According to statistics, about 12-15% of fatal accidents are associated with safety violations when working with different kinds electrical equipment. It should be noted that in everyday life such incidents in recent times happen more often than in production, where personnel must be instructed to obtain permission to work. As for the users of household appliances, some of them do not even have basic safety knowledge. Let's remember the general rules based on extracts from PTE and PTB.
What current is considered unsafe?
As a rule, the first sensations arise when exposed to a current of 1-1.5 mA. This value is considered a threshold value. Further increase leads to involuntary contractions of the muscular system, accompanied by painful sensations.
After the 12 to 15 mA line, the muscular system cannot be controlled. In some cases, because of this, the person who has fallen under voltage is not able to free himself on his own (for example, to unclench his fist with a clamped wire). The current, starting from the specified boundary, is considered "not releasing". Its further increase causes convulsive contractions of the heart, and a value of 100 mA is fatal.
Threshold current table:
Note that the table is approximate as it depends on many factors, including physical and psychological condition person.
Damaging factors
The effect of electric current on a person can be of the following nature:
- thermal, causes burns, leads to heating of blood and blood vessels;
- electrolytic, leads to the decomposition of the blood;
- biological, due to irritation, the activity of the respiratory system and (or) the circulatory system may stop.
As for the lesions caused by electric shock, they are of two types:
- electrical injuries, manifested in the form of burns, signs, metallization, electrophthalmia, damage caused by the contraction of the muscular system;
- electrical shocks of I-IV degrees, can be accompanied by shock and reflex effects on various organs.
Passage of current
The damaging factor is greatly influenced by the path along which the current passes through the human body. The most common options are from hand to hand (1 in Fig. 2), from leg to leg (7) and through arms to legs (2-6, 8, 9).
The greatest threat to life occurs when organs responsible for the vital activity of the body (for example, the heart or brain) are in the path of the current flowing through the human body. This occurs when passing through the arms and legs (2-6, 8, 9), from hand to hand (1), and also through the head to the arms (10, 13, 14) or legs (11, 12, 15). Accordingly, the less dangerous path is from foot to foot (7). The latter option is typical for lesions from step voltage.
Requirements for personnel serving electrical installations
A complete set of requirements can be found in the labor protection rules for the operation of electrical installations, we will give a selection of the main ones.
According to existing standards(Order No. 302n of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of April 12, 2011), employees must undergo a mandatory medical examination:
- preliminary, performed before hiring;
- regular (periodic), held once a year;
- extraordinary, can be appointed in special cases (at the request of the employee, upon detection of an occupational disease, etc.).
This requirement is due to the fact that for professions associated with the maintenance of electrical installations (for example, electricians or electricians), there are a number of health restrictions.
Employees should be familiar with regulatory documents and mandatory requirements. The briefing is carried out at the place of work; there must be a corresponding entry in the journal about its passage.
In addition, the maintenance personnel must understand the design of electrical equipment and the principle of its operation.
Upon hiring (and subsequently once a year), the knowledge of the employee is checked. After successfully passing it, a certificate of assignment to a particular electrical safety group is issued, or a record of compliance is made (during periodic verification).
If the specialist does not have a certificate, or is not passed medical checkup or instruction, then he cannot be allowed to work with electricity or to maintain existing electrical equipment. This prohibition also covers persons under the age of 18 or under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Personnel are prohibited from performing actions that contradict the norms and requirements specified in the PTE and PTB. Upon receipt of such an order, the employee must refuse to fulfill it and inform the management or the relevant department of the enterprise about this.
Safety requirements when working with a power tool
In production, people who have a 2nd group for electrical safety (or higher) can work with an electric tool. Safety briefing with them should be carried out on a quarterly basis. A record of this must be entered in the journal and certified by the signatures of the instructor and employee.
During work, the use of individual and dielectric protection means is prescribed.
The latter must be regularly checked, the passage of which is certified by an appropriate stamp.
At the place of repair or other types of work, appropriate technical measures must be taken, these include installation protective earth, warning signs, fences, etc.
The class of the power tool must correspond to the working conditions, in accordance with the following standards:
- 1st class - designed for safe rooms;
- 2nd class - are used for outdoor use or in premises of increased danger. The instrument is marked accordingly;
- 3rd class - used in places with unfavorable working conditions (for example, in boilers and tanks) or in rooms classified as especially dangerous. Such a tool is designed for low-voltage power supplies up to 42 V (parameters are indicated on the case).
Do not use the power tool in the following cases:
- for work in an explosive room (a spark from the electric motor manifold may cause an explosion);
- in places where there is a chemically active environment that can destroy insulation or metal.
When working outdoors in rain or snow, it is allowed to use only those electrical tools that have the appropriate protection class (indicated by the marking).
Precautions before using the power tool
In accordance with the mandatory safety requirements, before operating the power tool, it is necessary to check:
- reliable fastening of all parts and their completeness;
- the integrity of electrical components: power cable, plug, insulation of the main body parts (verification is carried out by external inspection);
- operability of the gearbox (the spindle turns several times when the power is off);
- the integrity of the hull;
- idle operation;
- the presence of grounding (this requirement applies only to the 1st class).
If high-rise work is coming, the reliability of the scaffolding (including decking and scaffolding) and the presence of enclosing structures on them is checked. According to the safety rules, in this case it is strictly forbidden to use ladders.
TB at work
If you need to change the accessory or use a different tool, you must turn off the power.
During work, it is necessary to control the location of the supply cable so as not to damage it. For this, according to general rules, the wire must be suspended at a height of at least 2.5 meters. If the cable is located over a walkway or driveway, its suspension height increases to 3.5 and 6 meters, respectively.
The power tool may only be energized after it has been installed in its specific operating position.
If it becomes necessary to change the place, electric car must be de-energized by disconnecting from the power supply. When carrying, hold the tool by the handle or the handles provided for this purpose.
At the end of the work process or a break in it, electrical tools must be physically disconnected from the power supply.
Safety during the operation of household electrical appliances
In this case, it is necessary to adhere to the rules and regulations that are indicated by safety measures when working with electrical equipment. Observing them will minimize the risk of electric shock. We recommend focusing on the following points:
- you can not use faulty household electrical appliances;
- if there are signs of abnormal operation (sparks, smoke, change in noise level, etc.), shutdown should be done immediately;
- stationary electric heating devices (boilers) must be grounded and connected only through an RCD.
The last point requires a little explanation. The heating elements installed in such devices can eventually lose their tightness, the result of this is clearly shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. The probe shows the presence of a phase in the water coming from the boiler The presence of a phase in water can represent serious danger for life. Many fatal accidents have been recorded for this reason. That is why when installing a boiler, special protection based on RCDs is required. But for its reliable operation, it is necessary to ensure the grounding of the body of the electric heating device. Actually, this requirement is indicated in the instructions for the electrical appliance, which says that operation without grounding is prohibited.
Safety precautions when working with electrical appliances
A voltage of no more than 36 V is considered safe for human life in a room without high humidity with insulating floor.
An alternating current with a frequency of 75 Hz, flowing through the human body from hand to foot, with a current of 0.1 A, can paralyze the heart (breathing is paralyzed already at a current of 0.05 - 0.08 A) if the action of the current is continuous.
With a current strength of 0.02 - 0.025 A, muscles are palpated. As the current acts on the body, the electrical resistance of the body decreases, and the current strength increases. If the victim is not provided with assistance in time, death may occur.
When installing, operating and repairing electrical equipment and portable power tools, the safety instructions must be followed.
The most important of these are the following:
1. electrical equipment, power tools must be kept in good condition; wires or cables to portable power tool and electrical appliances must be suspended so that they do not touch wet surfaces floors, walls, hot pipes;
2. all live parts of electrical equipment accessible to touch must be protected by covers;
3. it is forbidden to leave the ends of wires and cables without insulation after dismantling electrical equipment and lighting fixtures, to repair portable electrical equipment under voltage.
Portable step-down transformers are connected to a network with a voltage of 110 - 220 V using a plug and a flexible wire no more than 1.5 m long, enclosed in a common braid or hose. The transformer housing and secondary winding are grounded. The ground wire is connected to the terminal of the transformer by means of clamping screw contacts.
In the event of a malfunction, work with electrical appliances is immediately stopped.
Electric machines and power tools must meet the following basic requirements: quickly turn on and off the power supply; be safe in work and have live parts inaccessible to accidental contact.
Before starting work with electrical appliances, you must:
1. check the tightness of screws, fastening assemblies and parts;
2. the condition of the wires, the integrity of the insulation, the serviceability of the grounding. When the supply of current is interrupted during operation, the machines are disconnected from the mains.
It is forbidden to make any repairs with the electrical appliances turned on, disassemble them, use for cleaning electrical appliances that have heating elements, alcohol, gasoline or other flammable substances.
The engine is turned on only before starting work and must be turned off during any break. The device must not be left unattended when connected to the mains.
When transferring a power tool from one place to another, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the power cord: do not allow it to twist, pull, do not leave it on access roads and in places where parts and materials are stored.
From electric shock, personal protective equipment must be used: dielectric gloves, galoshes or boots, rubber mats, fitting tools with insulating handles, goggles, voltage indicator.
Particularly dangerous premises are considered too damp, where the ceiling, walls and all objects are covered with moisture, with chemically active vapors that destroy insulation, having two or more signs of premises with increased danger, in which the air humidity exceeds 75 percent, conductive floors (earthen, brick, damp wooden), with conductive dust, which can settle on the wires, penetrate into the interior of power tools and electrical equipment.
According to the magnitude of the voltage, electrical installations of high and low voltage are distinguished.
High voltage installations include electrical appliances, where the voltage between any of the wires and the ground can exceed 250 V for a long time.
Low voltage installations include electrical appliances where the voltage between any of the wires and the ground is below 250 V.
You need to know that the frames of stationary electric motors, frames of electrical distribution boards with a rated voltage in the network above 127 V, cases of portable electrical equipment operating at voltages above 36 V, regardless of frequency are to be grounded. electric current.
The grounding conductors must be copper with a cross section of at least 1.5 mm 2. The connection of grounding wires to the enclosures of electrical appliances is carried out by welding or bolted connections.
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Careless use of electrical appliances can result in fire, burns and even death. To prevent this from happening, in Everyday life you need to follow simple rules for the safe handling of electrical appliances.
1. Use electrical appliances in accordance with the safety rules specified in the manufacturer's instructions., repair them in a timely manner. Entrust work on the implementation and repair of electrical appliances exclusively to professionals.
2. Do not turn on a large number of electrical appliances at the same time. This can overload the network. Also, do not plug many electrical appliances into the same outlet, as overloading may cause it to catch fire.
3. Do not use electrical devices while in water... Do not insert the plug of an electrical appliance into a power outlet and do not touch operating electrical appliances with wet hands or a damp cloth. It is advisable to use a hairdryer and an electric shaver outside the bathroom.
4. Strictly observe the order of turning on electrical devices into the network: connect the cord first to the device, and only then to the network. Disconnection occurs in the reverse order. Do not pull the plug from the mains by pulling on the wire.
5. Do not hang clothes on electric heaters or electrical wiring to dry.
6. Cooking food electric stove, do not check the heat level of the hotplate by touching it with the palm of your hand.
7. Do not catch the cords of electrical appliances for water or gas pipes, for heating radiators.
8. It is unsafe to use electrical appliances with damaged cord insulation.
9. Do not touch the heated vessel and water when the heater is on.
10. Do not leave plugged-in household appliances on the long time... The plugged-in curling iron and iron should not be left unattended at all, as flammable items can catch fire very quickly if they come into direct contact with them. An electric stove, iron and kettle must be used together with special fireproof stands.
11. Do not place electric heaters near flammable items such as clothing, curtains, blankets, etc. Do not leave the switched on heaters unattended, do not allow them to overheat. Do not use open spiral tiles for heating.
12. Do not touch the water tap or any other metal service or structure of the building while holding on to a powered-on electrical device. Do not fill the kettle with water.
13. When leaving home, do not forget to turn off electrical appliances and lighting..
14. If you witness an electrical appliance on fire, find a way to disconnect it and only then extinguish the fire by throwing earth or sand into the fire. Do not pour water on burning electrical appliances.
Not following the rules safe use electrical appliances, you endanger your life, because even a short stay under the influence of an electric current with a strength of 100 mA leads to cardiac arrest. But if you follow these simple safety rules in everyday life, then trouble will bypass your home.
Electricity and electrical appliances are firmly established in modern life... Every day the assortment of electrical appliances, devices and machines is increasing, without which the life of a modern resident is already unthinkable. These are electric irons, tiles, reflectors, fireplaces, radiators, floor polishers, washing machines, refrigerators, electric drills and other electrical appliances. True, people often neglect the rules for using these products of civilization, which often leads to sad consequences. To prevent this from happening to you, you must comply with safety requirements when working with electrical appliances.
The main hazards arising from improper use of an electrical appliance or its malfunction are fire and electric shock.
Of the total number of fires from electrical appliances, about 40% comes from electric irons, the same amount from electric fireplaces, reflectors, radiators and homemade heating devices, 10% from electric stoves, 4% from electric kettles, coffee makers and other water-filled appliances.
The most common cause of fires caused by electrical appliances is overheating of surrounding objects and materials located near electric heaters that have been switched on for a long time, left unattended or under the "supervision" of young children.
The possibility of heating them to high temperatures is evidenced by such an indicator of their passport data as power. So, an electric kettle has a power of 600 W, an electric waffle iron - 550 W, an electric iron - 750–1000 W, an electric coffee maker - 700 W, an electric stove - 2000 W.
The following experience speaks about the fire hazard of electric heating household appliances: electric kettles or the tiles heated the surface of the coasters after 20 minutes to a temperature of 100 ... 150 ° С, after 60 minutes - to 150 ... 180 ° С. Under an electric iron left in the network, after 15 minutes, the temperature reached 400 ... 500 ° C. Therefore, even technically sound electric heating devices can ignite the combustible surfaces on which they are installed.
Household electric heaters must be installed on a non-combustible base (stand) of sufficient thickness. It can be a marble slab, a slab of cement, bricks, etc., which in no case should be covered with foil, oilcloth, paper, as well as combustible ennoble coatings.
There is a misconception that a sheet of metal or a piece of tin can be used as a stand. This is completely wrong, since all metals are good heat conductors and such a stand will not fulfill its intended role.
It was experimentally found that 3 hours after the start of the tests under facing tiles used as a stand for an electric kettle, the temperature reached 500 ° C.
Big fire hazard are electric cookers with open spirals that emit radiant energy into the environment and heat nearby objects. Electric stoves with a closed spiral are less dangerous, but they also have metal burners and tubes with spirals, when overheated, they heat up to a red glow. Therefore, install electric stove and other electric heaters should be no closer than 0.5 m from any combustible household items.
Reflective ovens with a reflector have an increased fire hazard, which are widely used to maintain the required temperature in rooms in the spring and autumn periods years when the heating systems are not used, as well as during a cold snap. It should be borne in mind that the outer surface and the protective grid of this device in working condition has a heating temperature of up to 100 ... 150 ° C. The heat effects of these ovens can ignite combustible objects located at a distance of less than 0.5 m.
It is impossible to use various home-made electric heating devices, the so-called goats, since in their manufacture they use spirals of large cross-section, which do not provide reliable contacts at the connection points, which causes transition resistances, short circuits. When using them electrical network undergoes a long-term significant overload, which very often leads to ignition of electrical wiring insulation and fires.
If there are a lot of electrical appliances in the house, then it is advisable to provide an independent plug power line from the group switchboard and turn Special attention on the fuse-links and their correspondence to the power of the connected electrical appliances. This should also be done if the house has a three- or four-burner household floor stove with a capacity of about 5.5-7.0 kW. They heat the surface of the burners to 500 ° C in 10 minutes, and cool them down to safe temperatures in 20-25 minutes. Therefore, kitchen cabinets are installed above the stove at least 0.7 m from its surface. Considering that when the oven is operating, the walls of the plate are heated to significant temperatures, kitchen furniture positioned at some distance to provide ventilation, and cover its walls with a layer of sheet asbestos.
Basic requirement of the rules fire safety when using various electric heating and heating stoves, reflectors and fireplaces, it is prohibited to use them for drying clothes, linen, etc.
When working with electric soldering irons, electric burners and similar devices, you should have a permanently fixed stand for laying the soldering iron at the location of the electrical outlet, made of non-combustible materials. All work on the manufacture of various crafts by children using burning and soldering must be carried out under control. Electrical appliances are stacked on permanent place storage at the end of work only after inspection by adults.
The serviceability of a portable electrified tool must be constantly monitored. A portable electrified tool must not be left plugged in when there is a break in work or when it is moved to another location. It is forbidden to stretch and bend the cables, allow them to intersect with other electrical wires, various metal pipelines, and get moisture on them. Do not operate a portable electrified tool on a damp floor or on personal plot after the rain.
Also, all kinds of short circuits that arise both when different wires come into contact with each other and when the phase wire come into contact with the ground, lead to fires. Short circuits during internal wiring occur due to deterioration of insulation. Insulation becomes unusable due to mechanical damage due to chemical influences the environment or natural aging. Dampness and high temperatures also have a negative effect on the quality of the insulation. Short circuits in internal wiring can occur not only with direct contact of wires, the insulation of which has lost its properties. They can also arise as a result of the passage of current between wires that are not in contact with each other, but are electrically connected to each other due to their contact with metal objects, for example, with water pipes. Short circuits between wires can also occur due to ambient humidity, in particular due to damp walls.
A certain fire hazard is posed by all kinds of loose contacts, for example, in the places where wires are connected to devices or when they are spliced together. Loose contacts oxidize and create high resistance. They become excessively hot and often cause ignition of the wire insulation. Loose connections can also lead to arcing, which is also possible reason the occurrence of fires.
The danger of fire when using electrical appliances arises from electrical wiring in the event of a short circuit or overload, when several electrical appliances are simultaneously connected to the network. Household wiring, protective and installation products are manufactured by the industry and are mounted with a current of 6 and 10 A. Plugging in several household appliances into the outlet through a triple plug at the same time significantly increases the load current, which heats up the installation products, electrical wiring, while the insulation dries out, bursts, crumbles , which leads to a short circuit or ignition of the combustible base - this is how a fire occurs.
All electric heaters, desk lamp, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners and other pantographs must be connected to the network only through factory-made plug connections, each device must have its own connecting plug. It is strictly forbidden to use the plug of one heating device for twisting connection with the connecting wire of another device. External signs of malfunctioning wiring and electrical appliances: a specific smell of burning rubber (or plastic), sparking at the meter and shield, overheating of sockets, switches, flashing light bulbs, etc. These signs should be alarming. If there is any doubt about the serviceability of the wiring or devices, as well as electrical fittings, they must be checked.
We must also remember the order of switching on electrical appliances. Boilers must be turned on after they have been immersed in water, otherwise the appliance may be damaged. When turning on devices with removable cords, first connect the block or porcelain bushings to the contact pins of the device, and then insert the plug into the socket. When turning off the devices, proceed in the reverse order: first, remove the plug from the socket, and then the contact bushings or block from the device (for example, from a kettle, iron). Turning off the device by pulling out the cord with a plug leads to its breakage, exposure of insulation, short circuit of wires and possible fire. Also, an unattended electrical appliance - common reason fire.
Lighting fixtures and electric lamps energized must not be cleaned of dust with a wet or damp cloth. They must be wiped with a dry cloth, after having been disconnected from the network.
Electrical appliances and apparatus, switches, lamp holders, plug sockets must not be repaired or replaced while energized.
Special precautions when using electricity must be observed in damp rooms, in rooms with earthen, concrete and brick floors as the risk of electric shock increases under these conditions. It is not allowed to use electrical appliances in bathrooms and toilets: tiles, fireplaces, reflectors, portable lamps.
The use of homemade inserts made of thick wire or twisted wire instead of standard fuses is dangerous, since in the event of an overload or short circuit, such a "fuse" does not work and serves as a direct cause of fire.
Maintenance and repair of electrical household appliances, electrical equipment, in terms of safety, differ from the maintenance of other mechanisms and equipment, where outward signs impending danger somehow manifest themselves: an unusual sound of a moving machine or its rotating parts, the whistle of escaping steam, etc. Electric current does not have such signs. And if the lamp goes out, an electrical appliance stops working, this does not mean that it is not energized. All live parts that a person can accidentally touch must be covered with insulation, covered or located in places inaccessible to touch.
In addition to the danger of electric shock when directly touching live parts, there is also a risk of injury when the voltage passes from live parts to those parts of the household appliance that are in normal conditions are not energized. For example, an electric iron has a metal connection to the body and lid. If the coil insulation is damaged, other parts of the iron will also be energized. In this case, the defeat of a person can occur when touching any metal element iron.
When troubleshooting a wiring fault, electrical appliances first of all, disconnect the work area or the device from the electrical source. To do this, turn off circuit breakers or unscrew the plug fuses, disconnect electrical household appliances, then check the absence of voltage in the network with the indicator.
When operating electrical wiring and electrical household appliances, it is prohibited:
Lay wires and cords behind gas and water pipes;
Pull the plug out of the socket by the cord;
Tie electric wires, pull back light bulbs with twine, threads. Hang lampshades and chandeliers on electrical wires;
Remove the electric wires from the rollers, fasten them on nails, and also allow the wires to come into contact with the structural elements of the building and various objects;
Use for lighting electrical wiring radio, telephone and other wires intended for communication networks;
Use electric wires and rollers for hanging clothes, pictures; and also glue them with wallpaper; cover switches, sockets with furniture, household utensils;
Use non-standard (home-made) heating ovens or powerful electric incandescent lamps for electric heating;
Use lampshades made of paper and other flammable materials without special frames that provide a safe distance from the lampshade to light bulbs;
Leave electrical household appliances unattended, with the exception of refrigerators.
Life modern man takes place in houses and apartments. In every environment there are many dangers due to which you can harm yourself and your premises. That is why safety in everyday life is important, which must be observed by adults and children.
Types of hazards
Dangerous situations that can occur indoors include:
- fire: occurs due to carelessness or defects in electrical wiring, devices;
- gas explosion if a leak occurs;
- shipments by gas or chemical components;
- exposure to electric current.
In addition to these factors, there may be flooding due to a faulty plumbing. In villages, it often happens that is associated with heating the stove. In case of violation of safety rules, an explosion of cylinders with liquefied gas may occur.
Causes of dangers
Adverse situations are often associated with non-compliance with human safety rules. Common reasons include:
- negligence;
- violation of instructions for using the devices;
- careless handling of fire.
To avoid dangers, it is important to observe safety measures at home. Moreover, children must be taught to them from childhood.
Electrical appliances
Often, even with the use of a familiar device, there is a danger to life and health. This can be observed due to a violation of the rules, as well as other factors, for example, an increase in electrical voltage in the network, a tap leak.
To know how to avoid dangerous situations, you must follow simple safety rules. This applies to the entire surrounding house. There are also recommendations for those cases if it is necessary to reduce Negative consequences when hazards arise.
How to use electrical appliances?
Devices with mercury
Household safety implies correct use devices with mercury. This substance is found in fluorescent lamps, thermometers, pressure measuring devices.
There are thermometers in every home. Since they are made of glass, they break easily when dropped. Mercury rolls out into various sites rooms. Lamps are often disposed of with ordinary waste, where they break in tanks and vapors escape into the atmosphere.
The negative properties of mercury
This substance is a heavy liquid metal with a silvery color. In small quantities it looks like moving balls. Because of this, mercury passes through the cracks in floors, into furniture, walls, and accumulates, it causes air pollution.
Freezing of mercury is observed at -38.9 degrees. Its evaporation occurs when room temperature and the vapors are colorless and odorless. The substance enters the body through the lungs, stomach, skin.
Mercury vapor is hazardous. With chronic poisoning with a substance, a metallic taste occurs in the mouth, loose gums, and intense salivation. Such poisoning can be obtained in any room where mercury comes into contact with air. Small droplets of mercury that have penetrated under furniture or linoleum are very dangerous. Their evaporation is very fast.
Inhalation dangerous air children develop severe pneumonia a few hours later. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and fever. Severe poisoning causes pulmonary edema. Diarrhea, drowsiness, nervous excitement are often manifested.
What to do in the event of a mercury spill?
Household safety rules will help you learn about the action in case of a mercury spill. The most dangerous are particles that have penetrated under linoleum, furniture, baseboards. If the device fell and it crashed, then you need to carefully collect the visible particles in a sealed vial, treat the place with a rag dipped in a solution of potassium permanganate.
After that, it is important to contact a specialized institution, which will check if there are couples in the room harmful substance... If they are present, that employees perform their elimination. it is advisable not to use it, since one broken device has a high vapor rate, which is unacceptable for humans.
Human safety in everyday life is important in any room, since compliance with the rules reduces the risk of adverse situations. Following simple recommendations will help ensure comfortable life to yourself and your loved ones.