Baroque style: when stucco and sculpture decide everything. Baroque style: when stucco and sculpture decide everything How to sculpt stucco elements in the Baroque style

Baroque is a style in architectural art that was widespread in the 16th-18th centuries. The emergence of the Baroque era began in Italy after the weakening of church influence on the minds of believers and the formation of a new philosophy among representatives of the secular elite. The original style of the 16th-18th centuries is characterized by dynamism, monumentality, and non-standard ideas.

Baroque architecture is filled with elaborate stucco, unique sculpture, odious statues, original bas-reliefs, spectacular patterns and ornaments. The most famous sculptors of this era were F. Borromini and L. Bernini. The most grandiose, majestic and expressive buildings of the Baroque era belong to the hands of these masters.

Main features of Baroque architecture

As in any style, Baroque sculpture has character traits. The architectural works of this era are characterized by:

curvilinear shapes, kinks and bends;
visual dynamism and plasticity of forms;
spatial scale of buildings;
contrast parameters decorative elements;
an abundance of decorative finishes in the exterior and interior.

The splendor of the interior and exterior decoration of baroque buildings is amazing. It is difficult to compare it with the decor of any other art style. In the facades and interiors you can observe hundreds of small and large details (mostly plaster stucco): lush bas-reliefs, elegant staircases, stone sculptures, shining chandeliers, luxurious fireplaces, huge mirrors, magnificent tapestries, panels, mosaics, paintings. The interior decoration is also impressive with an abundance of gilded elements and a wide color palette.

Plaster stucco became an integral decoration of baroque buildings. It was the stucco elements that became style-forming factors in the Baroque interior. The forms of stucco ornaments are always varied, plastic, and voluminous. To achieve an even more impressive result, the plaster stucco molding was additionally decorated - covered with gold, paint, varnish, and tinted.

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In baroque scenes, plaster stucco molding included plant motifs, classical details, and original elements. Thus, the basis of the stucco decoration for a baroque building were compositions of pilasters, cornices, columns, and arches. This decorative grid was supplemented with bunches of grapes, bouquets of flowers, garlands of fruits, winners' cups, arabesques, musical instruments etc. Stucco fireplaces and statues of mythical and religious heroes were used as key accents.

The originality of forms, characteristic of the Baroque, even led to the emergence of new types of stucco decoration:

rollwerk– a molded element in the form of a half-unrolled parchment scroll (sometimes the edges of the roll were depicted as notched);
ormushl– the key motif of this decorative element was the shape of the auricle, complemented by ribbons and grotesque figures;
bandelwerk- a pattern in the form of intertwining ribbons.

One of the features of Baroque stucco is the widespread use of mascarons (masks with human and animal forms). They were made of plaster and placed above all the key openings of the room - doors, windows, arches, etc. Each stucco mask had its own character: cheerful, mournful, calm, scary.

Luxurious Baroque buildings are located all over the world, but the following buildings deserve special attention:

St. Peter's Basilica, Rome– within the walls of the building there are dozens of statues, mainly reflecting biblical and mythical subjects. The building is striking in its abundance of stucco decoration, which became the hallmark of the Baroque Era. Thus, in the interior of the Cathedral there are hundreds of stucco elements such as columns, cornices, moldings, capitals, arches, pediments, panels;
Church of St. Charles, Rome– F. Borromini designed this building. Catholic Church was built in mid-17th century century. The interior and exterior decoration of the church corresponds to the classical style canons of the Baroque - many fountains, stone stairs, stucco patterns, grandiose sculptures, large and small bandelworks, colored frescoes and paintings;
Winter Palace, Russia– the former residence of the Romanov monarchy is made in the Baroque style. The building has more than a thousand rooms, however, a variety of stucco cornices, balustrades, columns, bas-reliefs, colored frescoes and mosaics, stone stairs and sculptures make each of them unique and unusually picturesque;
St Paul's Cathedral, UK- a monumental structure demonstrating all the grandeur of the Baroque era. The decoration of the building used classical baroque techniques and elements - excessively picturesque figures and walls, an abundance of stucco ornaments, a variety of stone details, contrasting colors. Architect K. Ren complemented the interior baroque decoration with carved benches and forged elements;
Church in Zacatecas, Mexico- one of the most striking examples of Baroque buildings. The cathedral was built in the mid-18th century on the city square Plaza de Armas. The facade of the building is especially richly decorated - voluminous compositions self made, original ornamental molding, columns and capitals, sculptures of heroes from biblical scenes.

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A characteristic feature of this style was not only the construction of expressive, majestic buildings, but the design of park areas for luxurious palaces. Thus, park ensembles included stone paths, fountains, statues, benches, railings, vases, and small stucco elements.

Not only religiously and nationally significant buildings were erected in the Baroque style. Architects of that period decorated the private residences of wealthy nobles to order. The architectural possibilities of this style were used to demonstrate the high social status and prestige of the customer. Therefore, even private buildings of this era are luxurious, grandiose, and shocking.

Until recently, plaster decorative fragments protruding from walls and ceilings were extremely popular. Interest in them when renovating apartments is still noted today, although modern decorators often prefer elements made of lightweight polyurethane rather than heavy plaster stucco. Of course, not all standard factory products can claim the uniqueness and sophistication that are inherent in hand-made gypsum stucco. To really understand and appreciate the difference between ready-made stucco and handmade, it is necessary to conduct a comparative analysis and understand all the nuances, pros and cons of these technologies.

Stucco Styles

When deciding on the design of their own home, owners strive to keep all its components in the same style. For those who want to emphasize representativeness and solidity in the interior of their home, designers recommend paying attention to a special type of decor - artistic stucco.

Plaster stucco fits perfectly into the stylized atmosphere of former times. Stucco molding goes well with almost all styles and does not burden the space at all (though only in those cases when it is chosen correctly). It naturally highlights the nuances of any style and makes it possible to make each room unique in its own way.

Empire style stucco

The Empire style originated in France in the 19th century. It associates imperial luxury, since its main motifs are ancient classicism and the architecture of that time.

The main differences of this style are:

wealth,
pomposity,
solemnity.

When creating an Empire interior, gilding is always used. Furniture of this style is always made of valuable wood and decorated with draperies, frescoes, engravings, and various metal decorations.

Colors used in this style:

deep red,
rich golden,
pure white,
noblest brown.

Distinctive fragments of Empire stucco:

mostly paraphernalia of war - laurel wreaths, heraldic eagles, spears, swords, shields;
decorated decorations - palmettes, symbols associated with the revolution, arabesques, Etruscan motifs;
the door panel is often decorated with a painted female figure in the style of ancient Roman painting.

stucco in Baroque style

It so happened that Baroque is to a greater extent a certain way of life, and then an architectural style. It is characterized by pomp, formality and festivity.

Characteristic fragments of the Baroque style are a variety of different decorative elements and a visual increase in space, achieved through the use of various sculptures, domes with several tiers, colonnades, and pilasters. The main fragment of such decor is large mirror with decoration made of gold or stucco, and in addition to it - fresco painting.

The colors used in Baroque creation are preferably pastel:

lactic,
all shades of pink and blue,
warm yellow.

The emphasis in shapes is on circles and roundness, rectangular parts and ovals.

In addition, architectural stucco remains an integral part of the Baroque.

Baroque stucco is characterized by:

volumetric stucco fragments - niches, cartouches, statues, vases, columns;
covering individual decorative fragments with gilding or gold leaf;
the ornaments mainly focus on dynamics and expressiveness; there are also motifs of plant origin: flowers, fruits, branches with foliage, wreaths;
the presence of many intricate and figured patterns, characters from ancient mythology.

stucco molding in classicism style

Classicism is a style that is still considered the most relevant and not subject to change. fashion trends. Classics have been and remain in demand in everything.

Classicism in modern interior characterized by restraint and simplicity, harmony and symmetry. The main task of the classical style is to preserve the main line, maintain harmony and balance between color and shape, express a certain flavor of the complemented modern materials.

Basic color palette: noble shades and calm tones:

baby blue,
green,
variations of pink,
purple,
and, of course, gold.

The uniqueness of classicism is:

columns,
mirrors,
stucco.

Stucco molding in classicism is expressed by: narrow cornices, pilasters, semi-columns and columns, porticoes and sculptures.

Ornamental decorations are geometrically clear:

straight lines,
rectangles,
squares,
ovals and circles.

In addition, there are antique motifs, details of agriculture, and love symbols.

Art Nouveau stucco

The Art Nouveau style began its formation in a period of change and change. It featured a successful compositional combination of painting, sculpture and decoration. Modern is a combination of softness, dynamism and asymmetry.

Style Colors:

delicate and light shades of green,
lilac,
pearl,
the whole palette of gray,
ocher,
gold.

The Art Nouveau style is characterized by the fact that it has practically no right angles, but at the same time, it is quite decorative and functional.

The Art Nouveau style focuses on stucco moldings, executed in a fluid and flexible manner using a floral theme. The most commonly used patterns are anything related to nature (variations of lilies, variety of fish, flowing water, shells, and so on).

Stucco in the interior

Stucco molding, be it gypsum or polyurethane, can really transform even the most ordinary city apartment beyond recognition.

During the renovation, a variety of decorative elements can be installed:

baseboards and sockets,
statues, cornices or caissons.

Nowadays, polyurethane stucco is more often used to decorate apartments; its attractiveness to the consumer is determined by:

long service life,
light weight of products of any size,
resistance to temperature changes,
ease of installation,
ability to maintain an attractive appearance for a long time,
ease of cleaning from dirt and dust,
environmental friendliness.

For example, with the help of decorative stucco molding you can quite successfully imitate a wooden coffer on the ceiling. For this you will need:

make a frame of identical cells over the entire ceiling area,
Decorate the ends with plaster baguettes.

The design of this option will require a significantly smaller amount than for the design of a similar option made of wood. And the visual perception of such a ceiling will be much lighter and more refined.

Regarding color solutions- there is no point in resorting to a combination various colors, because the modern interpretation of plaster works implies minimalism in color experiments.

Whatever option for using stucco molding the apartment owners choose, in any case they will be able to give their home elegance and sophistication, and hide some of the imperfections and irregularities on the surfaces of the walls and ceilings.

Decorative elements - plaster stucco on the walls, or bas-reliefs

Skillful handling of gypsum material and tools for working with it will allow you to realize almost any fantasy in creating a bas-relief. If desired, plaster bas-reliefs can be made quite voluminous (protruding 2-3 or more cm from the surface). In addition, the wall can be decorated with a landscape, the look of which, for some reason, the owners liked. For lovers of other areas of painting, landscape can be replaced with still life or abstraction. In other words, the image should please both the owners and other visitors to the house.

Before applying any image to the wall, it makes sense to make a preliminary sketch. This will help you understand exactly what the completed composition will look like. When creating an interior project, after the exact location of the bas-relief has been determined, you need to think about lighting points at night. If decorative lighting is installed both in the upper and lower parts, the composition will be more voluminous and emphasized. Only with this type of lighting can an advantageous play of shadows and light be achieved.

Stucco molding in the interior of the apartment

When creating an interior with stucco, it is worth remembering that all significant objects must be framed and emphasized. Even at the planning stage, it is worth deciding what exactly will act as the central composition or what exactly will become the main element that attracts maximum attention. In addition, attention can be attracted by a stucco frame to an expensive or worthy item. For example, you can create a neat frame around the area where you intend to place your TV or computer monitor. The edges of such a frame can be made either rectangular or given a more rounded shape using special, hand-made blanks in advance.

Regarding painting walls with stucco placed on them: experts advise sticking to painting both the walls and the stucco in the same color. But variations are not excluded in which tonal shades look very advantageous and appropriate. The main thing is to avoid too much contrast transition.

Stucco ornament, ceiling decoration

The work of decorating a gypsum ceiling is the simplest and most enjoyable. In the work of such a plan there is no attachment to production standards, templates and sizes. In such work there is an opportunity to think through and make all the details based only on personal criteria and desires. In cases where similar work are carried out by qualified specialists - they are given a clearly formulated task to bring their ideas to life.

We must not forget about the compositional plan and symmetry. The view of the ceiling from below must be ideal, thoughtful, and all small details must be precisely adjusted. Otherwise, all the work done may go down the drain.

When working with stucco, you need to be as scrupulous as possible and check absolutely every detail. Each fragment must be located in its place and be in interaction and harmony with other elements. When painting ceiling stucco, there is no point in resorting to a play of colors and shades. The best option is to take a monochrome and simple White color and paint them like ceiling canvas, and stucco.

Don't forget about the height of the ceiling. Leading designers claim that the greater the distance from the floor to the ceiling, the more voluminous and expressive the stucco molding can be made.

Wall decor with volumetric 3D panels

3D panels have been on the construction market for several years. But in recent years their popularity has increased significantly. They are produced, as before, from gypsum, and their production technologies have made a significant step forward.

Now they have become easier and more rational. If this option for volumetric stucco molding suits the owners, then it is enough to buy the required number of ready-made samples, install them, and then paint them in the desired color or shade.

DIY stucco molding

When starting to select fragments that will be present in the interior, you will first need to decide on the material from which they will be made. For example, modern design of the ceiling space, in almost all cases, provides for the presence of a plaster rosette located around the lighting fixture.

Before starting work on finishing the ceiling with gypsum stucco, you must have a full set of appropriate tools and the necessary raw materials on hand.

How to decorate the center of the ceiling with stucco yourself

Tools you will need:

container for mixing the solution
sandpaper
PVC molds
spatulas.

Classic design with alabaster or plaster occurs as follows:

alabaster or gypsum is reduced to a powdery state by kneading; lumps that cannot be kneaded must be removed from the total mass; After this, add to the resulting powder cold water; the final consistency of the solution should resemble thick kefir;
Fill pre-prepared forms with a well-mixed solution; to avoid the formation of voids in the forms, the solution must be thoroughly compacted using a spatula, the forms themselves should be pre-treated with a special lubricant that will prevent the gypsum from sticking;
after some time (about 15 minutes at room temperature), the frozen product is removed from the mold; after drying, the surface of the product is sanded with fine-grained sandpaper;
the use of heating devices for such work is strictly prohibited due to the likelihood of cracks and chips appearing on the product;
the resulting decorated product is attached to the surface of the ceiling or wall using mounting adhesive; the joints are sealed with putty, and after it has completely dried, they are cleaned;
Then, if desired, you can paint the stucco molding in the desired color or give it a light shade.

Ceiling stucco repair

During operation, any type of decorative finishing of a room begins to lose its attractiveness, i.e. Over time, it will require repair or restoration work.

If you need to repair stucco on the ceiling or walls, the procedure will be as follows:

complete cleaning of the gypsum surface of a decorative item from previously applied layers of whitewash or paint; cutters can be used to complete the work; in order to simplify the process of removing paint, its surface is moistened using a regular paint brush;
removal of dust from the cleaned surface and impregnation with a primer;
after the primer has dried, reconstruct the destroyed fragments using gypsum interior putty, eliminating all cracks, scratches and chips;
bringing each fragment to perfection using special cutters and sandpaper;
re-priming,
painting the stucco decoration or covering it with gilding.

Baroque is a European art movement characteristic of the 17th and early 18th centuries. The style represents not only a new stage in the development of classicism in architecture, stucco decoration, painting, design and sculpture, but also an entire era, a belief system, and the worldview of Europeans of that time.

Character traits

The Baroque style is characterized by external solemnity, splendor, and the desire for every possible visual increase in space due to a complex cascade, colonnades, and pilasters. The Baroque style is characterized by an abundance of sculptures both outside the room, on the facade, and inside. The interior corresponds to the general style with the presence of twisted columns and numerous mirrors, creating the visual effect of increasing the space. Large window openings and, of course, stucco are also used. Interiors made in the Baroque style use a variety of upholstered furniture with characteristically curved legs, carpets and tapestries; they are characterized by a general emphasized exaggeration, a certain theatricality of execution, sophistication and an abundance of decorative elements.

Stucco ornament

Made in the Baroque style, it is characterized by the use of ornaments made of heavy, massive garlands of flowers and fruits, shells. The main figure in the interior is an oval. The ornament also includes a diamond-shaped mesh - a trellis, a lambrequin, imitating a curtain and decorated with tassels. As a rule, a decorative composition is created in the interior, the center of which is the figure of a deity or some mythological character. In addition, the decor includes vases with flowers, trophies, cartouches and volutes.

You can use several delivery options:

transport company in Moscow. Delivery cost within 15 km from the Moscow Ring Road - from 3,000 rubles;
through transport organizations to the regions. Tariffs can be found on the websites of transport companies;
pickup.

The order is transferred to the delivery department immediately after confirmation of payment receipt.

Bringing Baroque into reality is actually not a very simple task. The style is quite expensive. Materials and accessories for it must be selected as carefully as possible.

Its second name is palace style. A living room in the Baroque style will be a room where there is a fairly rich decoration, complex decorative elements, as well as a variety of materials used.

In the photos of Baroque living rooms offered in this article, you can clearly see for yourself what this style is and how it should be decorated correctly.

Many elements in this style are antique. Geometry here is considered to be curved forms, which increases the level of their dynamism. A true baroque style will fit perfectly into a large living room, where you can swing it well, so to speak, on a grand scale.

The main emphasis here should be on the plasticity of lines and shapes, as well as decorative items.

When decorating the interior of a baroque living room, you should be guided by the basic principle of monumentalization. Here it is common to use ornateness, ornaments, volume, and also be sure to remember the richness of the decor.

The irreplaceable elements here are painting (in particular, frescoes) along with stucco. Moreover, they are used to decorate walls and ceilings. To decorate the walls, long versions of fabric carpets are also used here.

The focal point here will be one or even several large mirrors. They must also be decorated with stucco and gilding. Images of tree branches, large leaves, and large flowers are used here. They are also the motives on which the ornaments used in Baroque living rooms are made.

Here it is also worth mentioning the mandatory presence of items with instructions using expensive materials, from which silver and gold are used. It is also worth using: marble, copper, ivory, mosaic, etc. As you have already noticed in the photo, the baroque living room is decorated with paintings, sculptures, statues, tapestries, living plants, and flowers.

Dematerialization also plays a significant role here. In other words, paintings and sculpture in decoration become as if incorporeal, and architectural elements become more picturesque.

It should be noted that classicism is preserved in this style. This type of symmetry should be taken into account when decorating and arranging furniture. Despite the fact that it is a real art in the interior of a baroque style living room.

Every piece of furniture, no matter what we are talking about, is upholstered here with expensive materials, on which there are lush ornaments. As for cabinet furniture, it is necessarily large-sized, with impressive dimensions.

At a time when true Baroque style was in trend, furniture was made from southern walnut and Ceylon ebony.

Today, with the help of expensive wood, the historical style can also be perfectly recreated. However, it can be replaced with cheaper analogues. But the shape and upholstery must be preserved.

When decorating a baroque living room design, the following furniture is suitable here:

Chairs must have carved backs
Armchairs with sofas have smooth shapes, necessarily carved legs, metal trim, etc. You can even buy a hanging chair.
Dressers will have drawers
Massive bronze clock standing on the floor
Console
A must-have canape daybed

If the hall includes a dining area, the table in it should have a tabletop made of solid wood with marble and mother-of-pearl decoration. The most preferred shape is round.

In general, a living room in the Baroque style is sure to be filled with bright colors. Light and shadow play here. As for the choice of colors, gold is chosen. It will be everywhere - on paintings, upholstery, furniture, textiles, etc. This can be used in tablecloths, candelabra, and mirrors. For example, pink, which was used in the old days, will be an excellent background for emphasizing the sophistication of luxury items in the interior. Pale gold is used only in some details.

Door handles should also be gold plated, and the same goes for some lamps. The floor is being finished dark color, most preferably in anthracite/blackcurrant colour.

Choose red capes, velvet fabrics - for capes, silk. The same goes for accessories and decorative elements. It is better to decorate the windows here with heavy curtains. Every corner receives great attention. At the same time, everything is sure to fit together perfectly!

Photo of baroque style design in the interior

Empire style
The style of the first third of the 19th century, completing the evolution of classicism. He used the same motifs of ancient architecture as the classicism of the 18th century. (an order system, a portico with columns, topped with a pediment or attic and highlighting the central part of the building, rustication of the lower tier), but was distinguished by a desire for greater rigor and simplicity, and in some cases - for severe massiveness of forms. In the architectural decor of the Empire style, military emblems predominate (lictorial bundles, laurel wreaths, torches, geniuses of glory, etc.).
Luxury is the main element of this style. The Empire style in the interior repeats the desire to demonstrate grandeur through the use of elements such as columns, pilasters, and cornices. What significantly distinguishes the Empire style from other areas of classicism is the decor: gilding on pieces of furniture, frescoes, always light ceilings with stucco and the constant heads and paws of animals and birds. It is impossible to imagine interior design in the Empire style without heavy, massive furniture with details reminiscent of architectural objects - arches, columns. It was during the period of dominance in Empire style design that the use of furniture made of expensive mahogany became popular. In general, the Empire style is the personification of imperial luxury, where classical severity coexists with restrained but rather impressive decor.

Revolutionary symbols (oak branches, spear); the warlike nature of the ornament - bows, arrows, quivers, trophies, lions, imperial eagles, laurel wreaths; the door panel is often decorated with a flying female figure in the spirit of Pompeian paintings; garlands of wide borders alternate with images of swans and sphinxes.

AR Deco
Art Deco style is the face of the Jazz Age and the period of interwar prosperity, a visual reflection of the “roaring 20s”. Art Deco is a symbol of wealth and luxury of the new century, which is reflected in everything: expensive materials (precious wood, exotic animal skins, ivory), bright rich color combinations, as a rule, more than 3 colors are used, and it looks amazingly holistic and the unexpectedly beautiful wide use of metal in design (aluminum, stainless steel, bronze), the obligatory inclusion of numerous decorative elements - sculptures, stucco moldings, mosaics (popular “heroes” of Art Deco: birds, exotic animals, languid female figures). However, unlike the sophisticated Empire style, Art Deco interior design is rational and thoughtful and is not overloaded with decor. Classic clean lines and the use of simple geometric shapes are not overshadowed in Art Deco interiors by excessive and kitschy riot of decor.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Geometric shapes: right angles and lines, strict vertical divisions. Elements in the form of zigzags and triangles.

Baroque

The Baroque style characterizes all trends in the life of Europeans at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. Baroque is not only another round of development of classicism in architecture, design, painting and sculpture, but also an entire era associated with a certain worldview, the system of views of Europeans on the surrounding reality. The Baroque era is considered the real beginning of the rise of Western civilization. Baroque is characterized by solemnity and splendor, all possible ways of visually increasing space - through colonnades, complex, multi-tiered domes, pilasters. Baroque is characterized by an abundance of sculptures on the façade and indoors. Baroque in the interior echoed the general architectural features of the style - twisted columns, stucco molding, numerous mirrors, which are responsible for creating the effect of additional space, large window openings. Furniture in Baroque styles is necessarily upholstered, varied - couches, footstools, numerous legs and curved shapes characteristic of Baroque design. Carpets, wood and tapestries are other Baroque furnishings. One of the forms of Baroque, phase or even movement is Rococo. The Rococo style, like the Baroque, is an exaggerated, emphasized theatricality in interior design, sophistication and an abundance of decorative elements.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Heavy garlands of flowers and fruits, shell motifs; The favorite shape in interior decoration is oval. In addition to classical acanthuses and trophies, the ornament is replete with volutes, cartouches, dragons, vases with flowers; diamond-shaped mesh with small rosettes (trellis); an ornament imitating a lambrequin curtain decorated with tassels; a decorative composition with a central figure of a deity or mythological character in an ornamental frame.

Rococo

Rococo in the interior is distinguished by playfulness, increased attention to mythology and erotic scenes in the design, and in general, hints at the intimacy and privacy of a room decorated in the Rococo style. The plane of the wall is broken by mirrors and decorative panels in an asymmetrical bizarre frame consisting of curls - not a single straight line, not a single right angle. Rococo art was built on asymmetry. Rococo dresses up every item, covering it with garlands of curls, inlays, and patterns. Speaking of colors, this style was characterized by so-called foam pastels with shades of coral pink, gray blue, soft green, lavender and pale yellow. In its modern incarnation, the Rococo style involves the use of any one pastel color, contrasting it with another, usually complementary color. This approach enlivens the entire color scheme used, and the look of the room gets a second wind.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Asymmetry (oblique axis of the composition, curved contours dominating over straight lines); motifs of S- and C-shaped curls intertwined with each other; Shell motifs play a major role, the shell turns into a palmette, the conventional ornament is called rocaille. Venus becomes the main mythological deity; she is surrounded by cupids, nymphs, and satyrs.

Greek
Greek style is architecture ancient Rome and Greece. This style arose on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even a kind of standard for such movements as Classicism, Neoclassicism, and Renaissance. Since the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the Greek style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched order cell).
The interior in Ancient Greece is distinguished by rationality and simplicity, aesthetics, harmony and clarity. The “human” dimension is proportions that do not dominate, but are commensurate with the inhabitants of the home. A courtyard is an essential component of a Greek home; the plan of the entire house was formed around it. A circle inscribed in a square is not only a favorite motif of Greek ornament, but also the cornerstone of Greek philosophy: harmony and perfection of form with depth of content. At first glance, it is not easy to fit the Greek style into a modern apartment. But nothing is impossible for professionals. The Greek style is, first of all, a large rectangular hall, along the perimeter of which there are doors to the remaining rooms of the room. Therefore, at the very beginning of the renovation in the Greek style, it will be necessary to do a remodel so that it is possible to reflect the Greek style. Most of our apartments cannot boast of a large area, so if you like the Greek style, but have small rooms, you can limit yourself to purchasing various decorative elements in this style. Another feature of the Greek style is that columns should be located in the corners of the hall - an idea of the ancient Romans. The Greek style columns are smooth, with capitals, they hold ceiling beams. The contrast of white columns, borders, white furniture and sculptures with rich color the walls are ocher-yellow, red or sky blue, pastel colors next to marble veins are the “calling card” of the style. The Greek style ceiling can be either smooth or embossed with floral patterns. Well, what is Greek style without Greek vases and sculptures!
You can make niches in the walls in which decorations will be placed, emphasizing the Greek style. If you plan to use the Greek style in all rooms of the apartment, then it is better to decorate each room in an original style so that the ornaments are not repeated. The floor in the hallway can be laid with ceramic granite, which will resemble the ancient mosaic masonry that characterizes the Greek style, and in some rooms you can lay handmade carpets. A real fireplace in the Greek style will add solidity to the interior, but in apartments it is better to install an electric fireplace with a stucco frame that will imitate the Greek style.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Columns, motifs of grapes, flowers and fruits, sculptures, Greek vases on stands.

Egyptian
The mysterious Egyptian civilization continues to intrigue people millennia later. Perhaps that is why one of the popular trends in ethnic style in interior design is Egyptian. The Egyptian-style interior is characterized by the use of columns, sculptures, frescoes and bas-reliefs. All forms are simple, straight lines with smoothed corners and arches. Interior design in Egyptian style is usually made in warm light colors, because the great empire of antiquity worshiped the sun god Ra. All shades of yellow - from the color of dunes to gold - these are the colors designers prefer to use when creating an interior in the Egyptian style. Fabrics play a rather important role - numerous drapery, canopies light shades- beige and white - all these are indispensable elements of the Egyptian style. The fabrics used are also light and usually plain. The main pieces of furniture in Egypt were chairs and couches. They used dark types of wood, which were covered with carvings, enamel and inserts made of gilding and mother-of-pearl. Decorative items include vases, mats, and figurines of mythological creatures and deities. The Egyptian style is emphasized by interior items brought from the homeland of the pharaohs, especially since getting them is not very difficult.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Hieroglyphs are the leading ornament; the cult of the Sun acquires great importance and the basis of the ornamentation is based on plant motifs - lotus, papyrus, palm trees, vines, branches fruit trees, images of birds, fish and animals. Geometric patterns predominate; softness and plasticity of forms. The desire to avoid right angles and round off kinks.

Classicism

Classicism is an enduring style that does not lose relevance and is not subject to fleeting fashion. Classicism in architecture is a tribute to ancient standards of beauty and forms in architecture, which for many centuries continue to fascinate and win hearts. The cornerstones of classicism - harmony, restraint and straightforwardness of forms, symmetry and simplicity - always remain in demand and relevant, and classics in the interior invariably find new fans.
Classic interior design is relevant both in the design of private houses and apartments, and in public spaces. Large companies and offices of banks and financial institutions, with the help of classic interior design, quite often emphasize the strong traditions and sustainability of their business - after all, classicism is a style that has stood the test of time. Modern classic in the interior is not synonymous with “monotony” and “banality” - it appears in numerous forms and can look more relevant and original than a high-tech interior.
Classicism in the interior can organically reflect the national flavor of housing or public space, complemented by non-standard modern materials, but at the same time maintain the “general line” of the style - the desire for harmony of shapes and colors.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Static and balanced design with clear, precise divisions of straight lines, squares, rectangles, circles, ovals; sockets are used - square, rectangular, round, oval; acanthus leaves, laurel leaves, flowers, palmettes, knots and loops of twisted cords; carved ornaments of doors and piers consist of a repetition of a simple motif - garlands of leaves, acanthus, ionica, olive, attributes of agriculture (erp, rakes, wicker baskets), symbols of love - a torch, kissing birds.

Roman
The Roman style has ancient roots, it evolved over the centuries, was modified somewhat, but was invariably original in its execution. The Roman style is inextricably linked with arches, as they are able to create perspective, pilasters, and a stucco rosette installed on end wall, which will give this ensemble a certain completeness. The Roman style, in terms of wall niches, fits well into the new compartments and antique mirrors with a table. The color scheme of the walls, if the Roman style is used, should have a distinctive decor and at the same time differ in contrasts in the form of peace or certain activity. A living room with a Roman style can be finished with tiles with outlines natural stone or marble. The frescoes and decorative plaster. It is impossible to imagine the Roman style in the interior of the living room without niches in the walls that would be filled with various antique vases and busts.
Since ancient times, the Roman style has been distinguished by its extraordinary heights in terms of engineering art. The Roman style accustomed us to various types of buildings, unusual compositions, and most importantly, scale. First of all, the Roman style attracts not only with its certain power, beauty and massive decorativeness, but also with the fact that it can adapt to any practical and everyday issues. The Roman style is characterized by expediency and logic, precise scale and proportions, as well as conciseness.
Roman style has always been associated with wealth and magnificent forms. The main task that the Roman style carries with itself is the convenience of living space, as well as its perceived beauty. Roman style combines functionality, aesthetics and the desire for harmony between them.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Ornamental motifs from oak leaves, piña cones, grapes, palm trees, ears of corn; lush garlands of flowers and fruits, human figures; infinitely varied weaving motifs.

Romanticism

Romanticism is considered characteristic style for creative and poetic natures. The romanticism style is characterized by sophistication, elegance, and plastic lines. Romanticism is light and sophisticated interior style. The interior of the romanticism style is one of key concepts modern design. He is distinguished primarily by his deep individuality, because era of romanticism focuses specifically on the personality and its individual perception.
Romanticism seems to be timeless, since it is in no hurry to part with old beautiful things. Romantic style sets people up for a pleasant time with their family, attracts us with slight nostalgia. Modern romanticism is characterized by restraint. Color spectrum interior selected mainly from natural tones; creamy white color in combination with pink and lilac shades is suitable. The walls are usually made plain and light for the bathroom and kitchen, while for the living room, bedroom and dining room you can use more bright colors- cream, peach, light brown. Striped wallpaper with a discreet geometric or floral pattern, often textile. The walls at the top are often finished with a stucco cornice or border, and at the bottom with wooden decorative panel, which can be made in color with wallpaper. Floor covering - parquet or carpet. Very elegant interior in romantic style will be complemented by a fireplace around which sofas and armchairs are arranged. In the spirit of romanticism there will also be flowers - dry roses, daisies in bouquets and vases, fresh flowers in pots. Items and attributes romantic interior should not overload the premises. These are elegant small figurines, candles in tall candlesticks, pillows different sizes, porcelain dolls, books and much more. Romantic Interior Design- the most comfortable and very cozy accommodation, the way it should be. In general, the romanticism style is always elegance, special warmth and an attempt to get closer to the ideal. The main thing is not to overdo it with the decor, maintain the overall color, adhere to color unity and remember - everything is good in moderation.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Folklore and natural forms of decor. Particularly relevant for romanticism is floral ornament, the motifs of which are stylized flowers, shoots, leaves and branches of plants, and the forms of the ornament may, as a result, differ from natural forms and even not coincide with them at all; the use of smooth plastic lines in the decor - the absence of sharp corners and sharply defined shapes; discreet geometric or floral design.

Renaissance

The Renaissance style arose during the Renaissance and dominated in the 15th-17th centuries. The era of the flourishing of culture and science could not help but affect architecture and interior decoration palaces - an emphasized richness of decoration reigns throughout, borrowed from ancient Greek and Roman traditions. Thus, the Renaissance interior is characterized by large spacious rooms, decorated with rounded arches and columns. The style pays a lot of attention to decoration, mostly borrowed from large architectural forms - columns, cornices and pilasters, antique sculptures, foliage ornaments, wall and ceiling paintings. Despite the general eclecticism of the Renaissance, inspired by ancient architecture and the Gothic style, the fundamental one is still the fairly rational principle of the golden ratio, which allows the interior to drown in a clutter of decor. The Renaissance style in the interior is characterized by the use of massive furniture made of black or light wood (oak, walnut). The central pieces of furniture are the bed and cabinets - they have a rather monumental appearance, as do the tables - round on one central leg, shaped like a column, or square and oval on two massive supports. In addition to wood, the Renaissance interior was characterized by the abundant use of marble. Thus, a wide marble staircase can serve as the central element of a house built in the Renaissance style.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Acanthus, oak leaves, grapevine; various elements of the animal world combined with the image of a naked human body. Ionics, beads, meander, braiding, scales, ribbon, shell motif, diamond rustication are used; the coat of arms in a wreath of flowers, supported by "putti" (naked, plump babies). Roman decorative motifs are used - strings of pearls, plant shoots, cornucopia, lion heads, dolphins, winged sphinxes; grotesque (images of intertwined plant shoots and acanthus curls with human figures, half-figures, masks, chimeras).

Eclecticism
Eclecticism as a style in architecture appeared in 1830 and was popular until the end of the 19th century, going through several stages of its development. In general, eclecticism met the requirements of the era - an increase in construction volumes, an increase in the importance of the functionality of buildings. In addition, the emergence of the “eclectic” architectural style is associated with some fatigue from the rigid framework of previous classic styles in architecture. Despite the frequent perception of eclecticism as a kind of bad taste, it successfully came into use in the era of romanticism, where the ideas of abandoning rigid rules and canons dominated and the freedom of movement, expression of thoughts and forms was opposed. As an architectural style, eclecticism was the result of a rethinking of previous styles, replacing one another. Eclecticism in the interior is a combination of two or three styles close to each other - baroque, empire, classicism, baroque. Unlike the fusion style, eclecticism still remains within the boundaries of design trends that harmoniously combine with each other and do not contradict each other. This rule also applies at the level of harmoniously combined materials, colors, and textures. The “eclectic” style in the interior is characterized by the use of a large amount of textiles, soft curved and rounded shapes, an abundance of decor and often ethnic motifs. Nowadays, eclecticism does not lose its relevance due to the desire for a certain love of freedom in the interior. When decorating rooms in an eclectic style, vintage items and handmade furniture are often used, along with numerous pillows that emphasize comfort.
Eclecticism is popular not only in creating private interiors of apartments, apartments and houses, but also in creating interiors for offices, public spaces of boutiques, salons, hotels and other premises for mass visits.

Modern

Art Nouveau style (or Art Nouveau) is a popular movement in art, including architecture and design, which appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Art Nouveau was a kind of response to outdated eclecticism - a mixture of classical styles popular in previous centuries. The Art Nouveau architectural style, as well as its other manifestations, was characterized by a rejection of symmetry, straight lines and clear geometry that dominated classicism. Art Nouveau design is characterized by curves, rounded lines, multi-levels and asymmetry. Simplicity replaces the pathos and conservatism of neoclassicism and empire style. Art Nouveau decor combined functionality and decorativeness in the best possible way. Moreover, decor in Art Nouveau is not pompous excess and not a necessary manifestation of status, but a rather unobtrusive inclusion of floral ornaments (the most famous symbol modernism - iris). From the point of view of the interior, the Art Nouveau style promoted the rejection of right angles, novelty, experimentation and originality, a departure from monumentality towards “natural”, natural lines and elements. Art Nouveau quite strongly encouraged the development of applied art. Therefore, in Art Nouveau architecture, interiors, furniture, stained glass windows, and even dishes created in the same style are often used (ceramics were especially strongly influenced by Art Nouveau). Interiors in the Art Nouveau style fit perfectly into the spaces of modern apartments - they perfectly match large spaces, the popularity of original and non-conservative design solutions, the desire for simplification and rationalization without sacrificing elegance. All this is perfectly embodied in the design in the Art Nouveau style.
Characteristic ornament of stucco decoration:
Everything that is created by nature - plants, shellfish shells, fish scales, the play of water flows, therefore, the principle of natural growth - from the inside out - was taken as the basis for the tectonic structure of the building. Wavy curved lines that express dynamics in the plane; sea wave motifs, climbing plants, flowers of irises, lilies, cyclamens, as well as swan necks rhyming with plant forms, languid and pale female faces - maidens with long wavy hair, twisting arms and flowing folds of lush clothes.

Gothic

Gothic (from Italian gotico - “Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe of Goths”) developed in the 12th-15th centuries in northern France. This is the first pan-European style, which in the twentieth century became an international epithet. Everything elongated, pointed, stretching upward with all our might is perceived by us as “Gothic”: ancient Russian tented churches, expressionism Novgorod icons, even American skyscrapers. It is quite difficult to reproduce the pure Gothic style in a modern room, but elements of this style are actively used both in the interior design of country houses and in the interior design of apartments. Lancet stained glass windows, forged spiral staircases - all this is in perfect harmony with the decorative design of artificial stone. To decorate the basement of the walls and the fireplace area, samples are used that imitate smooth cobblestone, expressive wild stone, and rough limestone. The necessary “castle” effect is also created by framed artificial stone door portals and window openings. An interesting impression arises from the use of contrasting colors and textures.
Molding decorative pattern: rectilinear geometric shapes transform into curvilinear weaving, the shape of a pointed arch, a spherical triangle; plant motifs of local flora (burdock, oak, ivy, clover, rose), two-leaf and trefoil motifs are widespread, as well as human heads, figures, episodes from the Bible, centaurs, sirens, leaves turning into faces; sculptural stone friezes in the form of tightly woven and twisted branches and leaves; architectural forms are transformed into ornamental motifs.

Ultrabaroque

Ultra-Baroque (Neo-Baroque, from Portuguese perola barroca - “pearl of a bizarre shape”) is a style of paradoxical personalities, lovers of life, who know how to taste every moment. The concept of the Ultra-Baroque style dictates the interpenetration of genres and trends, a combination of the sensual and intellectual, sophisticated and rough, asceticism and arrogant luxury, reality and mysticism. In semicircles, ovals, rectangles that make up the main lines of the house, vaulted and domed shapes of fancy roofs, towers and turrets, numerous stucco balconies and bay windows, framed around the perimeter with plant decor. Behind the external pomp, pomp and demonstrative well-being, there is a feeling of illusoryness, fragility and sophistication. Carved columns with luxurious capitals, an ornate façade, intense and dynamic structures of the house, lush and massive grand staircases betray a desire for grandeur and almost royal comfort, but the interior design of the room is dominated by graceful and playful lines, whimsical ornamentation gives rise to amazing associations. In interior design in the Ultra-Baroque style, it is important to observe moderation - no matter how strange it may sound: after all, this multi-faceted style, which has greedily absorbed the brightest features of many trends, does not at all exclude the presence of taste and demanding selectivity. Various ceramic tiles are a great helper in decorating internal space in the Ultra-Baroque interior style.
Ornament of stucco decoration: ornate lines, fancy ornaments; theatrical fusion of baroque ornaments; the stucco molding is decorated with flowers, leaves, birds; lack of straight lines and angles; a graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates; fancy convex asymmetrical pattern; floral decor; In addition to classical acanthuses and trophies, the ornament is replete with volutes, cartouches, dragons, and vases of flowers.