; moreover, as a result of deforestation, deforestation has taken on an alarming scale.

Population.

Africa stands out all over the world with the highest rates of population reproduction. In 1960, 275 million people lived on the continent, in 1980 - 475 million people, in 1990 - 648 million, and in 2000, according to forecasts, there will be 872 million.Kenya stands out especially in terms of growth rates - 4, 1% (first place in the world), Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda. Such a high birth rate is explained by the age-old traditions of early marriages and large families, religious traditions, as well as the increased level of health care. Most countries on the continent do not pursue an active demographic policy.

The change, as a result of the demographic explosion, of the age structure of the population also entails great consequences: in Africa, the proportion of children is high and is still growing (40-50%). This increases the "demographic burden" on the working-age population.

The population explosion in Africa is exacerbating many of the regional problems, the most important of which is the food problem. Despite the fact that 2/3 of Africa's population is employed in agriculture, the average annual population growth (3%) significantly outstrips the average annual growth in food production (1.9%).

There are many problems associated with ethnic composition population of Africa, which is very variegated. There are 300-500 ethnic groups. Some of them have already formed into large nations, but most are still at the level of nationalities, and remnants of the tribal system are also preserved.

According to the linguistic principle, 1/2 of the population belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, 1/3 to the Afrasian family, and only 1% are residents of European origin.

An important feature of African countries is the discrepancy between political and ethnic boundaries as a result of the colonial era of the continent's development. As a result, many united peoples found themselves in different sides borders. This leads to inter-ethnic conflicts and territorial disputes. The latter concern 20% of the territory. Moreover, 40% of the territory is not demarcated at all, and only 26% of the length of the borders runs along natural boundaries that partially coincide with ethnic boundaries.

The legacy of the past is that official languages most of the African countries still have the languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese.

The average population density in Africa (24 people / km 2) is less than in foreign Europe and Asia. Africa is characterized by very sharp contrasts of settlement. For example, the Sahara is home to the world's largest uninhabited areas. A rare population and in the zone of tropical rainforests. But there are also quite significant clumps of population, especially on the coasts. The population density in the Nile Delta reaches 1000 people / km 2.

In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions. However, the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world. Like many others developing countries, Africa is experiencing "false urbanization".

General characteristics of the economy.

After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome age-old backwardness. Of particular importance were the nationalization of natural resources, the implementation agrarian reform, economic planning, training of national personnel. As a result, the pace of development of the region accelerated. The restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy began.

The greatest successes on this path have been achieved in the mining industry, which now accounts for 1/4 of the world production in terms of production. For the extraction of many types of minerals, Africa holds an important and sometimes monopoly place in the foreign world. The main part of the extracted fuel and raw materials is exported to the world market and accounts for 9/10 of the region's exports. It is the mining industry that primarily determines the place of Africa in the MGRT.

The manufacturing industry is poorly developed or nonexistent. But some countries in the region are distinguished by a higher level of manufacturing industry - South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco.

The second branch of the economy that determines the place of Africa in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation.

But in general, Africa is still far behind in its development. It ranks last among the regions of the world in terms of industrialization and crop yields.

Most countries are characterized by a colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy.

the predominance of small-scale extensive agriculture;
underdeveloped manufacturing industry;
a strong backlog of transport - transport does not provide communication between the hinterland, and sometimes foreign economic relations of states;
the non-productive sphere is also limited and is usually represented by trade and services.

The territorial structure of the economy is also characterized by the general underdevelopment and strong disproportions remaining from the colonial past. On economic map In the region, there are only separate centers of industry (mainly in the capital regions) and high-value agriculture.

The one-sided agrarian and raw material direction of economic development in most countries is a brake on the growth of their socio-economic indicators. In many countries, one-sidedness has reached the level of monoculture. Monocultural specialization- narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw materials or foodstuffs, intended mainly for export. The emergence of such specialization is associated with the colonial past of countries.

Figure 15. Monoculture countries in Africa.
(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)

External economic relations.

Monocultural specialization and low level economic development African states are manifested in an insignificant share in world trade and in the enormous importance that foreign trade has for the continent itself. Thus, more than 1/4 of Africa's GDP goes to foreign markets, foreign trade provides up to 4/5 of government revenues to the budget of African countries.

The developed countries of the West account for about 80% of the continent's trade turnover.

Despite the enormous natural and human potential, Africa continues to be the most backward part of the world economy.

East Africa. Economic geographic characteristic

Table of contents

Introduction
General information
Geographical position
Natural conditions and resources
Population of the region
General information
Demographic situation
East African Economy
General information
Agriculture
Transport
External Relations
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

East Africa is a region of the world distinguished on the one hand by magnificent natural resources and attractions, on the other - one of the poorest regions in the world. Most of the countries in the region have a clearly agrarian-oriented economy. The exception is Zambia, which has an export-oriented economy based on the mining industry (copper mining and export).

The region occupies a significant area. This territory is home to a significant part of the African population. Therefore, the task of describing and studying this region is of particular relevance.

Thus, the purpose of this work was to study and analyze the current economic situation in the region, taking into account the specifics of the spatial organization as resources economic system, and the placement of its main nodes.

General information

The East Africa region is located in the eastern part of the mainland and includes 10 states (Figure 1, Table 1) - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.

Table 1 - Composition of the East Africa region

The total area of the region is 4,561,190 km 2. The region is home to 153,741,344 people (2005).

Geographical position

The region is characterized by a fairly advantageous geographical position. V economically the region is located among states with a rather underdeveloped economy. However, in relation to the main mineral resources, the region has a rather advantageous position - in the northeast (Arabian Peninsula) and west (Gulf of Guinea) there are richest oil and gas fields, in the south there is a continuation of the largest copper belt in Africa. In terms of transport, the region occupies a rather advantageous position - the proximity to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea provides quite significant potential benefits. In geopolitical terms, the situation is somewhat aggravated by the situation among the poor countries of Africa, which are characterized by an extremely unstable political environment.

Figure 1 - East Africa: composition of the region

Natural conditions and resources

Tectonic and geomorphological conditions. Mineral resources

In tectonic and geomorphological terms, the region is heterogeneous. The Ethiopian Highlands (Ethiopia, Eritrea) is a highly elevated block of the African Platform, which is characterized by high tectonic fragmentation and landscape diversity due to the clear separation of structural and morphological areas and altitudinal zonation. In terms of the degree of potential development, the region is difficult to access and poorly developed. The Somali plateau in the east of the region is much shallower and much less indented, which greatly increases the potential for development. The East African Plateau (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) is a mobile, tectonically active part of the African Plate. The greatest rift system and the greatest heights of the continent are concentrated here. The region is characterized by extremely difficult terrain and low indicators of potential development.

In terms of the provision of mineral resources, the region belongs to the middle-income region. Fuel and energy resources (natural gas, oil) are absent. The exception is the hard coal deposits in the southwest of Zambia.

Metallic minerals are well represented. Gold deposits are located in the south of Ethiopia, in the west of Uganda, in the south of Zambia. Copper ore is a separate link in the spectrum of metallic minerals. The so-called Copper Belt of Central Africa, which ends in Zambia, is widely known and of international importance. Apart from deposits of high-quality copper ore, this belt also includes deposits of polymetals (cobalt ores, nickel ores).

Non-metallic minerals are represented by diamond deposits in Tanzania (Mwadui deposit), table salt (border of Eritrea and Ethiopia).

Climatic conditions and agroclimatic resources

The region is climatically located in the subequatorial zone (a zone of sufficient moisture in the west, insufficient moisture in the east of Tanzania). The extreme north of Ethiopia, Tanzania and Eritrea lies in the tropical zone with an arid climate (Figure 2).

In agroclimatic terms, the region is confined to the tropical belt, characterized by continuous vegetation of plants throughout the year (it can be interrupted only by a dry period for an area of subequatorial climate with insufficient moisture). The tropical zone is characterized by the ability to harvest several crops per year. Most of the region is within the isotherm of the sum of the air temperature for a period with temperatures above 10C over 8000C. Under these conditions, thermophilic perennial and annual crops with the longest growing season (sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, cinchona, rubber plants, etc.) can be grown. Eastern Ethiopia and western Tanzania, as well as western Kenya and Eastern Uganda is within the isoline of the sums of air temperatures for the period with temperatures above 10C from 4000C to 8000C. These areas belong to the subtropical agroclimatic zone and are characterized by the possibility of growing thermophilic temperatures with a very long growing season (cotton, late corn, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco, tea, sometimes date palm, etc.).

Hydrological conditions and water resources

There are no large rivers in the region. However, small rivers descending from the plateaus develop a sufficiently high speed, which characterizes their hydropower potential as acceptable for the construction of hydroelectric power plants.

In terms of the provision of water resources, the region belongs to the rather poorly provided one. Ethiopia, Tanzania, Eritrea and Somalia are characterized by the endowment of the total river flow with resources of 2.5 - 5 thousand m 3 per year, Kenya - 0.5 - 2.5 thousand m 3 per year. Zambia is characterized by the most favorable conditions for the provision of full river runoff resources (10 - 25 thousand m 3 per year).

The region has the largest lakes of the mainland - Victoria, Nyasa, Tanganyika. Lakes have significant recreational potential which is heavily used.

Vegetation and animal world... Land resources

The region is characterized by the presence of 3 natural zones - humid equatorial forests (west of the region), subequatorial forests and woodlands (Zambia, Malawi), humid savannas (along river valleys), typical savannas (Ethiopia), deserted savannas (Somalia, Kenya).

In connection with the above, the land resources of the region are mainly of pasture orientation (this is due to the large spread of savannas). Fragmented forests are not of industrial importance. Land suitable for cultivation is not widespread.

east africa economic geographic

Figure 2 - Climatic zones of East Africa

( I - equatorial climate; II - Subequatorial climate: 1a - with sufficient moisture, 1b - with insufficient moisture; III - tropical climate )

Figure 3 - Land resources of East Africa

Population of the region

General information

The population of the region is 153 741 344 people (2005). The average population density is 33.7 people. / km 2. The largest population is typical for Kenya - 53 142 980 people, the smallest - the Seychelles (73 000 people (2005).

Table 2 - Population density in East African countries

The highest population density is typical for the Seychelles, which is associated with small area the state. The average indicators for the states are small and poorly reflect the real situation.

Demographic situation

Fertility rates in the region are quite high. For the northern states of the region, fertility rates from 40 to 45 ‰ are characteristic, for the southern states - from 45 to 50 ‰. At the same time, mortality rates also differ high values- from 15 to 20 ‰. Natural population growth in the region for southern countries the region is more than 30 ‰, for the northern ones - 25 - 30 ‰.

In the sex and age structure, women predominate, only in Kenya and Uganda there is a predominance of the male population.

Ethnic structure of the population

The southern part of the region is inhabited by the peoples of the Niger-Kardofan family of the subgroup of the central Niger-Congo - the peoples of Rwanda, Rundi, Congo, Luba, Malawi, etc. In Ethiopia and Somalia, the peoples of the Kushite group of the Afrasian family live - Oromo, Somalia, Afar, Beja, etc. West The region is inhabited by representatives of the East Sudanese group of the Nilo-Saharan family - the Nubians, Dinka, Kalenjin, etc.

Thus, the ethnic structure of the region under study is characterized by significant diversity.

Accommodation of the population. Urbanization

The region is populated rather unevenly. In the center of Ethiopia, certain regions of Kenya, in the coastal zone of Lake Victoria, the population density reaches 100-200 people. per km 2. The rest of the region is poorly populated - the population density is from 1 to 10 people. per km 2.

The region is one of the least urbanized parts of the world - the level of urbanization for most countries is from 10 to 20%. The exception is Zambia. Zambia is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with about 44% of its population concentrated in large cities and urban industrial agglomerations.

East African Economy

General information

Lead role in Ethiopia's economy plays consumer agriculture. In the early 1990s, agricultural production accounted for more than half of the gross domestic product (GDP). During the same period, the share of trade and services in GDP grew. From 1989-1990 to 1994-1995 fiscal years, the annual growth in the share of the service sector in GDP was 2.4%. 1993-1994 financial year services accounted for 22% of GDP (data includes economic indicators for Eritrea). Until recently, Ethiopia was one of the poorest countries in the world and its economy grew slowly. Between 1960 and 1974, the average annual production growth did not exceed 4%. Revolutionary shocks led to the fact that this figure in 1974-1979 fell to 1.4%. Due to the rapid growth of the population, the per capita volume of production in 1985-1995 decreased annually by an average of 0.3%. During this decade, the population growth rate averaged 2.6% per year. Severe droughts and civil war also contributed to the deterioration of living conditions. In the early 1990s, there were signs of economic recovery. From 1989-1990 to 1994-1995, the average GDP growth rate was 1.9%. In the 1996-1997 financial year, GDP increased by 7%. Foreign loans and financial assistance were the main factors in improving the economic situation.

Economy Zambia depends on world prices for copper - the country's main export product. In the 1960s and 1970s, copper export revenues enabled the government to maintain a relatively high standard of living (compared to many African countries). As a result of a significant increase in the cost of oil imports, a significant drop in world prices for copper and mistakes in the economic policy of the government of K. Kaunda, Zambia faced a whole range of financial and economic problems in the 1980s. The inept implementation in the 90s of the IMF programs for the structural restructuring of the economy led to an increase in unemployment and a further rise in inflation. L. Mwanawasa's government is making efforts to contain the negative trends in economic development. The process of privatization of state-owned companies is underway. According to official government data, in 1991-2002, 257 (out of 280 scheduled for transfer to private hands) state and semi-state enterprises were privatized. 56% of the privatized companies were acquired by Zambian entrepreneurs. In 2001-2002, foreign investments in the country's economy exceeded USD 100 million annually. Zambia receives financial aid The IMF has two programs - PRGF (a program to help fight poverty and accelerate economic growth, it received $ 110 million in 2002) and HIPC (a program for the poorest countries with high debt, it received $ 155.3 million in 2002). USD). In January 2003, L. Mwanawasa unveiled a transitional plan for national development until 2005.

Somalia - economically backward and poor country. It has scarce mineral resources, the basis of the country's economy is mainly nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry. About 80% of the working-age population is employed in agriculture, mainly in animal husbandry; the sale of livestock, meat products and skins brings the country over 80% of the total export earnings. The share of industrial production in the national economy is very insignificant, and mineral resources do not cover the costs of their development. Two factors had a detrimental effect on the state of the country's economy in the second half of the 1970s: first, a severe drought, which significantly reduced the number of livestock, and then the war with Ethiopia, as a result of which a stream of refugees numbering up to one million people rushed from Ethiopia to Somalia. Even greater damage was caused to the country's economy by the inter-clan struggle that unfolded after the overthrow of the Siad Barre regime in 1991.

Kenya is an agrarian country, but its economy differs from that of many other African countries. Kenya grows not one but several export crops, has a modern tourism industry and a developed manufacturing industry. During the colonial period, trade and commercial agriculture were in the hands of Europeans and Asians. The government of independent Kenya has helped to strengthen the role of Africans in all of these areas.

The model of socialism adopted in Tanzania after gaining independence, it was based on two basic principles - self-reliance and equal distribution of public wealth. The implementation of this model was fraught with difficulties and proved to be untenable, mainly due to the orientation of the Tanzanian economy to export agricultural products. Despite the arid climate and other unfavorable natural conditions, agriculture is the backbone of the Tanzanian economy.

In the 1970s, the country's economy developed at a relatively fast pace, which was associated with high world prices for Tanzanian export products. The policy of forcibly creating "socialist villages" led to the alienation of the peasants from the land, and the rate of growth slowed down. In the late 1970s, Tanzania entered a period of economic crisis. Falling world prices for Tanzanian export products, the global oil crisis and the onerous war with Uganda have left the balance of payments unsettled. Domestic political factors also played an important role. The state systematically underpaid peasants for export products and accumulated a significant part of export earnings. Therefore, the peasants were faced with a dilemma: either to produce less products, or to sell a significant part of it on the black market. The economy of the socialist type presupposed the presence of political restrictions economic activity... The 1967 Arusha Declaration prohibited party functionaries and government officials from engaging in business and employment. Despite the efforts of the Tanzanian leadership to prevent the personal enrichment of the party elite and civil servants, the economic crisis of the 1980s spawned a massive underground economy. Party workers and government officials, faced with the impossibility of living on their salaries, took up entrepreneurial activity... Experts note that it is difficult to objectively assess the state of the Tanzanian economy, since it is almost impossible to determine the scale of the shadow economy.

In the early 1980s, the Tanzanian government made several attempts to adjust economic policy, but this did not help the ailing socialist economy. In 1986, Tanzania negotiated with the IMF to obtain loans for the restructuring of the country's economy. The agreement reached meant a radical turn in the country's economic course, since the terms of the loans provided for the abandonment of socialist methods of management. Like most reform countries, Tanzania is privatizing the public sector in agriculture and industry. The IMF also demanded to liberalize trade and devalue the Tanzanian shilling. In recent years, as a result of the clotting social programs the peasants have lost state support, and now they have to rely only on themselves.

Tanzania remains a predominantly agricultural country, with 85% of the rural population employed in the agricultural sector. In 1997, agricultural exports accounted for 60% of all export earnings. Although the IMF has named Tanzania as a country that has successfully restructured the economy, the real results are half-hearted at best. For the majority of peasants, production oriented towards the domestic market often does not even provide a living wage.

Throughout the 19th century. main export items Uganda there were ivory and animal skins. Completion in 1901 of the construction of a railway line from Mombasa on the coast of the Indian Ocean to Kisumu (in modern Kenya) on the lake. Victoria has reduced the cost of transporting export goods. Missionaries and the colonial authorities of the protectorate experimented with the cultivation of several crops. The choice was made in favor of cotton. Its first crop was obtained in 1904, and in the next decade the harvest increased so much that in 1915 the British Treasury stopped subsidizing the administrative apparatus of the protectorate.

At the same time, the authorities in every possible way encouraged the development of plantation farms of white settlers, who specialized in the production of rubber and coffee. By 1920, there were over 200 such farms in Uganda with a total area of 51,000 hectares, although almost 3/4 of these lands were not cultivated. When world prices for rubber and cotton plummeted in 1920-1921, many white settlers faced bankruptcy and ceased production. In this situation, at the beginning of 1923, the authorities decided to support small farms of African peasants. Thus, unlike Kenya and Zimbabwe, Uganda avoided many of the problems associated with the dominance of white settlers in the economy. In the 1920s, African peasants in Uganda began growing coffee, and in the 1950s, this crop became a major source of export earnings, relegating cotton to the background.

During the colonial period and the first decade after independence, the government played a key role in economic planning. In the 1950s, the government, or with its participation, built such large infrastructure as the Owen Falls Power Station on the River. Victoria Nile in the Jinja region and the Kilembe copper pyrite mine in the far west of the country. The government created state corporations to finance development projects and streamlined the activities of cooperatives, dissolving those that were organized without a government license. Through the creation of state-owned cooperatives, African farmers have been able to accumulate sufficient funds to acquire coffee processing and cotton refining businesses. Since independence, both legally elected and military representatives of Uganda have significantly expanded the public sector and the scope of government regulation of the economy. This process continued until the late 1980s, when the government of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) began to reduce the regulatory role of the state in the economy: it stopped the practice of setting purchase prices for agricultural raw materials and initiated a program to sell state-owned enterprises to private hands. The CSN government abandoned the administrative regulation of the national currency exchange rate.

In 1971-1986, the national economy was destroyed by the pernicious policies of the military regime of Idi Amin and by two wars that were fought within six years after the overthrow of the dictatorship. The expulsion of Indians from Uganda, who owned 90% of the private sector enterprises, carried out in 1972 by order of Amin, practically destroyed it. During the reign of Amin, the economy continued to deteriorate due to the lawlessness reigning in the country, expropriation of private property, the inability of the government to pay off the peasants for export products and keep the roads in order. The 1979 war, which overthrew the dictatorial regime of Amin, led to a widespread increase in looting, which caused the economy no less damage than the rule of Amin itself. The process of returning to civilian rule led to a new war in the central part of the country, which created serious obstacles to economic recovery. This entire period was characterized by an increase in inflation, corruption and internal political instability. The economic revival began in the 1990s.

Seven months after coming to power, the Musaveni government began to pursue an economic course focused on the restoration of the public sector. This has led to an unprecedented rise in inflation in Ugandan history. In 1987 Uganda agreed to a program of economic restructuring proposed by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Until 1999, the government generally adhered to the recommendations of international financial organizations.

In 1987-1997, Uganda achieved impressive economic success, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 6%. In 1997, Uganda's GDP was approx. $ 6.5 billion, and the annual per capita income was $ 320, which, taking into account the purchasing power, exceeded $ 1,500. The share of monetary income was 77% of GDP. Due to strict and consistent economic policy annual inflation fell from 200% in 1988 to 6-10% in the mid-1990s. A significant incentive for investment in commercial agricultural production in the 1990s was the road construction... By 1999, the country had largely approached or even surpassed the level of crop production (excluding cotton) achieved in 1972.

Fuel and energy complex

Ethiopia possesses a powerful hydropower potential, which is estimated at about 60 billion kWh, which, however, is practically not used.

In the 70s Zambia fully provided itself with electricity and even began to export it to neighboring Zimbabwe (then - Rhodesia) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then - Zaire). Several power plants were built - Kafue George, Kariba North, and others. Nevertheless, the share of wood is about 50% of the fuel and energy balance of Zambia. Only 17% of the population is provided with electricity. Residents of most villages and even cities still use wood and charcoal for cooking and heating their homes. The government attaches great importance to rural electrification. In 1998, the World Bank approved a $ 75 million loan to finance a project to modernize Zambia's energy sector.

In 1989 in the energy balance Kenya approx. 80% fell on timber, and among the remaining 20%, a significant part was oil, which was imported from the United Arab Emirates. Currently, 14% of the amount of electricity required by the country is supplied by hydroelectric power plants on the river. Tana. Other power plants run on petroleum products; in addition, a geothermal station operates in the Olkaria region. A small amount of energy comes from the Owen Falls hydroelectric power plant in Uganda. As a result of the widespread use of wood as a source of energy, forest area decreased by 11% between 1975 and 1990. Forests are cleared to use the vacated land for arable land, and the wood is used for fuel and used in housing construction.

90% of the energy needs of the population and small businesses Uganda satisfied with wood, mainly charcoal... In 1999, the capacity of the HPP on Owen Falls was increased from 180 to 240 thousand kW (in 1996, due to a decrease in domestic demand for electricity, it was reduced to 60 thousand kW). There is no refining industry in Uganda. In 1996, oil imports cost the country $ 91 million.

Mining industry

Bosom Ethiopia poorly studied. Gold mining, mainly from poor deposits in the south and west, has long been a side business for the local population. Since the late 1960s, the development of rich gold deposits near Kybre-Mengyst (Adola) in the state of Sidamo has boosted the production of this metal. In the 1970s, gold production declined, but in 1986 it was 923 kg. A gold deposit with a capacity of about 500 tons was recently discovered at Laga Dambi in the Wollega area. Iron ore is mined and processed on a modest scale. Significant deposits of iron ore and coal have been found in the Wolleg, Illubabor and Shoah areas, but the development has not yet come to fruition. There are reports that in the bowels of Ethiopia, primarily in Ogaden and Gambel, there are significant reserves of oil and gas, and since the late 1980s geological exploration work has been carried out there. Table salt is mined in the country, but it is not enough to meet domestic needs. Deposits have been explored or other minerals are being mined on a small scale: copper, sulfur, potassium salt, platinum, oil, marble, mica, cinnabar and manganese.

The mining industry began to develop in Zambia even in the colonial period. Mining of copper ore is the main industry. A significant part of the Copper Belt (Copperbelt) is located in the country. Potentially the richest copper deposits are located near the Konkola area, which reserves 44.4 million tons of ore. By 1969, the country had become the world's leading producer of unrefined copper. However, by the mid-70s, copper smelting and revenues from its export had noticeably decreased (due to the fall in copper prices on the world market). In 1996, the mining industry provided 10.8% of GDP and provided employment for about 10% of the total work force... Extraction of refined copper in 2002 amounted to 309.7 thousand tons, and cobalt - 3.8 thousand tons. According to the Central Bank of Zambia, copper exports in 2002 amounted to 303.9 thousand tons (in 2001 - 271.8 thousand tons). The growth in copper production and exports was driven by demand from China. In 2002, a new copper deposit was discovered in Solwezi, the reserves of which are estimated at 481 million metric tons. Other minerals in the country are mined cobalt, zinc, lead, gold, silver, selenium, marble. Emeralds, aquamarines, amethysts and a small amount of diamonds are mined. Zambian malachite is widely known in the world, especially the most valuable of its types - turquoise. In the mid-1990s, a significant proportion of emeralds on the international market were of Zambian origin. In 1992, a new diamond deposit was discovered in the Western Province, in 2002 - in the Eastern Province. According to the Department of Geology, De Beers specialists have discovered about 100 kimberlite pipes in Zambia over the past 30 years. The illegal export of precious stones is a serious problem for the government. In 1999, about 70% of Zambian emeralds were exported from the country illegally.

Uganda has limited mineral resources. Copper ore reserves are estimated at 4 million tons, much less reserves of nickel, gold, tin, tungsten, bismuth and phosphorites. Deposits of copper ore in the Rwenzori mountain range were intensively developed until 1979, when the work was not stopped due to the fall in world copper prices and the unstable situation during the rule of Amin. In 1970, 17,000 tons of copper were produced. It is planned to annually extract up to 1,000 tons of cobalt from dumps formed over many years of copper pyrite mining. In the southwestern part of the country, deposits of other minerals are being developed on an insignificant scale. Foreign companies carried out gold prospecting works in the northeast and southeast of Uganda and exploration for oil at the bottom of Lakes Albert and Edward.

Manufacturing industry

Manufacturing industry in Ethiopia is underdeveloped, and in the 1993-1994 financial year, the share of its products in GDP was only 7%. Mainly there are enterprises for the processing of agricultural products and light industry. The main products of the manufacturing industry are textiles, food (sugar, flour, pasta, cookies, canned meat and tomatoes), beer, shoes, cement, soap, alcoholic drinks, medicines and vegetable oils. Craftsmen make clothing, wood crafts, carpets, and jewelry. Many manufacturing industries are concentrated near urban centers - Addis Ababa, Harera and Dire Dawa. In 1975 the government nationalized 72 industrial enterprises and acquired most of the shares of 29 enterprises. Industrial development is constrained by the lack of electricity.

The development of industry depends on investments, primarily foreign ones. To attract foreign investors, a government decree was issued in 1950 according to which all new businesses were exempt from taxes for the first five years. The decree provided that capital equipment can be imported into Ethiopia without paying customs duties, that the participation of the Ethiopian side will be minimized, and the investor has the right to transfer profits in foreign currency from Ethiopia abroad in proportion to the invested capital.

In 1975, the government nationalized large industrial enterprises, as well as banks, financial institutions and insurance companies. The socialist policy of the government provided for the functioning of three sectors in the Ethiopian economy. The main branches of industry, natural resources and communal services were transferred to state ownership. A mixed public-private sector encompassed mining, paper and plastics, construction of large facilities, tourism, i.e. those areas that Ethiopia could not develop without the participation of foreign capital. The third sector of the economy, representing an extensive field of activity for private capital, included wholesale, retail and foreign trade, land transport, except for the railway, food industry, hotel business, and small enterprises of various profiles. At the same time, many private firms were nationalized.

The average annual growth rate in the industrial sector declined from 6.4% in 1965-1973 to 3.8% in 1980-1987. From 1989-1990 to 1994-1995 fiscal years, the average annual growth rate of industrial production was 1.6%. However, in recent years, there have been positive shifts in the industry. Its share in GDP in the 1993-1994 fiscal year increased to 7.1%, and in the 1994-1995 fiscal year - to 8%. Although the state still owns and operates some large industrial and commercial enterprises, the government achieved an increase in private investment in the economy and limited the economic role of the state.

Manufacturing industry in Zambia is represented by several factories for the processing of agricultural raw materials, the production of beverages, cigarettes and paper. In the city of Ndola, trucks of the brands Toyota, Mitsubishi and Volkswagen are assembled.

Somalia mainly engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials (production of canned meat, sugar refining, leather tanning). Textile factories use local and imported cotton. New production facilities include a cement and oil refinery. About 4/5 of the country's industrial enterprises belong to the state sector of the economy. The industry employs 6% of the independent population.

Underdeveloped manufacturing industry Uganda considerable damage was done during the years of internal political instability. Despite the growth in manufacturing output in 1987-1997 from 5% to 9%, it still accounts for a negligible share of GDP. The country is forced to import most of its industrial products. Uganda's economy is highly vulnerable and depends on world prices for the goods it exports and imports. The largest enterprises are factories for the processing of agricultural products: coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco, edible oils, cereals, milk and cotton. In addition, there are capacities for the production of beer and soft drinks, car assembly shops, textile factories, copper smelting and steel rolling plants, enterprises for the production of cement, soap, shoes, furniture and animal feed. Many factories are disorganized due to a lack of spare parts, interruptions in the supply of raw materials, poor transport performance and low labor productivity. Nevertheless, the textile industry has significantly increased its output.

Agriculture

The temperate climate, fertile soils and abundant atmospheric precipitation in most of the Ethiopian Highlands create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture in Ethiopia... The main crops are wheat, which is grown at higher altitudes in cooler climates, corn, millet and grains grown at lower altitudes, and crops such as durro (a variety of sorghum), teff (a variety of millet with small grains, used to bake bread) and dagussa (from which black bread is baked). Coffee is an important export crop. In the 1994-1995 financial year, its share in export earnings was 66%. A significant part of the coffee harvest is harvested on the plantations of the state of Kefa. Other crops are cotton, date palm, sugarcane, beans and peas, oilseeds, chat (whose leaves contain a drug), castor oil plants, fruits and vegetables.

Agriculture is a vital industry for Ethiopia. In 1996, it employed 85% of the working-age population, and agricultural products accounted for more than 50% of GDP. Most of the peasants run a consumer economy, many of them are nomadic herders. At least half of the country's land is suitable for farming, including the vast unused land in the south. In early 1975, the military government nationalized all the land in the countryside, promising to distribute it among the peasants. Private individual area land plot should not exceed 10 hectares, the use of hired labor was prohibited. Peasant associations were established by government decree to carry out land reform. One such association united an average of 200 peasant households, initially the associations were given the right to decide all land issues. Later, their powers were significantly expanded, including judicial functions (minor administrative and criminal offenses), maintaining order, and exercising local self-government. In 1979, the government announced plans to transform peasant associations into collective agricultural production associations.

Derg's 17 years of reign have had a detrimental effect on the agricultural sector. Labor productivity has plummeted due to the regime's attempts to carry out forced collectivization and to set low government procurement prices for agricultural products. The implementation of programs for the creation of new villages and the forced resettlement of peasants disorganized social and economic life in the Ethiopian countryside. The RDFNE, which overthrew the dictatorial regime of Mengystu Haile Mariam in May 1991, abolished state control over prices for agricultural products. The transitional government gave the peasants the right to establish minimum guaranteed prices for the crops grown. However, the authorities retained public ownership of land.

Most of the territory of the Ethiopian plains, due to the lack of irrigation, is suitable only for pasture cattle breeding. Herds of cattle (mainly zebu), sheep and goats, as well as horses, donkeys and mules (the latter are highly valued as a vehicle for transporting goods and people), accompanied by shepherds, roam from place to place in search of food. Even though the quality of the workmanship is mediocre, hides and skins are an important export. In 1996, Ethiopia had about 30 million head of cattle, 22 million sheep, 16.7 million goats, 5.2 million donkeys, 2.75 million horses, 630 thousand mules and 1 million camels. ...

Since ancient times, important caravan routes have passed through Ethiopia. Development modern species transport began with the construction of the Franco-Ethiopian railway from Djibouti to Addis Ababa (from 1981 it became known as the Ethiopian-Djibouti railway). Upon completion of construction in 1917, its length was 782 km (including 682 km in Ethiopia).

Zambia- an agrarian country. Agriculture employs 50% of the economically active population. The area of fertile land is 47% of the country's territory, but only 6% is cultivated. The variety of climatic conditions allows growing many agricultural crops: corn, cassava, wheat, millet, melons, fruits, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, tobacco, sunflower, rice, etc. Due to the rapid growth of fruit exports to Europe in the 90s gardening is developing. Cattle breeding is developed in the southern and central regions. Mainly subsistence farming is widespread in the country. There are relatively few farms producing marketable products (several hundred large plantation farms owned and operated by Europeans). The productivity of African peasant farms is extremely low due to backward agricultural technology, marginal soils and frequent droughts. Frequent droughts cause serious damage. Agriculture is ineffective, the country is forced to import food (mainly corn). In 2003 (for the first time in the last 10 years) an unprecedentedly high corn crop was harvested - 1.1 million tons.

Somalia forced to buy abroad significant amounts of food, primarily grain. Livestock raising - the breeding of cattle, camels, goats and sheep - is widespread in the northern and central regions of the country. Agriculture is developed in the southern regions, where such important crops as corn, sorghum, cassava, sesame seeds, citrus fruits, sugar cane and cotton are grown. The only export crop is bananas, which are cultivated in the valleys and between the Jubba and Webi-Shabelle rivers. Crop development in much of Somalia is hampered by the lack of irrigation and drought protection measures.

The main branch of the economy Uganda is agriculture. With the exception of sugarcane, which is grown on plantations, all other crops are cultivated on small-scale peasant farms. For most of them, the hoe remains the main tool of labor, and the means of mechanization are rarely used. Most of the products produced by peasants are consumed by their families, the rest is sold on the domestic market or exported. Famine is not uncommon in different parts of Uganda, but in general the country is self-sufficient in food. The main crops are bananas in the south and west, millet or corn in the west, north and southeast, and cassava in the northwest. Sweet potatoes, sorghum, and legumes are grown everywhere.

Coffee is cultivated mainly in the central and western regions of the country. In 1996, a record export volume of this crop was recorded - 250 thousand tons. In 1997, 18.3 thousand tons of tea were exported. The main tea production area is western Uganda. In the same year, the export of tobacco cultivated in the northwest amounted to 9.2 thousand tons. Cotton is grown throughout the country, but the most favorable conditions for it exist in the north and east. In 1996, 20.7 thousand tons of cotton were harvested - significantly less than in the early 1970s. In 1997, the number of cattle amounted to 5.5 million heads, sheep - 1 million and goats - 6.3 million. In inland waters fishing is carried out, in 1996 222 thousand tons were caught. In the 1990s, new freezers were built, which made it possible to organize the export of fish.

Despite the expansion of agricultural exports in the 1990s, coffee continues to be the main export item. The production of traditional export crops, tea and tobacco, is gradually recovering, the collection of which fell sharply in the 1970s. If in the 1980s the share of coffee in exports was 95%, then by 1998 it had dropped to 56%. The reason for this should be sought both in the increase in exports of tea (4%) and cotton (3%), and in the emergence of new export items - fish (7%) and gold (5%). Most of the gold comes to Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the 1990s, government investment was directed towards creating markets for grain, legumes, cut flowers, sesame seeds, cocoa and vanilla.

From 1987 to 1997, the share of agriculture in GDP fell from 55% to 43%. After peace reigned in most of the country, many Ugandans who were previously forced to engage in consumer agriculture to feed themselves, now have the opportunity to devote themselves to other pursuits. Nevertheless, the share of food crops in total agricultural production in 1997 was 58%. The export of agricultural products, fish and skins in the same year provided the country with about 90% of foreign exchange earnings.

Transport

Before the start of the Italian occupation in Ethiopia several highways were built, the Italians left behind many new roads. During the Italo-Ethiopian War, transport infrastructure, especially bridges, suffered significant damage, and road repair and maintenance were a heavy burden on the state budget. The imperial government was well aware of the role of reliable communications in strengthening the central government and consolidating the country. In 1995, the total length of paved roads was 23.8 thousand km. The expansion of the road network was financed from the state budget and from foreign aid. In 1995, the Ethiopian government announced the start of a road construction program, which was subsidized mainly through EU and World Bank loans.

After World War II, a merchant marine was created, and air travel began. Aircraft of the Ethiopian state airline fly to all states of the country, and also connect Addis Ababa with countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. In 1989, the Ethiopian airline's air traffic accounted for nearly half of that of all other African airlines combined. There are three international airports in the country (in Addis Ababa, Bahr Dar and Dire Dawa), there are domestic airports in all administrative centers and a number of major cities... The creation of civil aviation was made possible thanks to loans provided to Ethiopia by the Export-Import Bank of the United States and the American Development Fund. Other types of transport services include intercity bus routes and boat transportation along the Tana and Abai lakes and along the river. Baro. After the withdrawal of Eritrea from Ethiopia in May 1993, the country lost the ports of Massawa and Assab on the Red Sea. However, the government of Eritrea granted Ethiopia the right to use the port of Assab for receiving humanitarian aid to the hungry and foreign trade operations.

An integral part of Ethiopia's modernization was the expansion of domestic telephony. The first telephone lines were laid during the reign of Emperor Menelik II, and later, especially during the Italian occupation, the telephone network was significantly expanded. Since the early 1950s, telephone and telegraph have linked Ethiopia with the rest of the world.

At the time of independence (1964) Zambia possessed one railway line and the only paved road. In 2003, the total length of railways was 2.24 thousand km. The Zambia Railways network's two main rail lines cross the country from north to south and connect with National Railways Zimbabwe. The total length of motor roads in 2003 was 68.8 thousand km, including 7.3 thousand km of main paved highways. In 1997, the government launched an extensive 10-year road construction program funded by the World Bank. In 2003, the country had over 100 airports, airfields and runways. The international airport (opened in 1967) is located 22.5 km from Lusaka. External and internal air passenger and transport services are carried out by private airlines. Zambia has a port of Mpulungu located on Lake Tanganyika.

Railways and highways Kenya concentrated mainly in the south of the country. The main line runs from Mombasa, a deep-water port on the Indian Ocean, through Nairobi to Uganda. There are also several side lines, the total length of railways is about 3 thousand km. The main cities are connected by a network of roads that pass at any time of the year, with a total length of 70 thousand km (10% - with hard surface). The highway connects Nairobi with the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. International airports are located in the vicinity of Nairobi and Mombasa. In 1996, the national airline Kenya Airways was privatized and incorporated into KLM to expand its air network.

V Somalia there is a developed network of highways, mostly without hard surface. The main road connects Mogadishu and Hargeisa. There is an international airport in Mogadishu. The main seaports are Mogadishu, Berbera and Kismayo.

Total length of highways Tanzania is 90 thousand km, of which 18 thousand km are paved. The length of the railways is 3.5 thousand km. The largest seaports in Tanzania are Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Coastal shipping is developed along the coast. There are three international airports - Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar.

Roads Uganda, once the envy of other African countries, fell into disrepair by the late 1980s. International financial institutions have provided funds to rebuild the destroyed road network. The total length of paved roads is 2.8 thousand km, unpaved roads - 23.7 thousand km. The main railroad links Kampala with the Kasese copper mining center in the west, the cities of Jinja (with a copper smelter) and Tororo in the east, and the port of Mombasu on the Indian Ocean coast in Kenya. Construction of its northern branch from Tororo to Pakvach, located on the river. Albert Nile near the lake. Albert, was completed only in 1964. By 1999, the movement of all passenger trains except for the route from Kampala to Kenya. Delivery of the country's export cargo from the port of Mombasa is carried out both by road and rail.

The only international airport is located near Kampala in Entebbe. In 1976, following the liquidation of the regional airline East African Airlines, the national airline Uganda Airlines was established. Lakes Victoria, Albert and Kyoga are well-known for shipping, but there are connections between settlements Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, located on the shores of the lake. Victoria, in recent years has been associated with considerable difficulties due to the rapid overgrowth of its water area with hyacinths, especially within the ports.

Uganda's information network is underdeveloped but expanding rapidly. In 1986-1996, the number of postal items within the country increased by 50% and reached 6.8 million, the number of letters abroad - by 20%, reaching 3.3 million.During the same period, the number of telephone subscribers increased by 30%, to 76 , 5 thousand. In 1993 there was only one telephone per 1,000 population. An independent press is becoming more active in the country, which is almost entirely concentrated in Kampala. The daily newspaper New Vision, published in English, has the largest circulation of 40,000. This state-owned newspaper has been given great freedom to submit editorials and other material. The first issue of the newspaper was published in 1986. Its main competitor is the English-language daily newspaper Monitor, with about the same number of readers. The leading Mpanda newspaper is Munno, published since 1911.

The main features of the EGP in tropical Africa. Mining regions of Africa. Natural conditions and resources

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