And everything connected with it is studied in the school course of the Russian language, and is also included in the examination work.
Variants of subordination of dependent parts (successive subordination of subordinate clauses as well) will be discussed below.
Complex sentence: types of subordinate clauses
A complex sentence is a sentence where there are two or more grammatical bases, one of which is the main one, the rest are dependent. For example, the fire went out(main part), when morning came(dependent part). Subordinate, or dependent, parts can be different types, it all depends on the question that is asked from the main clause to the dependent one. Yes, when asked which the dependent part is considered definitive: the forest (what?) in which we walked has thinned out. If the question of circumstance is attached to the dependent part, then the subordinate part is defined as adverbial. Finally, if the question to the dependent part is one of the questions of indirect cases, then the subordinate clause is called explanatory.
Complex sentence: several subordinate clauses
Often in texts and exercises there are several subordinate clauses. At the same time, not only the subordinate clauses themselves can be different, but also the way they are subordinated to the main clause or to each other.
| Name | Description | Example |
| Parallel subordination | The main clause includes dependent parts of various types. | When the ice broke, the fishing began, which the men had been waiting for all winter.(Main sentence: fishing has begun. First adverbial adjective: started (when?); second adjective: fishing (what?). |
| Homogeneous submission | The main clause includes dependent parts of the same type. | Everyone knows how the BAM was built and how dearly the people paid for it.(Main sentence: everyone knows. It includes both subordinate explanatory clauses: how BAM was built and how dearly the people paid for it. Clauses are homogeneous, as they refer to a single word - known they ask one question: it is known that?) |
| Sequential submission | The main clause has one subordinate clause, on which other subordinate clauses depend. | He guessed that they didn't like the movie they saw.(From the main sentence he guessed one adjective depends: that they didn't like the movie. From the subordinate clause related to the main clause, something else depends: which they saw. |
To determine the parallel, homogeneous, sequential subordination of subordinate clauses is a task that causes difficulties for students. Solving this issue, it is necessary first of all to find the main sentence, and then, asking questions from it, determine the nature of subordination.
Subordination and sequential subordination
In complex sentences, in which there are several predicative stems, there may be subordination of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are subordinate clauses that depend on a single main clause. Sequential subordination is different from subordination. The fact is that in compound sentences with sequential subordination, not all subordinate clauses depend on the main clause, that is, they do not have subordination.
It is not an easy task to determine the types of subordinate clauses, especially in sentences with sequential subordination. The question is how to find the consistent subordination of the subordinate clauses.
- Read the offer carefully.
- Highlight grammar points.
- Determine if the sentence is complex. In other words, find out whether there are main and dependent parts, or parts of a complex sentence are equal.
- Identify subordinate clauses related directly to the main clause.
- The subordinate clause, which is not related in meaning to the main clause, will refer to another part dependent on the main clause. This is the sequential subordination of subordinate parts.
Following this algorithm, you can quickly find the offer specified in the task.
The main thing is to know the answer to the question, the consistent subordination of subordinate clauses - what is it? This is a complex sentence, where such a subordinate clause depends on the main clause, which is the main one for another subordinate clause.
The structure of sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses
Structurally, the most interesting is a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. A chain of interdependent clauses can be located both outside the main clause and inside it.
The day they spent in the sunny city, where there are many historical monuments, they will remember forever.
Here is the main suggestion they will remember the day forever encircles related subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause depends on the main clause which they spent in the sunny city. This subordinate part is the main one for the subordinate defining part. where there are many historical monuments. Therefore, this is a consistent subordination of subordinate clauses. In another sentence He saw the owner scolding his cat for catching a chicken the main clause is located outside the subordinate clauses.
Examples of sequential subordination of subordinate clauses
Sequential subordination of subordinate parts is used as in colloquial speech as well as in writing. Such sentences are found in fiction. For example, A.S. Pushkin: Natalya Gavrilovna was famous at the assemblies as the best dancer, which was ... the reason for the misconduct of Korsakov, who came the next day to apologize to Gavrilo Afanasyevich; at L.N. Tolstoy: He remembered how once he thought that his husband had found out, and was preparing for a duel ... in which he intended to shoot in the air; from I.A. Bunin: And when I looked up, it again seemed to me ... that this silence is a mystery, a part of what is beyond the cognizable.
Only in the third quarter, ninth-graders get acquainted with the topic “Types of subordination of subordinate parts in a complex sentence”, but they are preparing for the exam from the beginning of the school year.
Let's try to deal with task 13 in the test part of the OGE. For observation, let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov "Dear Lessons"
Recall the wording of this task: “Among the sentences ___ find a complex sentence cuniform submission. Write the number of this proposal. Instead of words in bold style, there may be such words: " with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination" or " with sequential submission».
Decide on symbols, which will help us in analyzing the structure of a complex sentence (abbreviated SPP). To highlight the main part, use square brackets, for the subordinate clause - round (). We will draw up both linear and vertical supply schemes.
First, let's practice drawing up NGN diagrams with one adnexal part. Please note that the position of the subordinate clause can be different: preposition, interposition and postposition. Prefixes in the word "position" already contain an indication of the place of the subordinate clause in the sentence.
Consider examples.
1. Preposition adverbial adverbial goal: (To breathe easier) 1, [he always works in a nightgown] 2.
2. Interposition of adverbial adverbial time: [The next day in the evening, (when the clock showed five minutes to seven) 2, Alisa Osipovna came] 1 .
3. Postposition of the adverbial adverbial tense: [Vorotov felt this strongly] 1, (when, having left the university with a candidate's degree, he took up a small scientific work) 2.
In the first example, we found the clause at the beginning of the sentence, in the second - in the middle, in the third - at the end of the SPP.
Let us clarify that complex sentences in the text can have various complications, and if you do not recognize them, you can get confused, so we will explain these complications in each example. So, in the third sentence, the subordinate part is complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by a participial turnover (abbreviated as DO).
Determine if the following three examples any type of complications. What is the position of the adjective in them?
2) Her facial expression was cold, businesslike, like that of a person who came to talk about money.
3) If this strange proposal had been made by a minor, then, probably, she would have been angry and shouted.
You should have noticed that in the first two sentences the clause is in postposition, but in last example— in preposition.
So, let's check our observation.
2. [The expression on her face was cold business, like a person] 1 , (who came to talk about money) 2 .
3. (If this strange proposal was made by a minor) 1, [then, probably, she would be angry and shouted] 2 .
Line diagrams are very convenient.
Now let's find out what types of complications we encountered here. The first sentence has standalone application, expressed by a proper name, and homogeneous predicates. In the second, a separate circumstance expressed by a comparative turnover, and homogeneous definitions are in the main part. And, finally, in the third sentence there is an introductory word and homogeneous predicates in the main part.
We will not introduce all these complications into the schemes, since only homogeneous predicates play the main role in the structure of the NGN, and yet we will keep them in mind.
Now let's get acquainted with the types of subordination in NGN, which have several subordinate parts.
It is difficult to say exactly which type is more common, most likely, various combinations and mixed cases are possible, when several types of submission can be in one NGN. But you will not find such examples on the exam.
Let's analyze the proposal:
And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside.
In this sentence, from the main part to two explanatory subordinate clauses, we ask the same question "about what?"
[And he also asked her] 1 , (does she want to tea or coffee) 2 , (is the weather good outside) 3 .
To compare the two types of schemes, we offer both: linear and vertical.
NGN SCHEMES with homogeneous subordination:
This way of submission is called homogeneous. If there were more than two subordinate parts with a similar structure, then one of the unions LI would be omitted to avoid repetition. But restoring it is very easy.
Consider another suggestion:
Now we find the main and subordinate parts, draw up diagrams.
[On one winter afternoon, (when Vorotov sat in my office and worked) 2 , the footman reported] 1 , (that some young lady asked him) 3 .
NGN SCHEMES with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
Here, from the main part, we ask two different questions: the lackey reported "when?" and "about what?". The accessory parts are no longer homogeneous, they have different meaning: one of them is adverbial tense, the other is explanatory. This method is called parallel.
Now let's look at the last example.
Only once did a look of bewilderment flickered across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat person.
We come to the conclusion that the adnexal parts also answer different questions: there was a flash of bewilderment "when?", she found out "about what?". We ask these questions not from the main part, but sequentially: from the first subordinate to the second subordinate part.
[Just once, a look of bewilderment flashed across her face] 1 , (when she found out) 2 , (that she was invited to teach not children, a adult, fat man) 3 .
NGN SCHEMES with serial subordination:
This way of subordination is called sequential.
For self-examination, we offer five suggestions. Please note that you may encounter a mixed type of submission if there are more than two subordinate parts.
Self test
1) Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, businesslike expression, answered him that she had completed her course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, her mother was alive and was making flowers ...
2) She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, as she would go straight to the ball from the lesson.
3) And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was for her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.
4) She, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of need.
Clue!
Here, unions are highlighted in color, and all complications are in italics:
1. [Alisa Osipovna with cold business answered him with an expression] 1, (that she finished the course in a private boarding school) 2 and (has the rights of a home teacher) 3, (that her father had recently died of scarlet fever) 4, (mother is alive ) 5 and (makes flowers) 6...
2. [She apologized and said] 1 , (which can only be done for half an hour) 2 , (since the lesson will go straight to the ball) 3 .
3. [And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, understood] 1, (how dear the ruble was for her) 2 and (how hard it would be for her to lose this income) 3 .
4. [Hey, apparently, didn’t want] 1, (for her gentlemen to know) 2, (that she has students) 3 and (that she gives lessons out of need) 4 .
Now let's read the whole story in full.
A.P. Chekhov
Dear Lessons
For an educated person, ignorance of languages is a great inconvenience. Vorotov felt this strongly when, having left the university with a Ph.D., he took up a small scientific work.
This is terrible! - he said breathlessly (despite his twenty-six years, he is plump, heavy and suffers from shortness of breath). - This is terrible! Without tongues I am like a bird without wings. Just quit your job.
And he decided at all costs to overcome his innate laziness and learn French and German languages and started looking for teachers.
One winter afternoon, when Vorotov was sitting in his office and working, the footman reported that some young lady was asking him.
Ask, - said Vorotov.
And a young, in the latest fashion, elegantly dressed young lady entered the office. She introduced herself as a teacher French, Alisa Osipovna Anket, and said that one of his friends sent her to Vorotov.
Very nice! Sit down! - said Vorotov, panting and covering the collar of his nightgown with his palm. (To breathe easier, he always works in a nightgown.) - Pyotr Sergeyevich sent you to me? Yes, yes... I asked him... Very happy!
Negotiating with m-lle Annette, he looked at her shyly and with curiosity. She was a real, very elegant Frenchwoman, still very young. On the face, pale and languid, on the short curly hair and with an unnaturally thin waist, she could have been given no more than 18 years; glancing at her broad, well-developed shoulders, at her beautiful back and stern eyes, Vorotov thought that she was probably at least 23 years old, perhaps even all 25; but then again it began to seem that she was only 18. Her expression was cold, business-like, like that of a person who came to talk about money. She never smiled, did not frown, and only once did a look of bewilderment flash across her face when she learned that she had been invited to teach not children, but an adult, fat person.
So, Alisa Osipovna, - Vorotov told her, - we will study daily from seven to eight in the evening. As for your desire to receive a ruble per lesson, I have nothing to object to. For the ruble - so for the ruble ...
And he also asked her if she wanted tea or coffee, if the weather was good outside, and, smiling good-naturedly, stroking the cloth on the table with his palm, he amiably inquired who she was, where she finished her course and how she lives.
Alisa Osipovna, with a cold, business-like expression, answered him that she had completed her course at a private boarding school and had the rights of a home teacher, that her father had recently died of scarlet fever, that her mother was alive and making flowers, that she, m lle Anket, studied at a private school until lunchtime. boarding house, and after dinner, until the evening, walks along good houses and gives lessons.
She left, leaving behind a light, very delicate smell of a woman's dress. Vorotov did not work for a long time afterwards, but sitting at the table, stroking the green cloth with his palms and meditating.
"It's very nice to see girls earning a piece of bread for themselves," he thought. - On the other hand, it is very unpleasant to see that need does not spare even such graceful and pretty girls as this Alisa Osipovna, and she also has to fight for existence. Trouble!.. "
He, who had never seen virtuous French women, also thought that this elegantly dressed Alisa Osipovna, with well-developed shoulders and with an exaggerated slim waist, in all likelihood, besides the lessons, doing something else.
The next day in the evening, when the clock showed five minutes to seven, Alisa Osipovna came in, pink from the cold; she opened the Margot she had brought with her and began without preamble:
French grammar has twenty-six letters. The first letter is A, the second B...
Guilty, ”Vorotov interrupted her, smiling. “I must warn you, mademoiselle, that for me personally you will have to change your method somewhat. The fact is that I know Russian, Latin and Greek... studied comparative linguistics, and, it seems to me, we can, bypassing Margot, directly start reading some author.
And he explained to the Frenchwoman how adults learn languages.
One of my acquaintances, he said, wanting to learn new languages, put the French, German and Latin gospels in front of him, read them in parallel, and painstakingly analyzed each word, and so what? He achieved his goal in less than one year. We will do so too. Let's take some author and we will read.
The Frenchwoman looked at him in bewilderment. Apparently, Vorotov's proposal seemed to her very naive and absurd. If this strange proposal had been made by a minor, she would probably have been angry and shouted, but since there was an adult and very fat person here, at whom it was impossible to shout, she only shrugged her shoulders barely perceptibly and said:
As you wish.
Vorotov rummaged through his bookcase and pulled out a tattered French book.
Is it good? - he asked.
Does not matter.
In that case, let's get started. God bless. Let's start with the title... Memoires.
Memories, - m-lle Anket translated.
Memories... repeated Vorotov. Smiling good-naturedly and breathing heavily, he fiddled with the word memoires for a quarter of an hour and the same with the word de, and this tired Alisa Osipovna. She answered questions languidly, confused, and apparently did not understand her student well and did not try to understand. Vorotov offered her questions, while he himself looked at her blond head and thought: “Her hair is not naturally curly, it curls. Marvelous! He works from morning to night and still manages to curl.
Exactly at eight o'clock she got up and, saying a dry, cold "au revoir, monsieur" (goodbye, sir - fr.), went out of the office, and after her all that gentle, subtle, exciting smell remained. The student again did nothing for a long time, sat at the table and thought.
In the days that followed, he became convinced that his teacher, the young lady, was sweet, serious and tidy, but that she was very uneducated and did not know how to teach adults; and he decided not to waste time, to part with her and invite another teacher. When she came for the seventh time, he took out an envelope with seven rubles from his pocket and, holding it in his hands, became very embarrassed and began like this:
Excuse me, Alisa Osipovna, but I must tell you... I have been placed in a dire need...
Glancing at the envelope, the Frenchwoman guessed what was the matter, and for the first time in all the lessons her face trembled, and cold, business expression disappeared. She blushed slightly and, lowering her eyes, began nervously fingering her thin skin. gold chain. And Vorotov, looking at her embarrassment, realized how dear the ruble was to her and how hard it would be for her to lose this income.
I have to tell you ... - he muttered, even more embarrassed, and something sank in his chest; he hurriedly thrust the envelope into his pocket and continued:
Excuse me, I... I'll leave you for ten minutes...
And pretending that he did not want to refuse her at all, but only asked permission to leave her for a while, he went into another room and sat there for ten minutes. And then came back even more confused; he realized that this departure of his a short time she could explain in her own way, and he was embarrassed.
The lessons started again.
Vorotov worked without any desire. Knowing that nothing would come of the lessons, he gave the Frenchwoman full rein, did not ask her about anything and did not interrupt. She translated as she liked, ten pages in one lesson, but he did not listen, he was breathing heavily, and, having nothing to do, examined either her curly head, then her neck, then her delicate white hands, inhaled the smell of her dress ...
He would catch himself thinking bad thoughts, and he would feel ashamed, or else he would be touched, and then he would feel chagrin and annoyance because she treated him so coldly, businesslike, as with a student, without smiling and as if afraid that he would touch her. to her by accident. He kept thinking how he could inspire confidence in her, get to know her better, then help her, make her understand how badly she teaches, poor thing.
Alisa Osipovna once came to a lesson in a smart pink dress, with a small neckline, and such a fragrance came from her that it seemed as if she was shrouded in a cloud, as if one had only to blow on her, she would fly or dissipate like smoke. She apologized and said that she could only study for half an hour, as she would go straight from class to the ball.
He looked at her neck and at her back, bare near the neck, and seemed to understand why it was French women who enjoyed the reputation of frivolous and easily falling creatures; he was drowning in this cloud of aromas, beauty, nakedness, and she, not knowing his thoughts and, probably, not at all interested in them, quickly turned over the pages and translated at full speed:
- "He walked in the street and met the gentleman of his acquaintance and said:" Where are you rushing, seeing your face so pale, it hurts me.
The Memoires had long been finished, and now Alice was translating some other book. Once she came to the lesson an hour earlier, apologizing for the fact that at seven o'clock she had to go to the Maly Theater. After seeing her off after class, Vorotov got dressed and also went to the theatre. He went, as it seemed to him, only to rest, to have fun, and he had no thoughts about Alice. He could not allow a serious person, preparing for a scientific career, hard on his feet, to give up business and go to the theater only to meet there with an unfamiliar, not smart, little intelligent girl ...
But for some reason, during the intermissions, his heart was beating, he, without noticing it, how the boy ran along the foyer and along the corridors, impatiently looking for someone; and he grew bored when the intermission was over; and when he saw the familiar pink dress and beautiful shoulders under the tulle, his heart sank, as if from a premonition of happiness, he smiled joyfully and for the first time in his life experienced a jealous feeling.
Alice was walking with some two ugly students and an officer. She laughed, spoke loudly, evidently flirted; Vorotov had never seen her like this. Obviously, she was happy, satisfied, sincere, warm. From what? Why? Because, perhaps, these people were close to her, from the same circle as she... And Vorotov felt a terrible gulf between himself and this circle. He bowed to his teacher, but she nodded coldly to him and quickly passed by; she, apparently, did not want her gentlemen to know that she had students and that she gave lessons out of need.
After the meeting at the theater, Vorotov realized that he was in love ... During the next lessons, devouring his graceful teacher with his eyes, he no longer fought with himself, but gave full speed to your pure and impure thoughts. Alisa Osipovna's face did not cease to be cold, at exactly eight o'clock every evening she calmly said "au revoir, monsieur", and he felt that she was indifferent to him and would be indifferent and that his situation was hopeless.
Sometimes, in the middle of a lesson, he began to dream, hope, make plans, mentally compose a love explanation, recall that French women are frivolous and malleable, but all he had to do was look at the teacher’s face for his thoughts to instantly go out, like a candle goes out when it’s windy in the country take it out to the terrace. Once he, drunk, forgetting, as if in delirium, could not stand it and, blocking her way, when she went out of the office into the hall after the lesson, panting and stuttering, began to declare his love:
You are dear to me! I... I love you! Let me speak!
And Alice turned pale - probably from fear, realizing that after this explanation it would no longer be possible for her to come here and receive a ruble for a lesson; she made frightened eyes and whispered loudly:
Oh, it's impossible! Don't speak, please! It is forbidden!
And then Vorotov did not sleep all night, was tormented by shame, scolded himself, thought hard. It seemed to him that with his explanation he had offended the girl, that she would no longer come to him.
He decided to find out her address in the address table in the morning and write her an apology letter. But Alice came without a letter. For the first minute she felt awkward, but then she opened the book and began to translate quickly and glibly, as always:
"Oh, young master, don't tear those flowers in my garden that I want to give to my sick daughter..."
She walks until today. Four books have already been translated, but Vorotov knows nothing but the word "memoires", and when asked about his scientific work, he waves his hand and, without answering the question, starts talking about the weather.
42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals
Unionless difficult sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [ Habit over usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe is] (A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.
The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech intonation, and in writing with various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
AT non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):
[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ididn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union and.
Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessneighing horses ], [from the taborfloated tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [ fluttered half asleepbirdie ] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):
[I unhappy ]: [everydayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):
1) [ Items were lost form]: [everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow, yourfather is like that ]: [ would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such unionless proposals synonymous with sentences with explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part, which has meaning of speech, thoughts, feelings or perceptions, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear etc.):
1) [ Nastya during the storyremembered ]: [she has from yesterdayremained whole intactcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).
v. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):
1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Chinfollowed to him]- [he service suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ah, but.
VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .
2) [ see you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):
[Smallthe rain sows since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic constructions
The identification of two levels of articulation of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which whole complex sentences act as constituent components. Since a subordinating connection is a connection that is the closest (in comparison with a coordinating one, for example), it is natural that a complex sentence usually acts as a single component of a complex syntactic construction, although an union-free association of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.
A complex sentence can be a component of a compound sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.
1. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of the word, and the richer, fuller it is, the happier days and the years that we passed through a field of joys and sorrows, happiness and sorrow (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence lies in the fact that the composing union and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative union with something - that, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by the attributive clause.
In addition to the union and, often found in similar syntactic conditions and others coordinating conjunctions: Our courtship with the countess's house is destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, he would not be again (Vost.); What happened is gone, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe (Ch.).
The following complex constructions with a coordinative connection at the first level of articulation are similar in structure, although they have a different degree of internal complexity:
1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);
2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in a car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the Press House was located, the evening ended and Blok left for the Society of Italian Literature Lovers (Past.).
2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with an allied connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was traveling alone on the road to Millerovo, without comrades, then when he met with the Ukrainians ... he did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A feature of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is concretized by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by a non-free lexical part cost ...
3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of a heterogeneous syntactic connection in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such sentences and its similarity with the constructions described in this section allow us to place them here in order to preserve the system in the presentation.].
1) Let the father not think that if a person was nicknamed Efficient Momun, then he is bad (Aitm.).
2) Everyone knows that since the fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such a good failure will happen to him that they will talk about it in the village for at least ten years (Paust.).
This structural type a complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating union does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating union has a double union fastening its parts (if ... then, with what ... by that, although ... but etc.) or subordinating unions with particles-braces (if ... then, if ... so, when ... then, since ... then, once ... then, etc.). For example: Who does not know that when a patient wants to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on the completely opposite military enterprise of the year 45 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of pride and in response said loudly, with some even pomposity, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will fulfill the order (Sim.).
In the examples given, there is a different degree of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: are built according to the “main part + subordinate” scheme (more often explanatory, but causal, concessive and investigative is also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations of condition, cause, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). The specified feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.
As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is the sentence with the union that (at the first level of articulation). However, other unions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. Such combinations of subordinating unions are possible: what once ... then; what if...then; that once ... then; that although ... but; because somehow... then; because once ... then; because if...then; because once ... then; because though...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once ... then; so although...but; because once ... then; because if...then; because just ... then; because although ... but; so as to; although if...then; although once ... then; at least once ... then; although so that others. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me a Roman villa (Kat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly and long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Greene).
Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment was in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L.T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the union but) is a complex sentence.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the place of logging, it suddenly became very warm and the sun shone so brightly that it hurt the eyes (gas.).
4. Compound sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I did not want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. As an explanatory clause, a compound sentence with a union is used here not only ... but also.
Such proposals are possible only with gradational unions, for example: not only ... but also; not that ... but; not so much...how much.
5. An allied complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of grasses in other places on the Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand as an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).
48. Fundamentals of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation
Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has a fairly solid foundation - a formal grammatical one. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural articulation of written speech. It is this principle that gives stability to modern punctuation. On this basis, the largest number of signs is put.
The “grammatical” ones include such signs as a dot, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserts; appeals; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs with homogeneous members of the sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with distributors, standing after the word being defined or distantly located, etc.
In any text, one can find such "mandatory", structurally determined signs.
For example: But now I undertook to re-read a few things by Shchedrin. It was about three or four years ago when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy tale fiction. I then took Shchedrin in order to avoid accidental resemblance, but, having begun to read, having thoroughly read, having plunged headlong into the amazing and rediscovered world of Shchedrin's reading, I realized that the resemblance would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Kass.). All the signs here are structurally significant, they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of the parts of sentences: the allocation of subordinate clauses, the fixation of syntactic homogeneity, the designation of the boundary of the parts of a compound sentence, the allocation of homogeneous adverbial phrases.
The structural principle contributes to the development of solid commonly used rules for punctuation. Signs placed on such a basis cannot be optional, author's. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. It's finally the one necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. The division of the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relation of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.
The syntactic articulation of speech ultimately reflects a logical, semantic articulation, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural, i.e. the concrete meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In the sentence The hut is covered with straw, with a chimney, the comma between the combinations covered with thatch and with a chimney fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, consequently, the grammatical and semantic relation of the prepositional case form with a chimney to the noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: There was an inner lightness. Freely walks the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (designation of one action). In the original version, there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.
Such punctuation marks help to establish the semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence, clarify the structure of the sentence.
The ellipsis also performs a semantic function, which helps to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer ... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and gate... in the air; The history of peoples ... in dolls; On skis... for berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (moreover, often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign that divides the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts also plays an important role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the state is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, draws attention to the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - to state the state with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of the sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: A tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo for a long time. They gave her such a nickname because she was really orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the union is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, the designation of the reason is necessary, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are put in non-union complex sentences, since it is they who convey the necessary meanings in written speech. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - There was a whistle - the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, the specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two definitions-adjectives (or participles) brings these words together in a semantic sense, i.e. makes it possible to highlight the general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being close in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The crown of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at a cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow flew (Paust.); Cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take out of context the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic, then it is difficult to catch something in common in these pairs, since these possible associative convergences are in the sphere of secondary, not basic, figurative meanings, which become the main ones. in the context.
In part, Russian punctuation is also based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large drop in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonational dashes, dots, etc. For example, an appeal can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special accentuating intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of a sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: Children will come, let's go to the park. - Children will come - let's go to the park. In the first case, enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonational principle acts only as a secondary, not primary. This is especially evident in cases where the intonation principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Frost lowered the bag and, cowardly putting his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses (Fad.); The deer digs the snow with its front foot and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma is after the union and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (participle turnover and the subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonational principle is violated, because the pause is before the union.
The intonation principle operates in most cases not in an “ideal”, pure form, i.e. some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although it is fixed by a punctuation mark, but ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: My brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence, its meaning.
So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single consistent principle. However, the formal-grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act in as additional, although in some specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that pauses (intonation) served as the initial basis for the articulation of written speech.
Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and the stage characterizing a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning, intonation. Written speech organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not in isolation, but in unity. As a rule, the intonational principle is reduced to semantic, semantic to structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. Separate principles can be singled out only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although with a certain hierarchy. For example, a dot also denotes the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering the voice, a long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).
It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows to reflect subtle shades meaning and structural diversity.
NGN with multiple clauses
A table with examples will help determine which types are divided into
complex sentences with three or more predicative parts.
| Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main | Examples |
| Sequential | [The guys rushed into the river with a run], (the water in which had already warmed up enough), (because last days it was incredibly hot). |
| Parallel | (TOwhen the speaker finished speaking), [silence reigned in the hall], (as the audience was shocked by what they heard). |
| Homogeneous | [Anton Pavlovich talked about] (that reinforcements will arrive soon) and (that you just need to be patient a little). |
Should be remembered
A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained.
In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm:
Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions. Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.
Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several specific clauses - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.
Exercises on the topic " NGN with several clauses "
Exercise 1.DEFINE THE TYPE OF SUBMISSION IN NGN:
1. A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society.
2. In order to develop character, one must cultivate will in oneself, since a person without will is a toy in the hands of every rogue.
3. In order not to impoverish one's life, in order to be happy, a person must be able to understand the other.
4. When you see a person whose face is distorted with anger, you just need to smile.
5. In the morning, Repin hurried to the studio and literally tortured himself with creativity, because he was an unparalleled worker and was even ashamed of the passion for work that forced him to give all his strength to the canvases from dawn to dusk.
6. It used to happen that you enter the room, which was located under his workshop, you hear the clatter of his senile feet, because after each stroke he leaves to look at his canvas.
7. It is not known what Prishvin would have done in his life if he had remained an agronomist.
9. From people who have just put down the Prishvin book I read, I heard several times that his books are "real witchcraft."
10. In the silence, it was clearly heard how a man groaned and how hard the crust crunched under the feet of a bear, which was driven out of the forest by an unusual rumble and crackle.
Exercise 2. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses in the NGN.
1. In order to imagine Vera's life, he had to travel back a quarter of a century back to the time when he was a student, thin, mobile.
2. When everyone went out to dinner and she was left alone with Ulyasha, Zhenya remembered everything in detail.
3. They were sitting at one of the windows, which were so dusty, prim and huge that they seemed to be some kind of institutions made of bottle glass, where you can’t stay in a hat.
4. And in the morning she began to ask questions about what Motovilikha was and what they did there at night.
5. Before telling about my journey to the “land of fearless birds”, I would like to explain why I decided to go from the center of the mental life of our country to the wilds.
6. When Zhenya later recalled that day on Osinskaya Street, where they then lived, he seemed to her always sad.
7. It was said in the corps that his irresistible ferocity was tamed by the general's quiet, like an angel, whom none of the cadets saw, because she was constantly ill.
8. Pierre, who was fondled and celebrated when he was the best suitor Russian Empire after his marriage, he lost much in the opinion of society.
9. And dad read a note that last night the seismic station of the observatory noted small tremors in our city, a consequence of a distant earthquake, the epicenter of which is located on the Asian coast of the Black Sea in Turkey, where several villages were destroyed.
10. He is glad that he has returned and that he will meet this day with his comrades.
11. Accompanied by a telephonist with a cable reel and two messengers, they ended up at the top when the sun was already approaching the horizon and its first rays were trying to break through the sky covered with clouds and a veil of smoke.
12. Zvyagintsev could not understand where he was, although he knew the area well.
13. He painfully tried to remember what these places looked like before, in order to orient himself.
14. They [the old men] said that when the tunnel was finished, it was necessary to transfer the wagons to Bek-Tash.
15. Artemiev confirmed that the leading surgeon of the medical battalion is still the same as he was under Serpilin.
16. Having reported to the general everything that was needed, he went into his room, in which, having returned a long time ago and waiting for him, Prince Galtsin was sitting.
17. We calculated that if we go along the path, we will go to the Naina River to the Koreans.
18. And, of course, they did not notice that on one of the pages of this newspaper is printed the very poem that Byron mentally recited.
Answers to exercise No. 2 on the topic "Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in the composition of NGN".
1. parallel
2. homogeneous
3. sequential
4. homogeneous
5. parallel
6. sequential
7. sequential
8. sequential
9.consecutive
10. homogeneous
11. homogeneous
12. parallel
13. parallel
14. sequential
15. sequential
16. parallel
17. sequential
18. sequential
Test on the topic "Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses"
1. In which complex sentence is there consistent subordination between the main and subordinate clauses?
1) The more a person knows, the more he sees the poetry of the earth where a person with meager knowledge will never find it.
2) Savrasov looked to us from another world, where giant sorcerers live and from where it is impossible to leave with impunity for a long time.
3) It began to slightly press on the whiskey, as it presses on the head when you circle for a long time on a carousel.
4) I was born in a forest farm and spent part of my childhood in dense forests, where bears walk along impassable portages and swamps, and wolves drag in packs.
2. In which complex sentence is there a homogeneous subordination between the main and subordinate clauses?
1) He gently kissed his wife and went into the room where his paints, brushes, canvas were waiting for him - everything without which he could not imagine a single day of life.
2) From the Kremlin wall, on which Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich stands, you can see how rowers are exhausted, struggling with the current.
3) One could hear the Neva splashing uneasily nearby and a wet flag humming somewhere above the rooftops.
4) When this conversation was going on, in the next room there was a rural miller, whom Ivan Kolymet called to Kurbsky's estate to grind grain.
3. In which complex sentence is there a heterogeneous (parallel) subordination between the main and subordinate clauses?
1) Everything that the company had to do in the dark, Ryumin not only knew consistently, but also saw in that sharpened ray of light that was centered in his mind.
2) Although there is an inscription above the gate that the building is under state protection, no one is guarding it.
3) Ignatius Khvostov told his comrades about who Trajan was and what cruel persecutions he subjected the first Christians to.
4) It is not known whether the yacht was built before Peter's first arrival by Bazhenin, or whether it was presented to the Russian Tsar by Dutch merchants.
4. Explain the placement of a comma and a dash in a complex sentence.
But for the villages to fall,
So that the fields are empty -
We are blessed
The king of heaven gave hardly! (A. K. Tolstoy).
1. A comma separates subordinate clauses of a sentence, and a dash separates two homogeneous clauses from the main clause.
2. A comma separates the subordinate clauses of the sentence, and a dash separates the homogeneous clauses in front of the main part, since when reading between them, a significant pause is made (for the purpose of intonational emphasis of the clauses).
5. With the help of what sign are homogeneous subordinate clauses separated in the structure of a polynomial complex sentence?
There was that pre-night hour when the outlines, lines, colors, distances are erased, when the daylight is still confused, inextricably entwined, with the night (M. Sholokhov).
1. Comma.
2. Semicolon, since homogeneous clauses are common: there are homogeneous members and a separate turn.
6. What type of subordination is presented in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses?
I don't know if the grace will touch My painfully sinful soul, Will it succeed in resurrecting and rising. Will spiritual fainting go away? (F. Tyutchev).
1. Homogeneous subordination.
2. Heterogeneous subordination.
7. Do I need a comma at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses? How many commas should be in this sentence?
Fyodor expected that when he saw not a reproduction, but a canvas which the hand of Surikov himself touched, he should deafen him, take his breath, then he should dream at night (V. Tendryakov).
1. A comma is needed; just seven commas.
2. No comma needed; just six commas.
8. Determine the type of subordination in a polynomial complex sentence.
At this time, it is usually indecent for ladies to go, because the Russian people love to express themselves in such harsh expressions, which they probably will not hear even in the theater (N. Gogol).
1. Heterogeneous subordination.
2. Consistent submission.
9. Determine the types of subordinate clauses in a polynomial complex sentence. What type of subordination is presented in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses?
And so that the children would not tease the beggar, he [Nosopyr] pretended to be a cow doctor, carried a canvas bag with a red cross on his side, where he kept a chisel for chopping hooves and dry bunches of St. John's wort grass (V. Belov).
1. Heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses: the subordinate clause of the goal and the subordinate clause are attached to the main part.
2. Heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses: the subordinate clause of the goal and the clause of the place are attached to the main part.
10. How many parts does this complex sentence with several subordinate clauses consist of and what type of subordination is presented in it?
The next day Sanin was still in bed, like Emil already, in a festive dress, with a cane in his hand and heavily oiled, burst into his room and announced that Herr Klüber would immediately arrive with a carriage, that the weather promised to be amazing, that they had everything is ready, but that mother will not go, because her head aches again (I. Turgenev).
1. The proposal contains eight parts; homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is presented.
2. The proposal contains seven parts; mixed subordination of subordinate clauses is presented.
11. What type of subordination is presented in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses? Explain why only one comma is used in the sentence.
When winter came and the garden and the house were covered with snow, a wolf howl was heard at night (A. N. Tolstoy).
1. A sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. A sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
12. Analyze complex sentences. Select simple parts, set their number. Determine the nature of the relationship between them.
At times, Maria was ready to believe that some ancient artist miraculously guessed that the girl Maria would one day appear in the world, and in advance created her a portrait in bas-relief of a mysterious, enchanted palace, which was supposed to remain untouchable underground for centuries (V. Bryusov) .
1. The proposal consists of four parts, connected by mixed subordination.
2. The sentence consists of five parts, connected by a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
13. Analyze complex polynomial sentences with subordination. Set the method of connection between the subordinate and main parts, name the type of subordinate.
Since Chekhov had no novels, it seemed obvious that he had nothing to do with Dostoevsky, Turgenev, or Goncharov (M. Gromov).
1. The subordinate part of the cause is attached to the main part by means of a semantic causal union because; the subordinate explanatory clause is attached to the main part through the functional union what; the polynomial presents a heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. A sentence with consistent subordination of subordinate clauses; the subordinate part of the cause is attached to the main part with a semantic causal union since; the subordinate explanatory clause is attached to the main part with a functional union that.
14. How many commas should be placed in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses? Name the type of subordination of subordinate parts to the main one.
In the middle of the day, a cow was released into the field so that she would walk at will and so that she would feel better (A. Platonov).
1. One comma; homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. Two commas; heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
15. Name the type of subordinate clauses, set the method of connection of the subordinate and main parts.
The fog lasted for a long time, until eleven o'clock, until some kind of force was found that lifted it up (V. Rasputin).
1. Offer with mixed submission; the clause of time is attached to the main part with a semantic temporary union until, the attributive clause is attached to the main part with the allied word which.
2. Offer with consistent submission; the clause of time is attached to the main part with a semantic temporary union until, the attributive clause is attached to the main part with the allied word which.
16. Do I need a comma at the junction of two unions - coordinating and subordinating? How many commas should be included in this complex sentence?
That night, Chubarev also did not go to bed, and when he finally escorted everyone out of the office and looked at his watch, he only shrugged his shoulders (P. Proskurin).
1. No comma needed; two commas.
2. A comma is needed; three commas.
3. A comma is needed; five commas.
17. Determine the type of subordination in a polynomial complex sentence. Do I need a comma before the union And?
When burdocks rustle in the ravine
And a bunch of yellow-red rowan droops,
I compose funny poems
About life perishable, perishable and beautiful (A. Akhmatova).
1. Heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses; a comma is needed.
2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses; comma is not needed.
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses (answers)
1. 3)
2. 3)
3. 1)
4. 2)
5. 2)
6. 1)
7. 1)
8. 2)
9. 1)
10. 2)
11. 2)
12. 1)
13. 1)
14. 1)
15. 2)
16. 1)
17. 2)
The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and parsing can be an exciting activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What are the types of subordination and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? About everything in order.
Complex sentence and its parts
Complicated (C / P) is such a complex sentence in which it is possible to distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate clause (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question to it). There can be two or more adnexal parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There is a consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or different ones, refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.
Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
So, there are four types of submission.
- Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?) what to do (for what?) to get there (where?) where I need.
- Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it is, where we are and how to get to the airport. There are three subordinate (dependent) parts in this sentence, all of them refer to the word "asked" and answer the question "about what?".
- Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate parts also refer to the same word, but questions are asked about them differently. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to fulfill all my plans (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
- Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) In order to catch the train, I have to leave the house early for the station (what?), which is located in another part of the city.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
What's the difference between various types submission, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one species. This is because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are different.
If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second after.
It is necessary to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions to them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we will ask them from different words, which means that the subordination is indeed parallel. When I went out into the street, I suddenly remembered that I had been going to visit my friend for a long time. In this sentence, from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "when?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?" to the second. So, in this case, a parallel method of subordination is used.
To be able to determine the boundaries of parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part is necessary in order not to make mistakes when arranging punctuation marks. Remember that subordinate parts are separated from the main part by commas, which are placed before the union or allied word that connects parts of a complex sentence.
Summing up
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of the four types of subordination in Russian. To determine the type of subordination, you need to highlight simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate, determine the main part and ask questions from it to dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is a homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if different questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can only be asked to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then we have a consistent submission.
Be smart!