Among the boundless fields, forests and copses, along the banks of winding rivers in the north-west of the Penza region, the ancient village of Tarkhany is spread. Here, in the estate of the Arsenievs Elizaveta Alekseevna and Mikhail Vasilievich, the poet's grandfather and grandmother, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov spent his childhood and adolescence. Here he got to know life, people, himself. Here he first picked up a pencil, touched the piano keys for the first time, began to learn exact sciences. He returned here more than once, and dreamed of being buried here.
Now in the former Tarkhany, now Lermontovo, there is the State Museum-Reserve of the great Russian poet. This is a unique historical and cultural monument federal significance.
Tarkhany, monument to Lermontov .jpg)
The main and most significant part of the reserve is a picturesque manor with a complex of memorial monuments from the early 19th century. The foundation of the estate was laid in the bend of the ravine formed by the small river Miloraika. In its channel and in the ravine, the Arsenievs arranged a cascade of ponds that surrounded the estate from three sides. On the eastern bank of the Miloraika, two gardens were laid out - the Middle and the Far. On the western bank there is the Round Garden, which is connected with an oak grove by a linden alley.
The manor house is a house with a mezzanine, painted in fashionable at that time yellow. This house has been restored as close as possible to the appearance of the house of Lermontov's time. The huge hall has preserved the atmosphere of the noble life of the first quarter of the 19th century. Family portraits convey to visitors the character traits of its inhabitants. The central figure among these portraits is three-year-old Misha Lermontov. There are two rooms of Lermontov on the mezzanine. The first room contains personal items that characterize the poet in those days when, as an officer, he came to his grandmother on vacation. The second room is furnished as the poet's office.
.jpg)
Near the house with a mezzanine, on the site of the former manor house, there is a small one-domed church of Mary of Egypt, built by Elizaveta Alekseevna in memory of her daughter Maria, Lermontov's mother. The exposition also includes another church - the Church of Michael the Archangel, built in the center of the village, and the family necropolis of the Arseniev-Lermontovs. Only a hundred steps separate the manor's house from the house of the key keeper and the people's hut. Now in the restored house of the key keeper there is an exhibition "Russian people, this hundred-armed giant ...", which tells about the peasant environment of the poet.
Do you know what else the Tarkhansky Reserve is famous for? Here are the museum-estate of V.G. Belinsky and the museum of A.I. Kuprin, Poimsky Historical and Architectural Museum and the Trinity-Scan Monastery. And according to the established tradition, annually on the first weekend of July, the All-Russian Lermontov holiday is held in Tarkhany, in which literary and art figures take part.
You have a wonderful opportunity not only to plunge into the world of the Lermontov era, but also to enjoy folklore holidays and theatrical performances. You will see a traditional Tarkhan wedding, enjoy boating and horseback riding, take part in master classes teaching ancient Tarkhan crafts.
.jpg)
GENERAL INFORMATION
Tarkhany is a Russian state museum-reserve of federal significance, an estate late XVII I - the beginning of the XIX century, one of the most famous Lermontov places in Russia, where the poet spent his childhood. The estate is located in the village of Lermontovo (earlier this village was called "Tarkhany") Belinsky district of the Penza region.
Official name- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture "State Lermontov Museum-Reserve "Tarkhany".
17 km southwest of the village. Lermontov in the city of Belinsky there is a museum-estate of V. G. Belinsky.
The first set includes:
manor house
Church of Mary of Egypt
People's hut (restored)
Keymaster's house (restored)
The second set includes:
Crypt of the Arseniev-Lermontovs with a chapel above it
Rural Church of Michael the Archangel
gatehouse
On the territory of the estate there is the State Lermontov Museum-Reserve "Tarkhany", founded in 1939. Its area is 196 hectares. The museum's funds include about 29 thousand items of storage, of which the main fund - 14.5 thousand items. The House of the Keykeeper presents expositions dedicated to the atmosphere in which Lermontov lived as a child (scenes from Russian folk life). In the People's Hut, video tours are organized dedicated to two of his works - the poem "Borodino" and "The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" (dedicated to the morals of the times of Ivan the Terrible).
Traditionally, on the first weekend of July, the All-Russian Lermontov holiday is held in Tarkhany, in which cultural and art figures take part. These days, special bus routes from Penza are organized so that all admirers of the work of M. Yu. Lermontov can visit this holiday. .jpg)
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM
The founder and first owner of the village of Tarkhany was Lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment Ya. P. Dolgorukov (1701). The next owners of the estate were the Arsenyevs, the grandfather and grandmother of the world-famous poet.
The village got its name thanks to the activities of local peasants. "Tarkhan" is a buyer who travels through the villages in search of flax, canvas, hemp, etc. Throughout for long years the village bore the official name - Yakovlevskoe, in everyday life it was often called Tarkhany. In February 1975, Arsenyeva petitioned for recognition of her rights to own the estate. She owned the estate for over fifty years and was an enterprising and skilled hostess. During her reign, the estate began to provide a solid income. In the entire long history of this village, Lermontov's grandmother was the only landowner who lived here permanently and traveled only for a while, leaving instead the manager F. Sokolov or the clerk S. Matveev.
On the eve of the poet's centenary (1914), a school was built in the village. In 1918, the People's Commissar of Education A.P. Lunacharsky summoned the chairman of the Chembarsky Committee of the RCP (b) Baryshev and ordered to restore order and take Tarkhany (Saratov Region) under his protection. Lermontov's estate became from that moment the property of the Land of Soviets. Despite this, the village council remained the owner of the estate. Later (1925), the estate, together with all the property, was leased to the Lermontov trotter partnership. In a short period of time, almost all outbuildings were destroyed.
An office was placed in Arsenyeva's house. Until 1930, a school for collective farm youth functioned here, grain was stored on the ground floor, and birds were kept on the mezzanine. In 1934, the Presidium of the Central Volga Regional Executive Committee came to the defense of the village of Tarkhany. Lermontov's estate was recognized as a nature reserve.
But restoration and restoration work began only in 1936, when the estate was almost destroyed.
All the estates built on the territory of Russia differed from one another. Pleasure estates were located not far from Moscow and St. Petersburg. These are highly artistic buildings with a complex layout, rich decoration and unity of style. In the interior of the country there were "economic" estates. Their architecture and decoration were much simpler. As a rule, such estates combined several various functions: they served as a pleasure residence, a place where you can retire, economic enterprise. In the summer, balls were held in them, young people had fun here, old people had a rest. Tarkhany was such a fairly typical middle estate.
The estate of Lermontov, which was equipped by the poet's grandmother, had a large manor house, which stood on a steep bank. It had more than 30 rooms with terraces and columns. Built according to all the rules of architecture and park art - with gardens, parks with an obligatory gazebo, with acacia and lilac, a rose garden and linden alleys - "Tarkhany" fully corresponded to the concept of "Russian estate".
.jpg)
How the estate is set up
On the site of the first huge manor house, the owner of the estate built a small church in memory of the untimely deceased daughter Mary, and a new building, much more modest in size, was erected almost next to the church.
On the western side of it was the front part of the estate with a park and a rose garden, on the eastern side - an economic yard. There was also a small outbuilding in which the housekeeper and clerk lived. The owner's kitchen was located on the same line with the housekeeper's house. To the south-east of the manor's house were all the necessary premises: a people's hut, a forage shed, a stable. Barns and barns were located near the pond.
.jpg)
Manor after the death of Lermontov
After the tragic death of the poet and the death of Arsenyeva, according to her will, the Tarkhany estate passed to A. A. Stolypin. The estate of Lermontov actually passed into the management of I. A. Sokolov, since Afanasy Alekseevich permanently lived in the Saratov province. In 1867, P. N. Zhuravlev, an educated person who understood well the significance of the estate, replaced the manager Gorchakov in his post.
He completely restored the manor house. In addition, he provided invaluable assistance in collecting materials about the poet's grandmother, his youthful and adolescent years in Tarkhany. This man managed the estate for 35 years, died in 1902 and was buried at the Church of Michael the Archangel. The idea of creating a museum in Tarkhany was first announced in 1905 in Penza Vedomosti.
An unknown author called for the perpetuation of the poet's memory. Researchers of Mikhail Yurievich's work and enthusiasts began to collect exhibits for the Lermontov Museum. The creators of the first exposition were: M. D. Belyaev - custodian of the State Literary Museum, consultants N. P. Pakhomov and T. A. Ivanova, designer E. K. Rylova.
The restoration was completed in 1938. In the spring of 1939, visitors were allowed access to the poet's grave, and on May 30, the grand opening of the Lermontov Museum took place. About 2,000 people were called to a rally dedicated to this event. In the very first years of its activity, the museum had the only exposition building - the manor house. Everything in it told about the life and work of the great poet.
In 1944, the Lermontov Museum was renamed into a museum-estate. In 1948, the Council of Ministers of the USSR allocated 9.6 hectares of land for this purpose. In 1960, "Tarkhany" (Lermontov's estate) was included in the list of culture and history of Russia.
Since 1969, the former estate has been the State Museum-Reserve. Manor today Currently, the museum includes a manor estate with a complex of monuments of the late 17th and early 19th centuries, the ancestral necropolis of the Arseniev-Lermontovs, as well as the Apalikha estate, located not far from Tarkhany.
Here the young poet often visited his beloved aunt, M. A. Shan Giray. The first capital stage of the restoration of reserved objects was carried out in the 80s of the last century.
.jpg)
Exposition complexes
There are three of them in the museum. The first includes: the Church of Mary of Egypt, the house of the key keeper, the people's hut, the manor's house, the park, ponds, an oak grove, three orchards. The second complex is the Arseniev-Lermontov cemetery, where the ashes of the great poet lie, a chapel, the Church of the Archangel Michael and the gatehouse. The estate of Aunt Mikhail Yuryevich (“Apaliha”), which is located three kilometers from “Tarkhan”, is the third complex. Today, the area occupied by the estate-reserve is 140 hectares. There are 28 thousand valuable exhibits in the museum's collection.
The things that belonged to the poet are considered to be the golden fund. Lifetime and posthumous editions of Mikhail Yuryevich and illustrations for them by great artists (K. Korovin, M. Vrubel, I. Repin, etc.) are also kept in the Tarkhany Museum. Lermontov's estate (you can see the photo in our article) is the most valuable repository of the estate's landlord life of the 17th-19th centuries: dishes, furniture, paintings, sculptures, collections of books.
And, of course, every Russian person should visit this institution at least once in their life. "Tarkhany" (Lermontov's estate):
Where is the museum?
We hope that after reading this article you will want to visit these places. Museum-Estate "Tarkhany" is located in the Penza region, Belinsky district, in the village of Lermontovo.
From May to September, the reserve is open daily (except Tuesday and the last Thursday of the month), from 9.00 to 18.00. On weekends the homestead is open until 20.00. From the Penza bus station, you can get to your destination by transit buses that follow the Penza - Tambov highway. By car - along the Novoryazanskoye highway to Penza, then along the Penza - Tambov highway to Lermontovo. Many are very interested in the life and work of the great Russian poet. Therefore, tourists annually come to "Tarkhany" (Lermontov's estate).
Mill .jpg)
EXPOSITIONS
The State Lermontov Museum-Reserve "Tarkhany" has three exposition complexes.
The first complex includes: a former manor house, the Church of Mary of Egypt, a restored people's hut, a key keeper's house, a mill and a miller's house, a reserved park, three orchards, an oak grove, ponds, a greenhouse, a stable, gazebos, a place for children's games M. Yu . Lermontov (flora and fauna "Tarkhan").
The second complex is the Arseniev-Lermontov family necropolis with a chapel where the ashes of M.Yu. Lermontov; the grave of the poet's father, located next to the chapel, the village church of Michael the Archangel and the gatehouse.
The third complex is the estate of "dear aunt" M.A. Shan-Girey Apalikh, located three kilometers from Tarkhan.
The estate lives according to the traditions of the 19th century: the apiary produces honey (an average of 1200 kg per year), orchards produce apples, cherries, plums, raspberries; the ponds are stocked; all kinds of vegetables are grown (garlic, cabbage, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.), a functioning windmill grinds Tarkhan grain, flower plants of the 19th century are grown in a greenhouse. Since 2006, a small medicinal garden has been organized, where more than 10 species are cultivated. medicinal plants and spices: mint, lemon balm, lavender, rhubarb, sage, anise, savory, valerian, etc. The modern stable contains: two horses of the Bashkir breed (“Solda” and “Solist”), Russian trotting, Terek, Traksna, Arab and two small riding horses of the Shetland pony breed.
MAN'S HOUSE
"The manor house was similar to all manor houses: wooden with a mezzanine, painted with yellow paint ..." - this is how Lermontov remembered the house where he spent his childhood. The home he always remembered and where he aspired to.
The house was built in 1818 after the death of E.A. Arsenyeva. In 1908, during peasant unrest, it burned down, a year later it was restored on the old foundation and in its original form. In 1999, the restoration of the house was carried out, taking into account all known documents on the Tarkhan house and an analysis of similar buildings of the first quarter of the 19th century. Now the house houses the exposition "Lermontov and the Tarkhans in the context of the era", which reveals the theme of the poet's biographical and creative ties with the Tarkhans.
Among the memorials of the Tarkhan house are the ceremonial handkerchiefs of the poet's mother and his grandmother, the 17th century icon "The Savior Not Made by Hands", a dressing table that belonged to M.M. Lermontova, drawings of the poet in pencil, one of the largest paintings by Lermontov the artist "Caucasian view near the village of Sioni", as well as the poet's personal belongings: a pipe, a cigarette case, a travel box, a porcelain inkwell, a travel album, a copy of the 3rd chapter of A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", published in 1827.
The domestic environment, recreated in the manor house, allows us to evaluate the role of the estate culture in the formation of Lermontov's personality. It was life in Tarkhany that gave the future great poet a sense of freedom, unity with nature, a sense of belonging to the traditions of his ancestors.
Science articles different years in "Tarkhan messengers":
CHURCH OF MARY OF EGYPT
Next to the manor house rises the single-domed building of the Church of Mary of Egypt. Time spared the monument: it retained its architecture. A small slender empire building was erected by the owner of the estate, E.A. Arsenyeva in memory of her daughter. The church was built from 1819 to 1820. From 1826 to 1840 it served as a parish church. Lermontov used to be a child here. And on December 31, 1836, a thanksgiving service was served in the church in honor of the poet's arrival in Tarkhany. The church was active until 1925.
Now it has been consecrated again, it houses the exposition "But we have a sacred feeling ...". When developing and creating the exposition, we used historical documents, photos. In the church there are memorial icons from the Tarkhan churches (late 18th - early 19th centuries). Items of church utensils with all the elements of church decoration recreate the image of the temple of Lermontov's time. According to the surviving documents, an inventory of church property and a photograph of the iconostasis of 1923, the original interior of the church was restored: an oak iconostasis with gilded elements, icons (mostly local, Tarkhan), some of them are memorial.
Books are of particular interest. The work of Russian church literature "Cheti-Minei" for September 1754, registers of births. In the handwritten book of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the spring of 1815, Lermontov was first mentioned among the parishioners at the age of "six months", and in 1821 seven-year-old Lermontov was recorded several times as a godfather ( godfather) in the families of grandmother's serfs. In the book for 1845, a record of the death of the poet's grandmother E.A. Arsenyeva.
KEY HOUSE AND HUMAN HUT .jpg)
In the immediate vicinity of the manor house, there are two manor buildings in which the yard peasants lived: the house of the key keeper and the clerk, as well as the people's hut. The buildings were restored on the foundations of the Lermontov era, they housed a single exposition "Russian people, this hundred-armed giant ...". Its materials: household utensils, everyday and festive peasant clothes, tools, homespun embroidered towels, weaving mills, pictorial materials of the Lermontov period tell about everyday peasant life and folk holidays.
The exposition presents documents of the 18th - 19th centuries, engravings and lithographs depicting scenes of peasant life, materials from archaeological excavations. They tell about the history of settlement and development of the lands that were part of the estate of E.A. Arsenyeva, about his economic culture.
The peasant life of Tarkhan provided rich material for M.Yu. Lermontov. His works, the origins of which the poet drew from Everyday life village, the literary part of the exposition in the human hut is devoted. The novel "Vadim", the poems "Motherland" and "Borodino", the poem "The Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ..." - works that, according to V.G. Belinsky, testify to the blood relationship of their author with the people: "The poet ... overheard the beating of his pulse, penetrated into the innermost and deepest secrets of his spirit, became related and merged with him with his whole being, fanned himself with his sounds, mastered the warehouse of his old speech" .
The life of the peasants was well known to the poet since childhood. He played with peasant children, visited the village with "mother" - this is how Lermontov called his Tarkhan peasant nurse Lukerya Shubenina. The poet visited folk holidays who in Tarkhany "met with great preparations, according to ancient custom". He knew well and highly appreciated folk art, special role assigned to the song: "If I want to go into folk poetry, then, surely, I will not look for it anywhere else, as in Russian songs."
Lermontov heard a lot of folk songs in Tarkhany. As S.A. Raevsky, Christmas time mummers came every evening to the master's chambers, sang and danced, amusing the little master. “On Trinity and Semik they went to the forest with all the households, and Mikhail Yuryevich was ahead of everyone. The cooks had a passion for work - they prepared snacks for everyone, there was a treat for everyone,” the Tarkhan “old women” told the first scientific biographer of the poet P.A. Viskovatov. They put a birch tree in the clearing, decorated it with ribbons, flowers, danced round dances, sang songs.
The researcher of the Tarkhan period of the poet S.A. Andreev-Krivich notes: “It is enough to listen to old songs in the modern village of Lermontovo, especially when they are presented as a “fairy tale” and not sung “by voice” in order to understand where Lermontov’s “Kalashnikov” language and verse come from: directly from the people, from centuries of national verse".
The stage world of the poet's immortal works is illustrated by household items, arts and crafts, and visual materials exhibited in a people's hut using modern technical visualization tools. These are the costumes of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the tools of the rebellious peasants Pugachev rebellion, weapons and officer uniforms of the 1812 model, portraits of the heroes of the war against Napoleon, Russian sovereigns Catherine II and Alexander I, publications of works, illustrations for them by Russian and Soviet artists.
CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL .jpg)
The architectural complex of the reserve in the center of the village was historically formed under the poet's grandmother, E.A. Arsenyeva. Three memorial buildings of the 19th century: the Church of Michael the Archangel, the chapel and the gatehouse are surrounded by a brick fence, which was restored in 1967, reconstructed in 2004.
The construction of the Church of Michael the Archangel began in 1826. M.Yu. Lermontov saw this church still unfinished when, in the winter of 1836, he spent his first officer's vacation in Tarkhany. The construction of the church was completed in 1839, and the consecration took place in 1840.
As a religious building, the church functioned until the 1930s, and after closing it was used first as warehouse space, then it was adapted for a country club and a library.
In 1947, at the request of believers, the church was opened for worship, but not for long. In 1963, the church building and the gatehouse became the property of the museum, and in the 1980s a major restoration of the monument was carried out. Since 1992, the village church has been reopened to parishioners.
Probably, in the church of Michael the Archangel on April 21, 1842, the coffin with the body of M.Yu., delivered from Pyatigorsk, was installed for two days. Lermontov for the last farewell. On April 23, 1842, the burial took place. The words of a sixteen-year-old poet came true:
I love my homeland
And more than many: among its fields
There is a place where I began to know sorrow
There is a place where I will rest
When my ashes, mixed with the earth,
Forever previous view leave yours.
CHAPEL
A monument of black marble was erected over the grave of the poet, on it was carved in gold letters: "Mikhailo Yuryevich Lermontov. 1814-1841." To his left is a monument to the poet's mother, with a broken anchor on the cross. There is an inscription on the monument: "Under this stone lies the body of M.M. Lermontova, nee Arsenyeva. She died on February 24, 1817 on Saturday. She was 21 years old, 11 months and 7 days old."
On the right - a monument to his grandfather, M.V. Arseniev.
After the reburial of her grandson over the graves dear to her, E.A. Arsenyeva built a chapel. Here, in the family tomb, she herself was buried four years after the death of her grandson.
In 1974, the poet's father, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, was buried near the chapel, whose remains were transported from the Lipetsk region.
In the chapel, old icons have been preserved, which were here during the life of E.A. Arsenyeva.
A mighty oak grows at the entrance to the chapel. In 1859, Lermontov's servant A.I. Sokolov said: “The old lady, as soon as Mikhail Yuryevich was buried, they immediately ordered several young oak trees to be dug in the forest and planted near the chapel, of which only one was accepted ...” I.N. Zakharyin-Yakunin remarked: "The cherished desire of the poet, expressed by him in his inspired poem-prayer" I go out alone on the road ..."
I wish I could sleep like this forever
So that the life of strength dozes in the chest,
So that, breathing, the chest rises quietly;
So that all night, all day cherishing my hearing
A sweet voice sang to me about love,
Above me so that, forever green,
The dark oak leaned and rustled.
Lermontov readings .jpg)
APALIKHA
From the southwestern border of Tarkhan, the road to Apalikha, the estate of M.A. Shan Giray, nieces of E.A. Arsenyeva. M.Yu. Lermontov often visited Apalikha in 1826-1828, 1836. With all members of the Shan-Gireev family, Lermontov developed warm friendly relations. The first of the poet's letters that have come down to us are addressed to the "dear aunt" Maria Akimovna in Apalikha.
Thanks to the Apalikha relatives, Lermontov's manuscripts have come down to us, including "Panorama of Moscow", the drama "People and Passions", the poems "Circassians" and "Boyarin Orsha", as well as textbooks, notebooks, lecture notes, drawings and paintings of the poet, mother's scarves and grandmothers, "Masquerade Book", in which M.Yu. Lermontov entered dedications to his Moscow acquaintances.
Today Apalikha is a luxurious park that attracts visitors with its mystery and poetry, the noise of centuries-old trees and the silence of a steppe stream covered with water lilies. Here the poems of the poet involuntarily come to mind, in which one feels a touch to the secrets of nature, the ballads "Reed", "Mermaid" are read in a new way...
In 2007, large investments were made in the park of the Apalikha estate: an orchard, a boundary rampart and a ditch were restored, landscape felling was carried out, and memorial trees were treated.
APIARY
In 1993, the apiary was restored at approximately the same place where it had once been at E.A. Arsenyeva (south-eastern part of the estate). From the north, the apiary borders on the Far Garden and wild animals, on the west - on a small pond and the "Green Theatre", on the south - on the ravine of the Mararaika River, on the east - on an orchard.
Currently, the number of apiaries is 55 bee colonies of gray mountain Caucasian breed. Bees settled in hives different designs: multi-body, Dadan-Bladt, hives of the KUM system. Gross harvest of honey on average per bee colony is approximately 52.5 kg. For a favorable wintering in the apiary in 1994, a winter hut was built.
The estate lives according to the traditions of the 19th century: the apiary produces honey (from 55 beehives, an average of 1200 kg of honey per year, orchards produce apples, cherries, plums, raspberries; ponds are stocked; all types of vegetables are grown on melons (garlic, cabbage, onions , cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.) Since 2006, a small medicinal garden has been organized, where more than 10 types of medicinal plants and spices are cultivated: mint, lemon balm, lavender, rhubarb, sage, anise, savory, valerian, etc.
Tarkhan honey can be purchased at the Visitor's Center of the museum-reserve.
MILL AND MILLER'S HOUSE
In the northern part of the estate, in a large clearing at the entrance to the Tarkhany Museum-Reserve, a windmill rises, next to it is the miller's house. The manor windmill produced flour for the needs of gentlemen and yard peasants; it ceased to exist in the last quarter of the 19th century. Restored in 2007, the mill in Tarkhany is a functioning, functionally living monument wooden architecture and rural life of the past; her age is over 100 years.
At all times, the work of the miller was respected and revered, the rural miller was, as a rule, a wealthy person. By occupation, his house served as an inn and a tavern for peasants who came to the mill. The exposition of the mill and the miller's house "Peasant World Tarkhan" reveals the economic way of life in the village, the life of a prosperous peasant miller, reconstructs the customs, work ethic and aesthetics of the ancestors.
Windmills in Tarkhany were placed outside the outskirts, on a pasture, on an elevated place, open to free air flow. IN different time their number, according to the stories of old-timers, was different: two, three, five or more. By 1935, only one 17 meters high remained. It was erected in the second half of the 19th century and demolished in the 1960s. One of the last millers was the great-grandson of the nurse M.Yu. Lermontov Lukerya Shubenina Stepan Ivanovich Chichanin (Kormilitsyn in the street). With his departure in the 1950s, the millstones were driven by a diesel engine.
There was also a windmill on the territory of the manor. There is a legend that once the miller-bogatyr Anisim Medvedev, alone, without outside help, dragged a rolled rope weighing twenty pounds up to the top of the mill, and the mistress of the estate E.A. Arsenyeva awarded him five days off. At the place where this mill stood, a contemporary of M.Yu. Lermontov, in 2007, a windmill was installed, which had previously served the residents of the village of Dubenki in Mordovia for one hundred and ten years. Its first millstones were worn out, and of the existing ones, one retains the stigma: "1918". A tent-type mill, common in middle lane Russia. In terms of productivity and threshing method, it is two-part. It is a two-tier log building connected inside wooden stairs. The main volume - "octagon" - with a diameter at the base of 6.7 m, tapering upwards, felled "in the paw" of coniferous logs with a diameter of 280 - 300 mm. On both sides, two one-story outbuildings of the granary type adjoin the main volume. The height of the structure is 14.3 m without a weather vane, with wings - 19.4 m. The total construction volume is 96 cubic meters.
The exposition is based on a demonstration of the interior and a story-commentary about the history windmills in general, their structure, functions and, further, on the explanation of the purpose of the nodes and details of the mechanism of this mill. When there is sufficient wind to rotate the main shaft, flour is ground. This "live exhibition" is the inclusion of sightseers in the working process at the mill.
A small but significant addition to the display of the mill mechanism, its interior, are hand millstones on wooden stand with an adjustable gap between the "bed" and "runner". Tourists can see with their own eyes how the force of the wind is more productive and efficient than the muscular efforts of a person. Anyone can try to make a few turns on a hand mill.
Other details that complement the exposition interior of the mill include the scales of the "beam" type (second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries) located above the chest. They give an idea of how grain and flour are weighed in early XIX V. The interior of the working wing of the mill is complemented by three benches and two benches on the eastern wall, where at present there is a glass bottle (a quarter) from the exhibits; basket and clay pot.
GARDEN AND PARK TERRITORY .jpg)
In 1794, the young spouses Mikhail Vasilyevich and Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenievs - grandfather and grandmother M.Yu. Lermontov - bought an estate in the Chembarsky district and began to equip the estate. The aesthetic side of the arrangement was handled by Mikhail Vasilyevich.
The new estate was divided into two parts: front (with a house and a park) and utility (with outbuildings).
From the manor's house, three main perspectives were opened. Western presented a wide panorama Big Pond and sat down with the church. The south opened to the eye a wide linden avenue through the Round Garden to the Oak Grove. To the east, the alley of the Far Garden was visible. There were no buildings on the western side of the estate, and immediately behind the house began a "luxurious garden located on a semi-mountain" and a park.
In 1969-1971. The Moscow enterprise "Lesproekt" (author V.A. Agaltsov) prepared a project for the restoration of green spaces in the museum, after which the main features of the estate were restored: the park became "open", bright, it now consists, as in Lermontov's time, of ornamental shrubs and several alleys lined with pines, lindens, willows. A picturesque group of trees between the keykeeper's house and the Church of Mary of Egypt and an old elm tree near the manor's house adorn the park. Orchards, flower beds, a turf bench, elements of park architecture (arbors, bridges ...), an oak grove, an apiary have been restored.
Ponds in Tarkhany were formed by damming in the channel of the river Mararaika in ravines. In the memoirs of A.P. Shan Giray, who lived in Tarkhany in 1825 and later visited them often, is mentioned “a large pond in front of the house”.
The level of the Great Pond was not always the same. During the restoration of the dam (it was often demolished), no one sought to accurately maintain the previous level. The dam could be both lower and higher than the former, which is why the pond could decrease, recede from the manor's estate, and, conversely, increase, approaching it.
.jpg)
On a lithograph based on a drawing by Rudkevich (1842), the coastal strip is clearly marked, which stretches between the pond and the park; the same coastline is visible in the photograph by V. Chudinov (1937). The channel of the Mararaika river and the wells that served the estate with drinking water were flooded when in 1938, and then in 1950, the dam of the Big Pond was raised. A.P. Shan Giray mentions one pond, but there was another pond on the estate, Barsky or Upper, which was located in a ravine near the entrance to the estate. The main recharge of the Barsky pond was melt and groundwater, as well as a spring, which was located in the eastern part of the pond. E.F. Sorokina (1873-1962) said that it was impossible to swim in that part of the pond: she did not let ice water, which comes constantly from below. Old-timers noted that the Barsky pond was distinguished by the purity and freshness of the water, and the villagers drank it back in the 1930s. The bottom of the pond is muddy and only in one place, next to the barn, is sandy. There might have been a bath here. Barsky Pond currently occupies an area much larger than before. Old-timers said that the spur to the north, to the left of the dam, was half the size. In the ravine behind the key keeper's house is the Middle Pond. Apparently, it was restored in 1882 by P.N. Zhuravlev, who managed the estate at that time.
All three ponds are interconnected by a natural drain and represent a cascade, which is reflected in the names: Upper, Middle, Lower.
To the east of the Barsky Pond, on the territory of the estate, there is a cage pond intended for breeding fry.
In the center of Ovsyanka Street is Kormilitsyn Pond, so named because on its shore there was an estate of the L.A. family. Shubenina, nurse M.Yu. Lermontov.
A small pond - Ilyinsky - is located on Ilyinka Street.
GROVE "TWELVE OAKS"
The grove “Twelve Oaks” is located 16 km from Tarkhan, in the vicinity of the town of Chembar (now the town of Belinsky). This picturesque place is famous for its majestic specimens of old oaks. There is a legend that the fourteen-year-old M.Yu. Lermontov wrote his early poem "Circassians" (1828) here. The legend is based on a note made by the poet on the reverse side of a copy of the poem's autograph. This entry in the literature about M.Yu. Lermontov was reproduced incorrectly for a long time: "In Chembar for an oak." In fact, Mikhail Yuryevich wrote this: “To Chembar for the oak.” As you can see, adding the letter “e” is completely unjustified. It leads to a distortion of the meaning of Lermontov's entry, the actual meaning of which has not yet been established. The legend existed in Chembar back in the 19th century; P.K. included it in his notes about Lermontov. Shugaev, but when they were published in the “Picturesque Review” in 1898, the publisher removed the legend. In the manuscript, it looks like this: “200-year-old oak grove, which is visible from the former school where V.G. Belinsky, now thinned, ... has survived to this day. Here “in Chembar behind an oak tree” - M.Yu. Lermontov, a 14-year-old boy, wrote the poem "Circassians" in 1828. From here you can see a beautiful view of Chembar and the valley of the Bolshoi and Maly Chembar rivers. Here was a place that Mikhail Yurievich loved during his visits to Chembar.
In the 1930s, the grove was declared a Lermontov Reserve by local authorities. On a stone set in the middle of a grove in a clearing, a slab with the inscription was strengthened:
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Museum-Reserve Mikhailovskoye The legendary noble estate of the greatest Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - "Mikhailovskoye", which was granted to the poet's great-grandfather - Abram Gannibal in 1742 by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. The estate received its current name under Pushkin's grandfather, Osip Abramovich, who renamed the village "Mouth" into "Mikhailovskoye". 1824-1826 Alexander Sergeevich was serving a link here, which, according to Pushkinists, favorably affected the poet in terms of creativity. It was here that the best works of the "Sun of Russian Poetry" were created. In 1836, after the death of his mother, the estate became the property of A. S. Pushkin, and in 1922 it was declared a museum-reserve.
2 slide
Description of the slide:
The village of Bolshoe Boldino (as well as the district itself) is inextricably linked with the name of the Pushkins, in particular with the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the great Russian writer and poet. Of course, the main attraction is the State Literary-Memorial and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin
3 slide
Description of the slide:
The estate is located in the Belinsky district of the Penza region, the village of Lermontovo (Tarkhany).
4 slide
Description of the slide:
The village of Konstantinovo, Rybnovsky district of the Ryazan region, is located on the picturesque high right bank of the Oka, 43 kilometers northwest of Ryazan. Here, on October 3, 1895, the great Russian poet Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin was born. The poet spent his childhood and youth in Konstantinov. In the central part of the village is the State Museum-Reserve of S. A. Yesenin.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The estate of A.P. Chekhov - Melikhovo is located near the M2 highway, in the vicinity of the city of Chekhov, Moscow Region. Here from 1892 to 1899. A.P. Chekhov lived with his parents and close relatives - one of the main Chekhov museums in Russia.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Estate of Leo Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. The estate is located in the Shchekino district of the Tula region (14 km southwest of Tula), founded in the 17th century and belonged first to the Kartsev family, then to the Volkonsky and Tolstoy.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
If you continue moving towards the Oryol region, then after 130 km, before reaching Mtsensk, there is another estate Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. This is the state memorial and natural museum-reserve of I.S. Turgenev.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
"Karabikha" is the State Literary and Memorial Museum-Reserve of N.A. Nekrasov, created in 1946. In the 17th century, the village of Bogoroditskoye was located near Yaroslavl, at the beginning of the 18th century, Prince Nikolai Golitsyn became the owner of the village and its environs, and by his order, the Karabikha estate was built on Karabitova Gora not far from the village. The son of Nikolai Golitsyn, Mikhail, being the governor of Yaroslavl, makes "Karabikha" his front residence and reconstructs the family estate. His son Valerian took part in the Decembrist uprising, was exiled to Siberia and then to the Caucasus. "Karabikha" was sold. In 1861, the poet Nikolai Nekrasov bought it for a summer vacation.
Mikhailovskoye is a family estate of the Hannibals in the Pskov region. In 1742, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna granted "Peter the Great's arab", Pushkin's great-grandfather, Abram Mikhailovich Hannibal, possessions - 41 villages on 5,000 acres of land. At that time, these lands were called Mikhailovskaya Bay. In 1781, after the death of the arap, the lands were divided among his three sons. Osip Abramovich Gannibal, the poet's grandfather, received the possession of the village of Mikhailovskoye. He built a manor's house in it, laid out a park with curtains, alleys and flower beds. In 1806, Mikhailovskoye passed to Maria Alekseevna Gannibal, Pushkin's grandmother. From 1816 to 1836, the poet's mother, Nadezhda Osipovna Pushkina, owned the estate.
For the first time, the young poet visited this place in the summer of 1817 and, as he himself wrote, was fascinated by "rural life, the Russian bath, strawberries, etc. - but I did not like all this for long." The next time Pushkin visited Mikhailovskoye was in 1819. And from August 1824 to September 1826 Pushkin was here in exile.
In 1824, the police in Moscow opened a letter from Pushkin, where he wrote about his passion for "atheistic teachings." This was the reason for the poet's resignation on July 8, 1824 from the service. He was exiled to his mother's estate. Despite the difficult experiences, the first Mikhailovskaya autumn was fruitful for the poet, he read a lot, thought, worked.
Pushkin completes the poems begun in Odessa "The Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet", "To the Sea", the poem "Gypsies". In the autumn of 1824, he resumes work on autobiographical notes, ponders the plot of the folk drama "Boris Godunov", and writes a comic poem "Count Nulin". In total, the poet created about a hundred works in Mikhailovsky.
In subsequent years, the poet periodically came here to take a break from city life. So, in 1827, Pushkin began the novel "Arap of Peter the Great" here. In 1835, in Mikhailovskoye, Pushkin continued to work on "Scenes from Knightly Times", "Egyptian Nights", created the poem "I Visited Again".
In the spring of 1836 after serious illness Nadezhda Osipovna died. The estate became the property of Pushkin. And after the death of the poet, it began to belong to his children.
The turbulent twentieth century did not spare Mikhailovsky. In February 1918, Mikhailovskoye and neighboring estates were burned down. March 17, 1922 by a decision of the Council people's commissars Mikhailovskoye, Trigorskoye and Pushkin's grave were declared protected. On old foundations archival documents, paintings and lithographs were restored buildings. During the Great Patriotic War, the estate was occupied by the Germans. The manor buildings were burned down again. After the war, the restoration of the estate began. Now there is a memorial museum-reserve of A. S. Pushkin.
Have a big and great country there should be a large and great literary heritage, and not only bookish. We have selected twenty of the most interesting memorable places in the life of Russian writers.
Turgenev's estate in Spasskoye-Lutovinovoe
The Turgenev estate had a difficult fate - after the death of the writer, most of the valuable things were dismantled by the heirs, and the house itself burned down. Something was saved thanks to the new owners of the Galakhovs - they removed the old library and some of Turgenev's personal belongings in advance. But in general, the estate, along with a beautiful park, fell into disrepair. The anniversary of the writer, who would have turned 100 in 1918, helped prevent its further destruction. New Soviet authority took this place under protection and turned it into a museum. But the house itself was restored only in 1976. It was here that Ivan Turgenev wrote his "Fathers and Sons", "Nest of Nobles", "On the Eve", "Rudina", "Inn" and several other works. Famous contemporaries - Fet, Nekrasov, Aksakov and others - visited the writer at the estate.
Pasternak Museum in Chistopol
Chistopol - small town in Tatarstan, 130 kilometers from Kazan. During the Great Patriotic War, it became a refuge for the Union of Soviet Writers - many famous literary figures lived here in evacuation. Among them are Akhmatova, Aseev, Tsvetaeva and Pasternak. The latter has his own memorial museum here - a small mansion of the late 19th century, where Pasternak lived and worked during the war. On the second floor of the house there is an exposition "Chistopol Pages". It tells about the Chistopol period of Pasternak and his relationship with his evacuated colleagues. The museum also displays household items of the writer, including his desk. The interior is so well preserved that it seems as if the famous owner himself is about to enter the room.
Historical and Memorial Museum of M.V. Lomonosov in the Arkhangelsk region
The name of Lomonosov first of all evokes associations with science, but one should not forget that Mikhail Vasilievich was also an excellent writer. Belinsky called him the founder and father of Russian poetry. Therefore, the museum in the village of Lomonosovo, located on the site of the estate of the family of the famous scientist and poet, is of particular importance, including for those who are interested in Russian literature. The house of the Lomonosov family itself has long since disappeared, but the pond, which was dug by Mikhail Lomonosov's father Vasily Dorofeevich, has been preserved. The museum itself presents six expositions that tell about different areas of the great man's work, including poetry.
Yelets Bunin Museum
If fate suddenly brings you to the city of Yelets, be sure to visit the Bunin Museum. Landmark - a long hut with carved white platbands. The museum was opened in the late 80s, its appearance was preceded by a serious research. The fact is that Bunin lived in Yelets in different places, as a result, the house was chosen, where he spent three years of his life, being a student of the Yelets male gymnasium. The atmosphere of the end of the 19th century is very authentically recreated in the space of the museum. They show Bunin's personal belongings, books with his autographs and other important rarities.
Mikhailovskoye is the real spiritual homeland of the main Russian poet.
Pushkin's estate in Mikhailovsky
Mikhailovskoye is the real spiritual homeland of the main Russian poet. This noble estate was presented by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna to Pushkin's great-grandfather Abram Gannibal. Since 1818, the estate belonged to the poet's mother Nadezhda Osipovna, her famous son spent two of his exile years here and truly reached creative maturity. Several chapters of "Eugene Onegin", the tragedy "Boris Godunov" and dozens of different poems were written in Mikhailovsky. The Pushkin estate today houses a museum with an exposition recreating the interiors of the poet's time. And it is here that you should look for the house of Pushkin's nanny Arina Rodionovna.
Tyutchev Museum in Ovstug
Ovstug - small homeland Fedorov Tyutchev, here he was born and spent his childhood. In Ovstug in Tyutchev, the same romantic lyric poet, as we all know him from school, took shape. Alas, the estate, which today serves as a museum, is not a genuine family estate of the Tyutchevs. The house of the poet's family suffered the same fate as many other noble nests of the past - desolation and then complete disappearance. The Tyutchev House was recreated in 1985 according to the design of the architect Gorodkov. It has three halls that tell about different periods of the poet's life, two memorial rooms, as well as rooms dedicated to his relatives and descendants.
Leskov Museum in Orel
For Russian literature, Orel and its environs are of particular importance - many famous writers and poets lived and worked here. But Nikolai Leskov is, perhaps, the main literary symbol of the city. In Orel, the writer has his own museum - a picturesque wooden estate on Oktyabrskaya Street, which in Leskov's time was called Upper Dvoryanskaya. I must say that Leskov himself never lived in this house - the mansion was built only in 1874, when the writer was already in adulthood and lived in St. Petersburg. However, the house was built exactly on the spot where the family estate of the Leskov family had previously been located. The son of Leskov Andrei Nikolaevich found out the historical location.
Block Museum in Shakhmatovo
The official name of this place is very long - the State Historical, Literary and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.A. Blok. The estate is located in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region. Blok spent every summer here, and one can safely say that it was Shakhmatovo that became the spiritual homeland of the poet. Here he wrote at least 300 works. The mention of the surroundings of the estate can be found in Blok's "On railway"and" All this was, was, was. And, of course, Blok's heart affairs are connected with Shakhmatovo - here he met his Love with a capital letter - the daughter of the famous chemist Mendeleev, Lyubov Dmitrievna Mendeleeva. It is not surprising that later the poet will call Shakhmatovo "native places", in which he "spent better times life."
Nekrasov's estate in Karabikha
In 1861, the year of the abolition of serfdom, Nikolai Nekrasov purchased a manor for summer holidays in the village of Karabikha, a large classicist residence once owned by Prince Mikhail Golitsyn. It was here that Nekrasov would later write the poems “Frost, Red Nose”, “Russian Women”, and will also work on his main work “Who Lives Well in Rus'”. After civil war the estate housed the board of the state farm, and only in the forties was restoration carried out and a memorial museum opened. Among the exhibits are the first editions of Nekrasov, seven books from his personal library and magazines in which he was published.
Ostrovsky Museum-Reserve in Shchelykovo
“What rivers, what mountains, what forests!” - Alexander Ostrovsky described in his diary the town of Shchelykovo in the Kostroma region. Here, starting from 1867, the great Russian playwright spent 4-5 months after he bought his father's estate from his stepmother together with his brother. It is believed that it was Shchelykovo that most inspired Ostrovsky, but it also greatly undermined his spirit. This happened after local peasants tried to set fire to his house. This shocked Ostrovsky so much that his hands and head shook until his death, he did not live long after that. The preserved Ostrovsky House-Museum contains many original items of the playwright, including an old piano, to the accompaniment of which his wife Maria Vasilievna often sang.
Museum-estate "Red Horn" A.K. Tolstoy
The Tolstoy family, as you know, was rich in literary talents. One of the offspring - Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, a writer, poet and playwright - is familiar to us from the novel "Ghoul", "Prince Silver", the trilogy "The Death of Ivan the Terrible", "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" and "Tsar Boris", as well as lyric poetry like the poems "In the midst of a noisy ball by chance." Since 1861, Alexei Tolstoy moved permanently to his family estate in Krasny Rog - a small cozy "hunting castle". Here he lived until his death and was buried in the tomb of the 18th century chapel next door. Unfortunately, the house burned down during the war and had to be rebuilt.
Yesenin Museum-Reserve in Konstantinovo
On the high bank of the Oka, 43 kilometers from Ryazan, the village of Konstantinovo is located. The poet Yesenin was born here, and today his museum is located here. This is a whole complex of buildings, but its heart is a small, the most ordinary log Russian hut, parental home, where the poet came to rest in the 1920s. Here is a Dutch stove, near which Yesenin slept in the cold season, but a bucket samovar, which was used for family tea parties, the interior of the house is very lively, most reliably conveying the Yesenin family atmosphere. Behind the house is a barn built in 1913. For the summer, Yesenin arranged a bedroom and study here.
Darovoe and the estate of Dostoevsky
Darovoe is a manor in the Moscow region (formerly the Tula province), where Fyodor Dostoevsky spent his childhood. The estate was bought by the writer's father, it consisted of 260 acres of land. Later, he also bought out the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya - instead of Darov, they turned into the Dostoevsky family estate. A very picturesque birch forest grew in the neighborhood of the estate, which young Dostoevsky fell in love with so much that he was nicknamed Fedina Grove by his relatives. Today, aspens grow in this place instead of birches, but they say that the museum management wants to restore the grove. For Dostoevsky, Darovoye and Cheremoshnya turned out to be a tragic place - here, under mysterious circumstances, the writer's father died, and it was rumored that he was killed by peasants. The writer would later reflect this sad fact in his The Brothers Karamazov.
Museum-estate "Yasnaya Polyana"
This place does not need special recommendations - the fact that Leo Tolstoy lived and worked here is known, perhaps, even by people far from Russian literature. Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana, he created right there, and was buried right there. The main building on the estate is Tolstoy's house itself, where everything is as it was during the life of the writer, his personal belongings and a library of 22,000 books. The estate was badly damaged during the war and, they say, almost burned down, but still the house was saved.
House of Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov
In the Tver region, not far from the village of Gradnitsy, once there was the village of Slepnevo. There stood wooden house where the poets Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov lived. In the thirties, a school burned down in Gradnitsy, so the house in Slepnevo was carefully dismantled and transported to Gradnitsy. For a long time rural children studied there, and only in 1989, on the centenary of the birth of Anna Akhmatova, a museum was made from the house. In this simple Russian estate, Gumilyov and Akhmatova lived from 1911 to 1917, as evidenced by a commemorative plaque. The house has two floors and several rooms where personal belongings of the poets have been preserved.
Lermontov Museum-Reserve "Tarkhany"
Tarkhany is perhaps the most famous Lermontov's place in Russia. Here, in a small estate of the 19th century, the Lermontov Museum, opened in 1939, is located. This estate hosted children's and youth poet, here he met his first love, suffered the death of his mother and separation from his father, began to learn science and art (the young Lermontov had a very good library). Finally, his ashes rest in Tarkhany. Among the rarities kept by the museum are the poet's personal belongings (a pipe, a cigarette box, a casket, part of a scimitar handle). In addition, the main work of Lermontov the artist - the painting "Caucasian view near the village of Sioni" is presented here.
Tsvetaeva's house in Yelabuga
Yelabuga is a small, very cozy and neat town in Tatarstan. One of its main attractions is the house of Marina Tsvetaeva, where she was settled in 1941 and where she spent the last years of her life. The museum exposition was opened here relatively recently - in 2005. The atmosphere of those years is reproduced in the house and personal belongings of Tsvetaeva are presented. The most valuable exhibit is a morocco notebook, which was taken out of Tsvetaeva's pocket after her death. There is also a lock of the poet's hair and her daughter's compact of powder.
Chekhov Museum in Melikhovo
This is one of the main Chekhov museums in Russia. The writer lived here for seven years of his life - from 1892 to 1899. Here is Chekhov's house and the same outbuilding where the famous "The Seagull" was painted. Nearby is the so-called Alley of Love, along which Anton Pavlovich often walked. The museum in Melikhovo has no less than 29 thousand exhibits, including paintings by artists-friends of Chekhov - Levitan, Polenov, Seregin and others.
Museum-estate "Muranovo" named after F.I. Tyutchev
This ancient noble estate of the 19th century is located 50 kilometers from Moscow. Two famous poets lived here at different times - first, Yevgeny Baratynsky, according to whose drawings the estate was built, and then Fyodor Tyutchev, whose family heirlooms and manuscripts are stored today in Muranovo. The complex combines several buildings at once: the main manor house, the house church of the Savior Not Made by Hands and several other buildings. All this is surrounded by a very picturesque park with a partially preserved system of ponds.
Peredelkino, House of Writers
Peredelkino near Moscow is, of course, first of all the Writer's Town, famous literary dachas, where in the last century all the main characters of Russian-language literature of the 20th century lived. The list really turns out to be very long - from Isaac Babel to Andrei Voznesensky. The writer's town was created on the advice of Maxim Gorky - in the thirties, the Literary Fund allocated funds for the construction of 50 summer cottages according to German projects. You can talk about the literary life of Peredelkino for a very long time - every square centimeter is saturated with literature here. By the way, it was in Peredelkino that Korney Chukovsky arranged readings of his works for all the surrounding children.