Japanese education as a construct of the Asian miracle. Education system in Japan

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We are here in site understood why all the Japanese are such brilliant and unique people. And all because they have, it turns out, an impossibly cool education system. See for yourself.

First manners - then knowledge

Japanese schoolchildren do not take exams until the 4th grade (when they are 10 years old), they only write small independent ones. It is believed that in the first three years of study, academic knowledge is not the most important thing. The emphasis is on education: children are taught respect for other people and animals, generosity, empathy, the search for truth, self-control and respect for nature.

The school year starts on April 1

When in most countries children finish their studies, the Japanese celebrate their September 1st. H The beginning of the year coincides with one of the most beautiful events - cherry blossoms. So they tune in to a sublime and serious mood. The academic year consists of three trimesters: from April 1 to July 20, from September 1 to December 26 and from January 7 to March 25. Thus, the Japanese rest for 6 weeks during the summer holidays and 2 weeks each in winter and spring.

There are no cleaners in Japanese schools, the guys clean the rooms themselves

Each class takes turns cleaning classrooms, corridors and even toilets. So guys from early years learn to work in a team and help each other. In addition, after schoolchildren have spent so much time and labor cleaning up, they are unlikely to want to litter. This teaches them respect for their work, as well as the work of other people and respect for the environment.

Schools prepare only standardized lunches that children eat in class with other students.

In primary and secondary schools, special lunches are prepared for children, the menus of which are developed not only by chefs, but also medical workers, food to be as healthy and healthy as possible. All classmates have lunch with the teacher in the office. In such informal setting they communicate more and build friendly relationships.

Continuing education is in high demand

Already in primary school children begin attending private and preparatory schools to get into a good middle school and then high school. Classes in such places are held in the evenings, and in Japan it is very typical when at 21.00 public transport filled with children who rush home after additional lessons. They study even on Sundays and holidays, given that the average school day lasts from 6 to 8 hours. Not surprisingly, according to statistics, there are almost no repeaters in Japan.

In addition to the usual lessons, schoolchildren are taught the art of Japanese calligraphy and poetry.

The principle of Japanese calligraphy, or shodo, is very simple: a bamboo brush is dipped in ink and hieroglyphs are drawn on rice paper with smooth strokes. In Japan, shodo is valued no less than ordinary painting. And haiku is a national form of poetry that succinctly represents nature and man as a whole. Both items reflect one of the principles of oriental aesthetics - the ratio of simple and elegant. Classes teach children to appreciate and respect their culture with its age-old traditions.

All students must wear a uniform

Starting from high school, every student is required to wear a uniform. Many schools have their own uniform, but traditionally for boys it is military-style clothing, and for girls - sailor suits. Pthe rule is designed to discipline students, since the clothes themselves create a working mood. Also, the same uniform helps to rally classmates.

The foundations of the Japanese school education program are defined by standards approved by the Ministry of Education. Municipal authorities are responsible for funding, implementation of the program, staffing of those school institutions that are located on their territory.

The educational system of Japan was established in 1947 and represents five levels from kindergarten to university with the following duration of study: 3-6-3-3-4. Where 6-3-3 is the desired school. The school in Japan is represented by three levels. This is elementary, middle and high school. Elementary and middle school are compulsory, high school is optional, and over 90% of Japanese youth try to continue their studies in high school. Education in primary and secondary schools is free, but you have to pay for high school.

Little Japanese go to elementary school from the age of six and continue their studies here until the 7th grade. Education in secondary school lasts from 7th to 9th grades. Education in high school is received for 3 years, until the end of the 12th grade.

Table showing the education system in Japan.

Age	step	Schools
6-7	1	Elementary School (Grades 1-6) - Shogakko shogakko
7-8	2
8-9	3
9-10	4
10-11	5
11-12	6
12-13	1	Middle School (Grades 7-9) - Chugakko(chugakko) (mandatory demon tuition)
13-14	2
14-15	3
15-16	1	High School (Grades 10-12) - Kotogakko(koutougakko) (tuition)
16-17	2
17-18	3

Features of Japanese schools

The uniqueness of Japanese schools lies in the fact that the composition of the class changes every year, which allows students to develop communication skills, makes it possible to establish friendly relations with a large number peers. Teachers in Japanese schools also change every year. The number of classes in Japanese schools is large, it ranges from 30 to 40 students.

The school year in Japanese schools begins on April 1, it consists of three trimesters, which are separated from each other by holidays. In spring and winter, schoolchildren rest for ten days, the summer vacation period is 40 days. The school week lasts from Monday to Friday, in some schools they study on Saturday, while every second Saturday the students have a rest.

Lessons in Japanese schools last for 50 minutes, for toddlers the duration of the lesson is 45 minutes, then there is a short break. The daily learning process for a Japanese student ends at 3 pm. Teaching takes place in the primary grades Japanese, social science, natural science, mathematics, music, fine arts, physical education, management household. For students elementary school they don't give homework, they don't take exams.

Education in middle and high school

Two years ago was introduced for compulsory education English language, its teaching has been conducted since high school, only native speakers of the language for whom it is native are allowed to teach English. A secondary school in Japan teaches a few more special subjects, their composition depends on the school itself.

Traditionally, the most difficult subjects in a Japanese school are the study of languages - native and English. Examination of students begins with high school. They take exams at the end of the trimester in all subjects, in the middle of the first and second trimester exams are held in mathematics, natural science, social science, Japanese, English.

Japanese schoolchildren can have lunch for an hour. There are no canteens in schools, hot lunch for children is prepared in a special sterile room, here it is placed in individual boxes, which are brought to classes on carts.

Teaching foreign students, schools for Russians

All foreign students residing in Japan are entitled to school education, it is available in public schools. To do this, parents should contact the municipality, where they will be given information in which school their child can study. To study at school, it will be enough for parents to purchase notebooks for written calculations and other educational supplies for their child. (With)

One of the schools, in the right corner is the plan of the school.

parking near the school

The numbering of classes is not through, as in Russia, but internal - "first grade of elementary school", "second grade of secondary school" and so on. Parallels are usually indicated by letters of the Latin alphabet: 1-A (first parallel of the first class), 1-B (second parallel of the first class) and so on, or by numbers: 1-1, 1-2 and so on.

Primary and secondary schools in Japan are compulsory for everyone and free of charge.High school is not required, but about 95% percent go on to study after high school. 48% of high school graduates go on to college (2 years of study) or university (4 years of study).

Education in high school and at the university is always paid, but in public institutions it's cheaper. There are also paid private primary and secondary schools. In all paid institutions, you can study for free or get a big discount if you win a scholarship competition.

Japanese mothers tend to be very attentive to the success of their children. They maintain close contact with teachers, participate in the life of the school, in case of children's illnesses, sometimes they even go to lessons instead of them and take notes on lectures. Such fanatic mothers are called "kiyoiko mama".

At the same time, the children themselves often "sit on the neck" of their parents until about 25-30 years old, when they begin to earn enough to feed themselves.

Academic year

The Japanese academic year is divided into three terms and begins on April 6th. The first trimester lasts until July 20, then there are big summer holidays, the second trimester begins on September 1, the winter holidays go from December 26, and the last, third, trimester lasts from January 7 to March 25. Then there is a small spring break, during which there is a transition from class to class. The exact start and end dates for trimesters vary from school to school.

The beginning of the school year in April is due to the fact that at this time in Japan, spring comes into full force and cherry blossoms begin to bloom. There is a movement to move the start of the school year to September 1, but it is not very popular.

During the holidays, students receive homework. Sometimes they continue to study during the holidays (in special courses) if they did not study well enough during the trimesters. Primary school students are encouraged to keep "picture diaries" during the holidays - pictures replace gaps in knowledge of kanji and develop the student's ability to write and draw.

Education in Japan lasts six days, but every second Saturday is considered a day off.

School program

The teaching program varies from school to school, but is based on standards approved by the Ministry of Education. Responsibility for funding, staffing and the school curriculum rests with local authorities.

School begins in Japan at the age of six. Prior to this, children usually go to Kindergarten. By the time they enter school, children should know the basics of arithmetic and be able to read hiragana and katakana.

In elementary school, children study Japanese, mathematics, science (physics, chemistry, biology), social studies (ethics, history, etiquette, music, fine arts, physical education and household.

By the end of elementary school, children must, in particular, learn 1006 kanji characters from the 1945 characters of the state list.

The composition of these subjects depends on the school.

The most difficult subjects are mathematics and languages - Japanese (learning kanji) and English.

The high school program is slightly more diverse than the middle and elementary school program, but students are given more possibilities to specialize in a particular field of knowledge.

schedule of lessons

Just like in Russia, but unlike in the US, primary and secondary schools are usually within a 5-10 minute walk from a student's home. Of course, in rural areas, the school can be much further away.

School usually starts at half past eight in the morning.Every Monday, before the start of classes, the students line up in a "line", and the principal of the school speaks in front of them for 15 minutes. On other days, this time is reserved for school-wide announcements and attendance records. Diligent school attendance is of great importance in Japan. However, a truant may run away from school after the first lesson.

The duration of lessons in elementary school is 45 minutes, in middle and high schools - 50 minutes. Small breaks of 5-10 minutes are organized between lessons, after the fourth lesson (about half past one) a big break for lunch is usually organized - about 60 minutes. Pupils who try to start eating breakfasts brought from home before the official start of lunch are penalized, especially if they eat during the lessons.

Primary school rarely has more than four lessons a day. In secondary school, their number can reach up to six.

There is no homework in elementary school, but in middle and high school homework is very large, therefore, despite the availability of days off, senior Japanese students are the busiest people in the country.

Organization of studies

Unlike Russian schools, in Japan each class has its own classroom. (in Russia, the office is assigned to the teacher). Therefore, not students, but teachers go between lessons from office to office. The cabinet assigned to the class is signed with the corresponding plate.

Teachers for each class and for each subject are different, although in small schools this may not be the case.

Often in Japanese schools there are no canteens and changing rooms, so students have to eat lunch and hang clothes in the classroom.Children on duty themselves, under the supervision of an adult, prepare food for their class, which they then take to class or children eat food brought from home

There are no cleaners in Japanese schools.At the end of the lessons, all students clean their classroom and the school territory assigned to them.

For schoolchildren, joint trips to nature and excursions to ancient Japanese cities and temples are often organized. Such excursions usually last up to three or four days.

School uniform

For most middle and high schools, school uniforms are required. Each school has its own, but in reality there are not so many options. Usually this White shirt and dark jacket and trousers for boys and a white shirt and dark jacket and skirt for girls, or sailor fuku - "sailor suit". Black or white stockings, skirt covers knees, low heels.The uniform also includes a bright baseball cap, which is a kind of identification mark. Pupils primary school, as a rule, dress in ordinary children's clothes.

elementary school uniform.

High School Girl Uniform

Circles and courses

Participation in the activities of school circles (kai) is considered an important part of secondary school education. Usually their activities are connected either with sports or with art,takes place at the end of classes and is organized by the students themselves.

In addition to the obvious benefits they bring, clubs are also breeding grounds for the "hazing" system, where older students push the younger ones around to get better results from them (or just make fun of them).

At the very beginning of the school year, the leadership of the circles hangs out its "advertising" for the seventh grade students.Almost every seventh grader enrolls in one or more circles and stays in them throughout the entire time of study in secondary school.

In addition to the school itself, most students attend paid preparatory juku courses, in which they are helped to better prepare for the exam. school exams. Juku classes usually take place in the evening, two or three times a week.

In addition to all that has been said, I would like to add that: culture in Japan includes classes in the pool

Exams

the main problem Japanese schools are exhausting exams, each of which takes several hours of hard work and much more time in the process of preparing for it. From time to time they become the cause of schoolchildren's suicides.

Middle and high school students take exams at the end of each trimester and in the middle of the first and second trimesters. There are no exams in elementary school. In the middle of terms, exams are held in Japanese, mathematics, English, science and social studies. At the end of the trimesters, exams are held in all subjects studied.

Club meetings are canceled a week before exams to allow students to prepare for exams. Exams are usually taken in the form of written tests. Exam grades are based on a percentage system. The highest score is 100 points.

After high school

The transition from high school to high school is based on the results of exams.First, based on his school performance, the student receives a list of high schools that he has a chance to enter. Then he takes a transitional exam, and based on his results and previous performance, the question of which high school the student will enter is decided.

Good students get into prestigious high schools, bad ones - to run-down schools for those who do not intend to receive higher education. T which schools focus on home economics, Agriculture etc. Their graduates do not have career prospects.

Those who do not want to go to high school can go to five-year "technical colleges" - vocational schools. However, admission to them is not so easy - there is a big competition in the best of them, since skilled workers are highly valued in Japan.Some technical colleges are owned by large firms and their graduates are immediately employed.

Academy.

In addition to ordinary state schools, there are also private paid academy schools (gakuen), as well as "national" schools - schools of national importance. To enter them, you need to pass special exams in the conditions of a big competition. On the other hand, they have better educational programs, and many of them allow out-of-competition admission to high school or university.

Usually, children of the Japanese elite study in academy schools: politicians, businessmen, diplomats, professors of famous universities. Those who received a scholarship to study at the academies often turn out to be "black sheep" and sometimes become the subject of bullying from classmates.

Some academies do not require school uniforms.

Universities and colleges

Main criterion when choosing a university - prestige.Those who were able to graduate from a prestigious educational institution are taken to almost any job.It is believed that a capable and diligent young man can figure out any business that he is entrusted with.

Instead of a university, you can enroll in a two-year college that provides a specialized education. They receive about 90% Japanese girls and receive "grassroots" female professions there: nurses, kindergarten teachers, elementary school teachers, qualified housewives, seiyuu actresses.

Admission to the university takes place in two stages.

At the first, high school graduates take a national exam. Based on its results, they apply to the university of their choice. There the issue of their admission to the actual entrance exams is decided, which they then pass.

The most prestigious universities are public universities Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Sapporo, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Sendai, as well as private universities: Waseda, Keio, Chuo, Meiji in Tokyo, Kansai University in Osaka and Ritsumei in Kyoto.

The most prestigious is the State University of Tokyo (Todai), founded in 1877 and covering an area of 30 hectares in the center of Tokyo. About 10 thousand people study within its walls at the same time, 2,000 of them are foreigners. 90% of Todai's graduates take their place in the country's elite, two of his graduates became laureates Nobel Prize Literature (Kawabata Yasunari and Oe Kenzaburo).

Those who did not pass the exams at the desired university can take exams in a year or two. At this time, applicants either study in special courses-yobiko, or work, or combine the first with the second.

Unlike school, studying at the university is a time of relative "freebies".

A set of disciplines is selected by the student himself, of course, within certain limits. As a rule, there are no large term papers and theses - you just need to write reports on several pages. Therefore, students are practically not involved in serious scientific work. And if they are involved, then as assistants, but not as independent researchers. Many students devote their study time to looking for work and living in various extracurricular activities.

After graduation, you can enter a 2-3-year graduate school and receive a degree after graduation.

A story about a Japanese school would be far from complete without mentioning the teachers.

So what is a Japanese teacher like? The title "my second mother" or "my second father" could well be suitable for a Japanese teacher, since there are a lot of male teachers in a Japanese school. The teacher for the Japanese student is something like the next of kin. Together with the primary school teacher, the students clean the classroom after lunch and classes. Often the teacher delves into all the differences between the children and shares all their joys or failures. The working day of a teacher in a Japanese school starts at 8 am and ends at 6-7 pm. In Japan, school holidays are only 2 months and 1 week in total, but this is only for schoolchildren, and even less for teachers.

By the way, there are no pedagogical universities in Japan, they do not teach "to become teachers". Any citizen who has received a higher education can pass the exam (rather difficult), and get a license to work as a teacher. And in order to confirm the title every 10 years, the teacher must take courses, after which his license can be renewed. In addition, parents or district education officials have the right to recognize a teacher as a "teacher who teaches inappropriately". In this case, he will be required to take courses on "correcting the nature of teaching."

Japan has passed a law requiring teachers to be in the top 25 percent of paid workers. The average salary of a teacher is 2.4 times higher than the national average.

The article presents the education system in Japan. There is a comparison with the education system in Russia.

Positive and negative aspects of modern education in Russia
Foreign and domestic experience of education management (on the example of the Russian Federation and Japan)
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in the work of a general practitioner

Before talking about the education system in Japan, it should be noted that it differs significantly from the education system in Russia. Japanese schoolchildren and students are hardworking. The Japanese put it at the forefront. It is valued much more than intelligence, ingenuity, resourcefulness, wit and the ability to get out of any situation. Fast and high-quality work done is the main goal of Japanese workers. They can sit at their workplace for a long time and try to qualitatively complete their tasks on time. Because of their work, they can often move to other cities, this also distinguishes the Japanese from the Russians. Our working population is not distinguished by the desire to work overtime in order to get their work done on time.

Another fact that distinguishes Japanese workers from Russians is the absence of disputes with their supervisor. It is unacceptable for them to come into conflict with a higher authority. The Japanese are obliged to unquestioningly carry out the orders of their superior. Since the Middle Ages, they have retained such a quality as respect for elders.

The Japanese have a rather reverent attitude towards education. Only a few Japanese receive higher education, as tuition fees are very high, and parents rarely agree to pay for their children's higher education. This applies in particular to areas such as Information Technology and medicine.

Preschool education, as in Russia, is represented by nurseries, kindergartens and kindergartens for the disabled. Nurseries in Japan do not provide any educational training, so they are outside the formal education system. The nursery accepts children up to 6 months old, and they stay there full time, unlike kindergarten, children stay there until the second half of the working day. Kindergarten teachers help children prepare for the school curriculum. Parents can send their child to kindergarten at the age of 3 to 6 years.

Schools in Japan include 3 levels: primary, secondary and higher (high school), in fact, as in Russia. In elementary school, children study for 6 years (6 classes). Average level includes 3 years of study. Senior school, like middle school, is 3 years.

Every person in Japan is required to complete elementary school. In it, children are taught general education subjects. From childhood, children develop a “spirit of competition”, therefore, already in elementary school, children pass difficult exams, the results of which are posted on the rating board for everyone to see. This allows students to strive for best result, because no one wants to be on the last line of the rating.

Children enter the secondary level of education (primary secondary school) at the age of 12. Secondary education is also compulsory for all citizens of the state. During training, for a period of 3 years, in addition to compulsory subjects, students study such subjects as archeology, secular ethics, and religious studies. In some private secondary schools, there is one feature - boys and girls can receive education separately from each other.

The senior secondary school may be represented by a senior school, technical schools and special schools for the disabled. The Japanese have been studying there since the age of 15 on a full-time basis. This level of education is not compulsory, but many choose to graduate from high school. It is divided into natural sciences and humanities. At all levels of education, students are required to wear school uniform. They are also responsible for cleaning the school. Some middle and all high schools in Japan are paid.

Higher education in Japan is similar to higher education in Russia. It involves 2 degrees: bachelor and master. For a bachelor's degree, you need to unlearn 4 years, and for a master's degree, 2 years. In Japan, there is almost no free higher education. The most talented, gifted and low-income students can enter state-funded places. But there is one condition - upon graduation from the university, students will be required to return part of the funds spent on their education by the state.

In Japan there is special education. Children can take additional courses in subjects that are not given to them at school. Despite the fact that such courses are paid, more than half of the students attend them. Classes are held in evening time after basic school 2 to 3 times a week. Such classes can be attended by students from the 7th grade. Each student can choose exactly those courses that suit him best.

Special attention should be paid to exams held in Japanese schools and higher educational institutions. Almost the entire educational process in Japan is devoted to preparing for exams. Since the academic year starts in April and consists of 3 trimesters, between which there are winter and summer holidays, which in turn can be shortened due to students' poor performance in any subjects, the Japanese are preparing for the upcoming exams for almost the entire academic year. Children are almost always busy memorizing material. Because of this, children attend special courses in order to prepare well for the test. Examinations, which are held in the middle of the trimester, are devoted to general subjects, and exams, held at the end of the trimester, test students' knowledge in all subjects.

In Japan, there is education for foreigners, as their education is quite prestigious. Foreigners have two ways to get it. They can get a full education after studying for 4 years or 6 years, but then there is a problem with passing exams, since they will have to take more entrance exams. There is a second way to get higher education in Japan, it is much easier than the first. It is a two-year study at a higher educational institution, it is enough to know English. In Japan, everyone has the right to receive an education if there is aspiration, if a person is able to satisfactorily pass exams and is willing to pay for education.

Thus, it can be concluded that such social politics in the field of education in Japan has a positive effect on the entire state as a whole. Japanese students who graduated from a higher educational institution are quite few, but they are of great importance for the country. They are highly qualified professionals who know their business. Graduates will be adapted to adulthood quickly achieving your goals. So Japan is welfare state fulfills its main function, namely, providing every citizen with decent living conditions, therefore, in the conditions of crisis phenomena that are clearly manifested in the economy developed countries, this experience can be very useful.

Bibliography

Foreign experience of reforms in education (Europe, USA, China, Japan, Australia, CIS countries): Analytical review // Official documents in education. - 2002. - N 2. - S. 38-50.
Grishin M.L. Modern tendencies development of education in Asia. - M.: Eksmo, 2005. - S. 18.
Malkova Z. A. Education development strategy for the XXI century in Japan // Prognostic models of education systems in foreign countries. M., 1994. S. 46.
Fisher G. Once again about the causes of the "Japanese economic miracle". - "Russian Economic Journal", 1995, No. 8. – P. 6.

The attitude of the Japanese to education differs from the habitual Russians exactly as much as the mentality of Japanese and Russian differs. At all stages of education, starting from the preschool period, education is considered as one of the priorities that will ensure a decent standard of living in the future. Going to study in Japan, our compatriot must be ready to accept the unusual rules of existence and try not to make a mistake with the choice educational institution.

Features and structure of the educational system in Japan

Traditions and modernity, closely intertwined in the entire way of life of the Japanese, are also reflected in the structure of the state's education system. The formation of the educational system in Japan followed the pattern of the American and Western European ones, but with the preservation of traditional national values.

The educational system in Japan consists of several stages.

Preschool education

As a rule, children begin to acquire knowledge and adapt to society from the age of 3 - it is at this age that a child enters kindergarten, which is the first stage of the educational system in Japan. If there are sufficiently good reasons, it is possible to arrange a child in a kindergarten even from the age of three months, one of the reasons may be more than 4 hours of work for both parents. Pre-school education in the Land of the Rising Sun has significant differences from most Western programs and methods. The Japanese were among the first to talk about the importance early development. Masaru Ibuka, the well-known director of the Talent Training organization and the founder of Sony, in his book “After Three It's Too Late” more than 50 years ago, argued that the foundations of personality are laid in the first three years of life. From the first days of my stay in preschool the child joins the collective pastime, in which manifestations of individualism are not welcome. One of the main tasks of education is teaching a child to feel like a member of a group, to show attention to other participants, to be able to listen to others and answer their questions, that is, to learn to experience empathy. Learning to count and write is not a primary task: it is generally believed that it is much more important to develop in a child such qualities as diligence in achieving goals, independence in decision-making, and curiosity about the world around. Kindergartens in Japan are both public and private.

The school stage is very important for Japanese children.

Level of secondary education

The beginning of April in Japan is marked by cherry blossoms and the start of the school year in schools where children from the age of 6 go. Secondary education in Japan, as in most countries around the world, is divided into three stages: elementary school for 6 years, middle school for 3 years and senior (also 3 years). The academic year consists of three trimesters:

the first lasts from April 6 to July 20,
the second one starts on September 1st and ends on December 26th,
the third - from January 7 to March 25.

Free education is provided only in primary and secondary schools, high school is paid. Starting from high school, English and special subjects are necessarily introduced into the curriculum if the institution has any professional orientation or is tied to a particular university. In high school, increased emphasis is placed on the study of special subjects. An important fact: students in grades 7-12 take exams five times a year, which in Japanese schools are quite difficult and require a lot of time to prepare. The exam itself can take several hours. Outcomes tend to influence where a student goes on to study - at a prestigious school with a good chance of going to university, or at a school after which further education will be problematic. About 75% of secondary school graduates go on to higher education.

Once in Japan, I did not know either katakana or hiragana, after three months I could already easily communicate with the Japanese in Japanese. But from school, I took out not only excellent knowledge of the Japanese language and Japanese culture, but also a kind of upbringing. The school taught me to set goals for myself and struggling to achieve them .... and taught me to the community with the warm care of teachers.

Vladislav Krivorotko

http://yula.jp/ru/channel/graduate-ru/

Special and Inclusive Education in Japan

Apart from ordinary schools, in Japan there are so-called Juku schools - private educational institutions in which students can take a special additional course of study general education program for successful admission to higher education institutions. In other words, such schools are a special form of tutoring, but in some cases they also provide music, sports, various types traditional Japanese arts.

problems of children with handicapped in Japan, a specially created National Association is engaged, in addition, there is a headquarters for reforms in the education system for such children. The headquarters is headed by the most influential persons of the state. Such an approach to solving the issues of inclusive education makes it possible to take measures at the legislative level to ensure equal rights guaranteed by the Constitution for everyone regarding the choice of place and method of education. In addition, it is possible to effectively monitor the observance of such rights.

In the process of learning, students take difficult exams, for which they prepare for a long time and hard

Higher education

In order to successfully find a job in the future, Japanese youth seeks to enter prestigious universities, among which the most popular are Tokyo and Kyoto universities, as well as universities in Osaka, Sapporo (Hokkaido), Sendai (Tohoku) and others. The structure of the educational process in Japanese higher education institutions is similar in organizational and administrative aspects to the higher education system of countries Western Europe and the United States, but due to the peculiarities of the mentality and cultural traditions, it also has differences. University preparation is different high level teaching. Both in private and public universities, tuition is paid and can range from 4 to 7 thousand US dollars per year. To obtain a bachelor's degree, students study for 4 years, a master's degree - another 2 years. In technical universities, training lasts 5 years, medical or veterinary education is obtained within 12 years. There is an accelerated course of study at universities, designed for two years - for teachers, sociologists, philologists, etc. The academic year is divided into two semesters: from April to September and from October to March. Living in a hostel will cost a student 600-800 dollars a month.

Not rich enough? There is a way out - a study grant!

The desire to get an education in Japan does not always coincide with the opportunities. Absence required amount funds encourages the search alternative ways problem solving. One of them is receiving a grant to study at one of the universities in Japan. Such a grant is annually provided by the Government of Japan represented by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Monbukagakusho.Mext) under the Student program. To participate in the competition for a grant, a candidate must meet certain requirements, including citizenship of a country that maintains diplomatic relations with Japan, age, as a rule, from 17 to 22 years old, complete secondary education. In addition, the applicant must be ready to actively study the language and culture of Japan, and not have problems with physical and mental health.

Learning is more intense than you can think of, and the language school is just one of the components of the process. We all study here every day: we find new friends, read books, flip through magazines, watch TV and listen to the radio. I consistently get my portion of new vocabulary from friends, from Japanese blogs and books. Not a day goes by vocabulary did not replenish at least a couple of points.

Daria Pechorina

http://gaku.ru/students/1_year_in_japan.html

Guaranteed not to be able to participate in the program are persons who are members of the Armed Forces at the time of arrival in Japan, who did not arrive at the place by the time specified by the host university, who previously received a grant from the Japanese government, who are already studying in Japan, who have scholarships from other organizations, who have dual citizenship ( Japanese should be abandoned). To pass the selection, the candidate submits an application of the established form to the diplomatic mission of Japan and passes written tests in mathematics, English and Japanese, as well as in physics, chemistry and biology, depending on the specialization.

Grant in hand, what's next?

In case of successful selection, the future student is awarded a scholarship in the amount of 117 thousand yen; tuition fees, as well as the costs associated with entrance exams, are covered by the Japanese government. Before starting their studies, students take a preparatory course for one year, including intensive study of the Japanese language, introduction to the specialty and other disciplines. Education in Japanese universities is conducted only in Japanese. You can learn more about the procedure for submitting documents and selection conditions on the official website of the Japanese Embassy in Russia.

Video: student impressions after the first year of study at a Japanese university

In addition to government programs, there are many private and non-profit foundations that can provide scholarships to study in Japan, there are scholarships from the Japan International Education Association, the International Understanding program, the Ministry of Education for internship programs, etc. Another way to continue studying in Japan is to participate in student exchange program between partner universities. The requirements for applicants from the CIS countries differ little from Russian ones; details of participation in government programs can be clarified at the Japanese embassies in their countries.

Studying in Japan helped me not only gain academic knowledge of the Japanese language (Noryoku Shiken N3), but also broaden my horizons (here you learn something new every day), strengthen your patience and willpower (since self-study takes a lot of time), as well as get to know wonderful people and find new friends.

Elena Korshunova

http://gaku.ru/blog/Elena/chego_ojidat_ot_obucheniya/

Housing, part-time work, visa and other nuances

Students (including Russians, Ukrainians, Kazakhstanis) can replenish the budget with the help of part-time jobs, which can work in cafes, restaurants, other institutions from the service sector, or by teaching the Russian language, for example. To obtain a job, you will need a permit certificate, which can be obtained at the immigration office after submitting a letter from the educational institution. Students in Japan are allowed to work no more than 4 hours a day. Many take advantage of this opportunity, despite the fact that the cost of education here is lower than in most prestigious universities USA, Europe and even Russia.

Video: Jobs in Japan for International Students

Finding housing can be problematic: despite the fact that universities provide foreign students rooms in a hostel, there are not enough places for everyone, so many are forced to rent premises in the private sector. The cost of living in rented housing can range from $500 to $800 per month.

A student visa is issued, as a rule, within 3-4 months, and the host university is the guarantor for its receipt. To obtain a visa you will need:

a copy of the diploma or a certificate from the last place of study,
Japanese language proficiency certificate
certificate from the place of work of the parents,
copy of birth certificate,
a certificate from the bank on the presence of 14-15 thousand dollars in the account,
international passport,
8 photos 3x4.

The entire package of documents must be translated into Japanese.

Table: advantages and disadvantages of studying in Japan

A young specialist with a diploma from a Japanese university in his hands has an incredibly high chance of getting a job in one of the most prestigious companies with a worldwide reputation due to the fact that the level of teaching in Japanese universities is one of the best in the world. The government and private companies do not spare investments in the development of science and education. All universities and colleges in Japan are equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories and highly professional teachers, so that the training provides deep theoretical knowledge and practical skills. In addition, in the course of their studies, students become familiar with such national qualities of the Japanese as incredible perseverance and discipline, which will not be superfluous in later life.

The school in Japan is represented by three levels. This is elementary, middle and high school. Elementary and middle school are compulsory, high school is optional, and over 90% of Japanese youth try to continue their studies in high school. Education in primary and secondary schools is free, but you have to pay for high school.

Table showing the educational system in Japan

Features of Japanese schools

The uniqueness of Japanese schools lies in the fact that the composition of the class changes every year, which allows students to develop communication skills, makes it possible to establish friendly relations with a large number of peers. Teachers in Japanese schools also change every year. The number of classes in Japanese schools is large, it ranges from 30 to 40 students.

Lessons in Japanese schools last for 50 minutes, for toddlers the duration of the lesson is 45 minutes, then there is a short break. The daily learning process for a Japanese student ends at 3 pm. In the elementary grades, the Japanese language, social studies, natural sciences, mathematics, music, fine arts, physical education, and housekeeping are taught. Primary school students are not given homework, they do not take exams.

Education in middle and high school

Two years ago, English was introduced for compulsory education, it is taught from high school, only native speakers of the language for whom it is native are allowed to teach English. A secondary school in Japan teaches a few more special subjects, their composition depends on the school itself.

School uniform

Each school chooses its own uniform, it is mandatory to wear it. The uniform also includes a bright baseball cap, which is a kind of identification mark. Each school has a uniform sports uniform.

The duties of a Japanese student are charged with cleaning the school - there are no technical workers in schools, the entire territory of the school is divided into sections, for the cleanliness of which a certain class is responsible. At the end of the lessons, students clean their classroom and the school territory assigned to them.

Teaching foreign students, schools for Russians

All foreign students living in Japan have the right to school education, it can be obtained in public schools. To do this, parents should contact the municipality, where they will be given information in which school their child can study. To study at school, it will be enough for parents to purchase notebooks for written calculations and other educational supplies for their child.