- Sources on the history of Ancient Greece
- Sources on the history of Crete and Achaean Greece of the 2nd millennium BC. e.
- Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece
- Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece - page 2
- Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece - page 3
- Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece - page 4
- Sources on the history of Greece of the Hellenistic period
- Sources on the history of Greece of the Hellenistic period - page 2
- Historiography of the history of Ancient Greece
- Studying the history of Ancient Greece in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
- Studying the history of Ancient Greece in the 19th - early 20th centuries. - page 2
- Russian historiography of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
- Foreign historiography of Ancient Greece of the 20th century.
- Foreign historiography of Ancient Greece of the 20th century. - page 2
- Foreign historiography of Ancient Greece of the 20th century. - page 3
- Foreign historiography of the 90s
- Foreign historiography of the 90s - page 2
- Russian historiography of antiquity (1917-1990)
- Domestic historiography of antiquity (1917-1990) - page 2
- Domestic historiography of antiquity (1917-1990) - page 3
- Domestic historiography of the 90s
- Studying the history of Ancient Greece in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
- Civilization of Minoan Crete
- Prerequisites for the formation of a state in Crete
- First state entities
- Creation of a united pan-Cretan state
- Creation of a united pan-Cretan state - page 2
- Religious views. Royal power
- Socio-economic relations
- Cretan maritime power and its decline
- Achaean Greece in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Mycenaean civilization
- Greece in the Early Helladic period (until the end of the 3rd millennium BC).
- Invasion of the Achaean Greeks. Formation of the first states
- Formation of the Mycenaean civilization
- Formation of the Mycenaean civilization - page 2
- Socio-economic structure
- Organization of public administration
- Relations between the Achaean kingdoms
- Relationships of the Achaean kingdoms - page 2
- The decline of the Mycenaean civilization
- Conclusion to the section
- Homeric (pre-polis) period. The decomposition of tribal relations and the creation of prerequisites for the polis system. XI-IX centuries BC e.
- Features of the development of Homeric society
- Socio-economic relations. Slavery
- Socio-economic relations. Slavery - page 2
- Tribal institutions and the Homeric polis
- Property and social stratification
- Property and social stratification - page 2
- Socio-economic development of Greece. Great Greek Colonization
- State of the Greek economy
- The state of the Greek economy - page 2
-
- Social structure of Greek society - page 2
- Early or older tyranny
- Great Greek Colonization
- The Great Greek Colonization - Page 2
- Birth of a new Greek culture
- The Birth of a New Greek Culture - Page 2
- The Birth of a New Greek Culture - Page 3
- State of the Greek economy
- Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e.
- General development conditions
- Northern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e.
- Northern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. - page 2
- Northern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. - page 3
- Southern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Early Sparta
- Southern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Early Sparta - page 2
- Southern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Early Sparta - page 3
- Formation of the polis system in Attica
- Athens in the VIII-VII centuries. BC e.
- Solon's reforms. Forming the foundations of Athenian democracy
- Solon's reforms. Forming the foundations of Athenian democracy - page 2
- The tyranny of Pisistratus and the Pisistratids in Athens (560-510 BC)
- Legislation of Cleisthenes. Organization of polis democracy
- Greek polis as a socio-political organism
- Greek polis as a socio-political organism - page 2
- Greek polis as a socio-political organism - page 3
- Greek polis as a socio-political organism
- Greco-Persian Wars
- Causes of the Greco-Persian Wars. Their periodization
- Revolt of Miletus and the Greek cities of Asia Minor
- First Persian invasions of Balkan Greece (492-490 BC)
- The first Persian invasions of Balkan Greece (492-490 BC) - page 2
- Campaign of Xerxes
- The March of Xerxes - page 2
- Campaign of Xerxes - page 3
- Organization of the Delian Symmachy (First Athenian Maritime League)
- Growing tension between Athens and Sparta. Military expedition of Athens to Egypt and the end of the Greco-Persian wars
- Growing tension between Athens and Sparta. Military expedition of Athens to Egypt and the end of the Greco-Persian wars - page 2
- Economy of Greece in the V-IV centuries. BC e.
- General features of the Greek economy
- Position in agriculture
- Crafts
- Crafts - page 2
- Crafts - page 3
- Trade
- Social structure of Greek society
- Social structure of Greek society
- Characteristics of classical slavery
- Characteristics of classic slavery - page 2
- Characteristics of classic slavery - page 3
- Ruling class
- The situation of free small producers
- The situation of free small producers - page 2
- Layer of declassed elements
- Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy as political systems
- General features. Concept of Athenian citizenship
- People's Assembly in Athens
- Council 500 and Areopagus
- Elected officials
- Jury - helium
- Social politics Athenian democracy
- State system of Sparta
- General features. People's Assembly (apella)
- Gerussia and the College of Ephors
- Institute royal power. Military positions
- System of state education of the Spartiates
- The internal political situation of Greece in the second half of the 5th century. BC e.
- Characteristics of the Peloponnesian League
- First Athens Maritime League
- First Athens Maritime League - page 2
- First Athens Maritime League - page 3
- Foreign policy Athenian Maritime Union in the 40-30s BC. e.
- Foreign policy of the Athenian Maritime League in the 40-30s BC. e. - page 2
- Peloponnesian War. 431-404 BC e.
- Causes of the war
- Archidamic War 431-421 BC e.
- Archidamic War 431-421 BC e. - page 2
- Archidamic War 431-421 BC e. - page 3
- Second period of the Peloponnesian War (415-404 BC)
- Second period of the Peloponnesian War (415-404 BC) - page 2
- Second period of the Peloponnesian War (415-404 BC) - page 3
- Greece in the first half of the 4th century. BC e. Crisis of the Greek polis
- Socio-economic status
- Socio-economic status - page 2
- Socio-economic status - page 3
- Socio-economic status - page 4
- Increasing social tension in Greece in the 4th century. BC e.
- Increasing social tension in Greece in the 4th century. BC e. - page 2
- Increasing social tension in Greece in the 4th century. BC e. - page 3
- Increasing social tension in Greece in the 4th century. BC e. - page 4
- Socio-economic status
- Military-political situation in Greece. Crisis of the policy system of relationships
- Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC)
- Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC) - page 2
- Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC) - page 3
- Second Athens Maritime League. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC)
- Second Athens Maritime League. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC) - page 2
- Second Athens Maritime League. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC) - page 3
- Second Athens Maritime League. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC) - page 4
- Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC)
People's Assembly in Athens
The main and decisive body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly. All citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and other territories that were part of the Athenian State(eg islanders). Women did not have the right to participate in political and public life.
The People's Assembly had broad powers. Were accepted here state laws, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the results of negotiations with other states were approved, and treaties with them were ratified. At the People's Assembly, officials and magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their year-long administration, matters regarding the food supply of the city were decided, the leasing of state property, lands and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved.
It exercised control over the education of young men preparing to obtain civil rights. It was within the competence of the People's Assembly to carry out such an emergency measure to protect political system from the machinations of noble persons, such as ostracism, that is, expulsion for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.
The most important business of the People's Assembly was the discussion and approval of the state budget, the granting of citizenship rights to foreigners, although this happened extremely rarely. It acted not only as legislature of their state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.
The People's Assembly in Athens met strictly certain deadlines: once every 9 days or 4 times every 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them raised its own important issues. Let's say, at the first one, military, food, and emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked. At the second, petitions on personal and public affairs, etc. were considered. The agenda was previously prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.
The People's Assembly adopted a fairly democratic procedure for discussing the agenda. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but indecent behavior on the oratory was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit for discussion a draft law that could be adopted at the National Assembly. Athenian citizens, according to sources, actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports of officials and especially the expenditure of public money.
Every Athenian magistrate, no matter what high position No matter how busy he was, he waited with fear for the day when he had to report to the meeting. Plutarch says that the most respected and most authoritative leader of the Athenian state, the first strategist Pericles, prepared so carefully for his report to the citizens that for several days he did not allow anyone close to him.
Participation in the activities of the People's Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking and civic consciousness. Aristophanes in the comedy "Acharnians" well conveys the general atmosphere in the Athenian People's Assembly, shows how freely and boldly many issues were discussed there. Its hero, the peasant Dikeopolis, an Athenian citizen living in the village, decides to go to the next National Assembly and seeks peace with the Spartans (the play reflects the war between Athens and Sparta).
Every Athenian citizen, including poor people, had the right to participate in the work of the People's Assembly, but not all poor people could actually take part in quite numerous meetings, which sometimes lasted the whole day. After all, they needed to feed their family and earn the necessary funds for this. In order to attract the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship to the work of the People's Assembly, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. e. a law was passed (at the suggestion of Aguirria) establishing a reward for visiting the People's Assembly in the amount of 3 obols, the average wages Athenian artisan per day.
However, despite the measures taken, not all persons with civil rights could take part in its work. After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sunium, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens.
Usually, the regulars of the people's assemblies were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their environs, so that out of a total number of citizens of 30-40 thousand, usually about 3-5 thousand people were present at the people's assemblies. That is why, in order to resolve particularly important matters, for example, to carry out ostracism, a quorum of at least 6 thousand people was required, and this number was collected not without difficulty.
Answers
to crosswords
and scanwords
Definitions from scanwords of the word AGORA
- shopping area in ancient Greece
- one hundredth of a shekel
- "Veche" in Ancient Greece
- "Veche" of the Hellenes
- 1/100 Israeli "ruble"
- 1/100 shekel
- Rome - forum, Greece - ...
- antique business center, court and political club
- meeting of the ancient Greeks
- town square, market, bazaar
- Old Greek gathering
- ancient greek square
- ancient Greek veche
- ancient Greek gathering
- ancient Greek collection
- legislative "get-together" of the Hellenes
- legislative assembly of the ancient Greeks
- Israeli "penny"
- Israeli small change, 1/100 shekel
- Israeli "penny"
- meeting place of the ancient Greeks
- meeting place of the ancient Greeks
- national assembly (Greece)
- national assembly in Ancient Greece, as well as the area where it took place
- popular assembly of the ancient Greeks
- one hundredth of a shekel
- a square in Athens where trade and meetings took place
- square in ancient Greece
- square in Hellas
- area for the people's assembly in ancient Greece, the meeting itself
- Israeli coin, 1/100 shekel
- coin of the state of Israel
- Russian coin (obsolete)
- market in the square in Athens
- meeting
- collection in ancient Greece
- meeting among the Hellenes
- meeting of the Hellenes
- meeting of the ancient Greeks
- meeting of the Hellenes
- shopping area in ancient Greece
- trading area and place of public meetings in ancient Greek cities
- Ancient Greek party
- forum in Hellas
- shekel
- Assembly of the ancient Athenians
- Veche in Troy
- area among the Hellenes
- market square in Athens
- ancient greek market square
- legislative assembly of other Greeks
- Athens veche
- collection of the ancient Greeks
- Hellenic forum
- City square for public meetings in Ancient Greece
- Assembly (Greek)
- evening in Hellas
Help for the Applicant » 27. The people's assembly in Athens was the Helieia Ecclesia (*answer to the test*)
27. The people's assembly in Athens was
Heliea
Ecclesia (*answer to test*)
Bule
Apella
28. Glossator school gives way to school
natural law
positive law
legalists
postglossators (*answer to test*)
29.
Killing a cat Ancient Egypt was seen as
religious crime (*answer to test*)
causing property damage
action that does not violate the law
minor offense
30. Bourgeois law, in contrast to the particularistic nature of feudal law, took shape as
national legal system (*answer to test*)
precedent system
code system
private law system
31.
Companies Act 1908 in England
canceled the permit registration procedure
established the concept legal entity
established the division of companies into public and private (*answer to test*)
established the licensing procedure for registration
32. The Inquisition is
imperial courts
special courts (*answer to test*)
royal courts
legal duel
33.
The British Commonwealth of Nations was created in
1923
1949
1931 (*answer to test*)
1946
34. In Ancient Egypt, “nejes” was called
farmers (*answer to test*)
officials
warriors
artisans
35.
The "Six Great Houses" in Ancient Egypt meant
Pharaoh's Court
Temple Nomilex
The highest court (*answer to test*)
Public Works Department
Personal, or civil, rights are (*answer*) a set of natural, inalienable rights,
There are 20 aircraft at the airport.
How many three planes can fly in total?
Analyze examples 204 + 138 and 162 + 153. What's in
Construct a diagram of the distribution of sales of sugar available in the store by day of the week
Using textbook data, determine which climate record holders in Russia are located in
What letters represent the consonant sounds in these words?
Creation of the People's Assembly in Athens (more about Solon's Law)
Sample answer. IN
The perimeter of a square is 32 cm, and the perimeter of a pentagon with equal sides
The book has 58 pages.
On Monday Artyom read 14 pages and
Express your guess about the origin of the name “Polyudye”.
Write advice to yourself “How can I become a school swimming champion”
Read the rubric arid underline the key words. Answer the questions.
300 tons of fuel have been prepared.
In January, 13.5% of this fuel was consumed, and
For goods imported into the customs territory of the Russian Federation, VAT rates are determined in
In parallelogram ABCD, diagonal BD is perpendicular to its side AB, segment DF
Make a list of goods imported into the Vladimir-Suzdal land and exported from it.
People's Assembly in Athens
The main and decisive body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly.
2.1. People's Assembly in Athens
All citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and other territories that were part of the Athenian state (for example, residents of the islands) gathered at the People's Assembly. Women did not have the right to participate in political and public life.
Here state laws were adopted, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the results of negotiations with other states were approved, and treaties with them were ratified. At the People's Assembly, officials and magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their year-long administration, matters regarding the food supply of the city were decided, the leasing of state property, lands and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved.
It exercised control over the education of young men preparing to obtain civil rights. The competence of the People's Assembly included carrying out such an emergency measure to protect the state system from the machinations of noble persons as ostracism, that is, the expulsion for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.
The most important business of the People's Assembly was the discussion and approval of the state budget, the granting of citizenship rights to foreigners, although this happened extremely rarely.
It acted not only as the legislative body of its state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.
In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them raised its own important issues. Let's say, at the first one, military, food, and emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked.
At the second, petitions on personal and public affairs, etc. were considered. The agenda was previously prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.
Participation in the activities of the People's Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking and civic consciousness.
Aristophanes in the comedy "Acharnians" well conveys the general atmosphere in the Athenian People's Assembly, shows how freely and boldly many issues were discussed there. Its hero, the peasant Dikeopolis, an Athenian citizen living in the village, decides to go to the next National Assembly and seeks peace with the Spartans (the play reflects the war between Athens and Sparta).
After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sunium, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens.
Typically, the regulars at public assemblies were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their environs, so that out of a total number of citizens of 30-40 thousand, usually about 3-5 thousand were present at public assemblies.
TASK No. 41
Answer the questions.
What do you know about the People's Assembly in Ancient Athens?
Who had the right to participate in it?
Citizens, men from the age of twenty.
2. Which of the inhabitants of Athens did not have such a right?
Slaves, immigrants and women.
How often did the People's Assembly meet?
3 - 4 times a month.
People's Assembly in Athens
Where in Athens did it meet? Why open air?
On a gentle hill in the western part of the city in the open air, so that “Zeus punished liars.”
5. What did the People's Assembly do?
- chose strategists
- declared war
- stated peace treaties
- passed laws
- managed the treasury
— approved the expenses of strategists
People's Assembly of Athens
The main and decisive body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly. All citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and other territories that were part of the Athenian state (for example, residents of the islands) gathered at the People's Assembly. Women did not have the right to participate in political and public life.
Place of the people's assembly in ancient Greece.
People's Assembly - supreme body authorities of Athens. It met first ten, and later forty times a year. Under special circumstances (unexpected enemy attack, natural disaster) an emergency “meeting of horror and confusion” could be convened. The competence of the People's Assembly was extensive: it adopted laws, issued decrees on private issues (pseuphism), elected officials and inspected their activities, resolved issues of war and peace, discussed the food situation of the country, etc.
Special meetings were devoted to considering requests from citizens and resolving the issue of expelling individuals through ostracism from the state.
Only full-fledged Athenian citizens who had reached the age of 20 could participate in the work of the national assembly. Women and metics were not allowed into the people's assembly. As a rule, peasants working on their farms rarely participated in its activities, although, starting from the 4th century.
BC, there was a reward for attending the meeting. To solve even the most important issues the presence of only 6,000 people was required, that is, approximately 1/5 of all full-fledged Athenians.
The agenda for each meeting was determined in advance. One of the meetings of each month was considered the main one. It checked the activities of officials, discussed the food situation, etc. The main meeting of the sixth month, in addition, resolved the issue of ostracism and accusations of officials.
The other three meetings of the month dealt with citizen complaints, religious, administrative and other issues. Each participant was formally able to speak in the people's assembly and introduce draft new laws. In practice, speeches were given mainly by professional speakers - demagogues who defended the interests of separate groups free. Bills were first posted for public viewing and submitted to the people's assembly for discussion after their consideration by the Council of Five Hundred, which gave an opinion on each bill.
An important means used to ensure the stability of legislation was the right of any participant in the meeting, citing the illegality of the proposed bill, to demand its removal from discussion or voting under the threat of bringing the author to court.
In addition, the chairman of the people's assembly could not put to a vote those proposals that, from his point of view, were illegal.
The People's Assembly had broad powers.
Here state laws were adopted, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the results of negotiations with other states were approved, and treaties with them were ratified.
At the People's Assembly, officials and magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their year-long administration, matters regarding the food supply of the city were decided, the leasing of state property, lands and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved. It exercised control over the education of young men preparing to obtain civil rights. The competence of the People's Assembly included carrying out such an emergency measure to protect the political system from the machinations of noble persons, such as ostracism, i.e.
expulsion for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.
The most important business of the People's Assembly was the discussion and approval of the state budget, the granting of citizenship rights to foreigners, although this happened extremely rarely. It acted not only as the legislative body of its state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.
The people's assembly in Athens met within strictly defined periods: once every 9 days or 4 times every 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles.
In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them raised its own important issues. Let's say, at the first one, military, food, and emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked. At the second, petitions on personal and public matters, etc. were considered.
The agenda was previously prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.
The People's Assembly adopted a fairly democratic procedure for discussing the agenda.
Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but indecent behavior on the oratory was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit for discussion a draft law that could be adopted at the National Assembly. Athenian citizens, according to sources, actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports of officials and especially the expenditure of public money.
Every Athenian magistrate, no matter how high his position, looked forward with fear to the day when he had to report to the meeting. Plutarch says that the most respected and most authoritative leader of the Athenian state, the first strategist Pericles, prepared so carefully for his report to the citizens that for several days he did not allow anyone close to him.
Participation in the activities of the People's Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking and civic consciousness. Aristophanes in the comedy "Acharnians" well conveys the general atmosphere in the Athenian People's Assembly, shows how freely and boldly many issues were discussed there. Its hero, the peasant Dikeopolis, an Athenian citizen living in the village, decides to go to the next National Assembly and seeks peace with the Spartans (the play reflects the period between Athens and Sparta).
Every Athenian citizen, including poor people, had the right to participate in the work of the People's Assembly, but not all poor people could actually take part in quite numerous meetings, which sometimes lasted the whole day.
After all, they needed to feed their family and earn the necessary funds for this. In order to attract the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship to the work of the People's Assembly, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. e. A law was passed (at the suggestion of Agirria) establishing a reward for visiting the National Assembly in the amount of 3 obols, the average wage of an Athenian artisan per day.
However, despite the measures taken, not all persons with civil rights could take part in its work.
After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sunium, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens. Usually the regulars at public assemblies were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their environs, so that out of a total number of citizens 30–40 thousand.
Usually about 3–5 thousand were present at public assemblies.
Ancient Greece
Human. That is why, in order to resolve particularly important matters, for example, to carry out ostracism, a quorum of at least 6 thousand people was required, and this number was collected not without difficulty.
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The main and decisive authority in Athens
there was a People's Assembly. All citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and other territories that were part of the Athenian state (for example, residents of the islands) gathered at the People's Assembly. Women did not have the right to participate in political and public life.
The People's Assembly had broad powers. Here state laws were adopted, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the results of negotiations with other states were approved, and treaties with them were ratified. At the People's Assembly, officials and magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their year-long administration, matters regarding the food supply of the city were decided, the leasing of state property, lands and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved. It exercised control over the education of young men preparing to obtain civil rights. The competence of the People's Assembly included carrying out such an emergency measure to protect the state system from the machinations of noble persons as ostracism, that is, the expulsion for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.
The most important business of the People's Assembly was the discussion and approval of the state budget, the granting of citizenship rights to foreigners, although this happened
rarely. It acted not only as the legislative body of its state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.
The people's assembly in Athens met within strictly defined periods: once every 9 days or 4 times every 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them raised its own important issues. Let's say, at the first one, military, food, and emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked. At the second, petitions on personal and public affairs, etc. were considered. The agenda was previously prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.
The People's Assembly adopted a fairly democratic procedure for discussing the agenda. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but indecent behavior on the oratory was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit for discussion a draft law that could be adopted at the National Assembly. Athenian citizens, according to sources, actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports of officials and especially the expenditure of public money. Every Athenian magistrate, no matter how high
Regardless of his position, he waited with fear for the day when he had to report to the meeting. Plutarch says that the most respected and most authoritative leader of the Athenian state, the first strategist Pericles, prepared so carefully for his report to the citizens that for several days he did not allow anyone close to him. Participation in the activities of the People's Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking and civic consciousness. Aristophanes in the comedy "Acharnians" well conveys the general atmosphere in the Athenian People's Assembly, shows how freely and boldly many issues were discussed there. His hero, the peasant Dikeopolis, an Athenian citizen living in the village, decides to go to the next National Assembly and seeks peace with the Spartans (the play reflects the war between Athens and Sparta).
Every Athenian citizen, including poor people, had the right to participate in the work of the People's Assembly, but not all poor people could actually take part in quite numerous meetings, which sometimes lasted the whole day. After all, they needed to feed their family and earn the necessary funds for this. In order to attract the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship to the work of the People's Assembly, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. e. A law was passed (at the suggestion of Agirria) establishing a reward for visiting the National Assembly in the amount of 3 obols, the average wage of an Athenian artisan per day.
However, despite the measures taken, not all persons with civil rights could take part in its work. After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sunium, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens. Usually the regulars at public assemblies were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their surroundings.
ties, so that out of a total number of citizens of 30-40 thousand, usually about 3-5 thousand people were present in public assemblies. That is why, in order to resolve particularly important matters, for example, to carry out ostracism, a quorum of at least 6 thousand people was required, and this number was collected not without difficulty.
The main and decisive body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly. All citizens gathered at the People's Assembly, regardless of their property status. Women did not have the right to participate in political and public life.
The People's Assembly had broad powers. Here state laws were adopted, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the results of negotiations with other states were approved, and treaties with them were ratified. At the People's Assembly, officials and magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their year-long administration, matters regarding the food supply of the city were decided, the leasing of state property, lands and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved. It exercised control over the education of young men preparing to obtain civil rights. The competence of the People's Assembly included carrying out such an emergency measure to protect the state system from the machinations of noble persons as ostracism, that is, the expulsion for 10 years of anyone suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.
The national assembly in Athens met once every 9 days or 4 times every 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit for discussion a draft law that could be adopted at the National Assembly. In order to attract the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship to the work of the People's Assembly, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. e. A law was passed establishing a reward for visiting the National Assembly in the amount of 3 obols, the average wage of an Athenian artisan per day.
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But even after these reforms, growing contradictions between various social groups free Athenians. Increasingly deepening property differentiation divided free citizens into two unequal and actually unequal groups - a small group of rich slave owners (landowners, traders, shipowners, moneylenders, owners of craft workshops) and the bulk of the free poor (farmers, artisans, sailors) and those deprived of their own means of subsistence. lumpen people who lived off handouts from the state and the rich.
Athenian democracy, in its heyday, became political form joint domination of the free (slave owners, poor, lumpen) over slaves. At the same time, it was also a form of domination of slave owners over their poor fellow citizens. It also became the form in which the contradictions developed between the free - slave owners, on the one hand, and small producers and lumpen - on the other. These character traits Athenian democracy was reflected in its political system.
Slave-owning democracy in Athens in the 5th century. BC. In essence, the Athenian state was a political organization of free citizens, ensuring the protection of their interests and the obedience of a huge mass of slaves. In terms of its form of government, it was a democratic republic in which Athenian citizens enjoyed equal rights and could accept Active participation V political life. It finally took shape in the 5th century. BC. and existed (with some interruptions) until the thirties of the 4th century. BC.
The main bodies of the Athenian state were: the people's assembly, the Council of Five Hundred, and the helium. They directed and controlled the activities of officials.
The People's Assembly is the supreme authority of Athens. It met first ten, and later forty times a year. Under special circumstances (unexpected enemy attack, natural disaster) an emergency “meeting of horror and confusion” could be convened. The competence of the People's Assembly was extensive: it adopted laws, issued decrees on private issues (psephism), elected officials and inspected their activities, resolved issues of war and peace, discussed the food situation of the country, etc. Special meetings were devoted to considering requests from citizens and resolving the issue of expelling individuals through ostracism from the state.
Only full-fledged Athenian citizens who had reached the age of 20 could participate in the work of the national assembly. Women and metics were not allowed into the people's assembly. As a rule, peasants working on their farms rarely participated in its activities, although, starting from the 4th century. BC, there was a reward for attending the meeting. To resolve even the most important issues, the presence of only 6,000 people was required, that is, approximately 1/5 of all full-fledged Athenians.
The agenda for each meeting was determined in advance. One of the meetings of each month was considered the main one. It checked the activities of officials, discussed the food situation, etc. The main meeting of the sixth month also resolved the issue of ostracism and accusations of officials. The other three meetings of the month dealt with citizen complaints, religious, administrative and other issues. Each participant was formally able to speak in the people's assembly and introduce draft new laws. In practice, speeches were given mainly by professional speakers - demagogues who defended the interests of individual groups of free people. Bills were first posted for public viewing and submitted to the people's assembly for discussion after their consideration by the Council of Five Hundred, which gave an opinion on each bill. Voting on the bill was carried out by a show of hands.
An important means used to ensure the stability of legislation was the right of any participant in the meeting, citing the illegality of the proposed bill, to demand its removal from discussion or voting under the threat of bringing the author to court. In addition, the chairman of the people's assembly could not put to a vote those proposals that, from his point of view, were illegal.
A bill adopted by the people's assembly becomes law only if it is not subsequently rejected by the Gelise.
The Council of Five Hundred (bule) included 50 people from each of the ten territorial phyla. Council members (bulevts) were elected by lot for one year from citizens who had reached 30 years of age. The competence of the Council included management issues: diplomatic relations with other states, financial management, supervision of arsenals, docks, fleet, regulation of trade, control over officials. The latter had the right to speak in the Council and submit their proposals for its consideration. The most important function of the Council was the preliminary discussion of issues submitted to the national assembly, which allowed the Council to direct the activities of the latter.
To conduct current affairs, the Council was divided into 10 commissions (prytania), consisting of 50 representatives of one phylum. The commissions took turns performing the duties of the Council, daily electing by lot a new chairman of the Council, who was also its chairman during the work of the people's assembly. In the 4th century. BC. this order was changed: the chairman began to be elected before each meeting of the Council (meeting). At the end of their term of service, each member of the Council of Five Hundred was accountable for their activities and could be held accountable.
Gelieia was the highest judicial body of the state and consisted of 5,000 judges and 1,000 reserves: 600 people from each of the 10 territorial fils. Members of the heliae were elected by lot for one year from citizens who had reached 30 years of age. The Geliei consisted of 10 collegiums, each of which had 500 judges and 100 reserves. In order to prevent possible abuses, the boards did not know when they would be called upon to perform their duties. This was decided by drawing lots on the day of the trial.
Gelieia was the court of first instance in cases of state crimes and abuses of officials and the court of appeal in cases considered by other courts. It also exercised some control functions and had the important right to reject bills adopted by the people's assembly.
Thus, the legislative process of Ancient Athens had the following stages:
a) introducing a bill to the people's assembly as a legislative initiative, which every full-fledged Athenian citizen had;
b) preliminary consideration of the bill by the Council of Five Hundred and giving an opinion on it to the people's assembly; c) adoption of the bill by the people's assembly; d) the adopted bill could be rejected by Helise. Officials played an important role in the management of the Athenian state. The basic principles of filling positions are election, urgency, compensation, accountability and collegiality.
Elections of officials were carried out annually or open voting in the people's assembly, or by lot. Before taking office, all those elected were subjected to a special test - dokimasia, during which their right to hold office, political reliability and the necessary personal qualities were clarified. It was impossible to hold a position (except in the military) twice or two positions at the same time. The positions were paid (with the exception of strategists). After the expiration of the term, the officials submitted reports on their activities to the Council of Five Hundred and Helie. During the heyday of the Athenian state, the vast majority of positions were collegial.
The main officials in Athens were the strategoi and archons.
The College of Strategists consisted of ten members elected by the people's assembly from among married citizens who owned real estate. Strategists by the 5th century BC. received important powers. They began to manage the funds allocated for the maintenance of the army and navy, organize the collection of emergency war taxes, and manage the delivery of food to Athens (in peacetime, citizens did not pay permanent taxes, the latter were collected only from the metics). Some powers in the field of diplomatic relations also passed to them: they accepted the enemy’s surrender and concluded a truce. In addition, they conducted investigations and presided over trials in cases of military crimes. Finally, the strategists had the right to demand the convening of extraordinary meetings of the Council of Five Hundred or the People's Assembly and the adoption of urgent measures. Sometimes an autocrat stood out from among the strategists, commanding the army, and in extreme circumstances receiving all power in the state.
As the powers of the strategists grew, the political importance of the archons decreased. After Solon's reforms, nine archons began to be elected by lot from candidates proposed by territorial phyles. They rarely acted as a single board - when the people's assembly decided on the issue of ostracism and when checking officials. The first archon was considered an eponymous archon, who, with the flourishing of Athenian democracy, retained only judicial functions in family matters and inheritance cases. The second archon was the basileus archon. He was in charge of matters of religious worship and tried cases of criminal offenses in court. Next came the archon-polemarch, who had lost his previous functions of military command and was mainly engaged in matters related to the metics and other foreigners (xeni). The remaining six archon-thesmothetes supervised the administration of justice in the Athenian courts.