Three technologies for the implementation of interfloor overlap. Overlappings between floors: we build ourselves

The main requirements for floors when building a house are durability, low sound conductivity, strength, increased water resistance, fire resistance and rigidity. All this applies to both the basement and the attic, and, of course, the floors between floors. The main types of interfloor floors are monolithic reinforced concrete girders, monolithic non-girder reinforced concrete and precast reinforced concrete flooring. The most commonly used ones are wooden beams.

What are floors in construction and what are slabs made of

Below you will find out what floors are in construction and what are the features of their installation.

Slabs are the main structural parts of a building. Specific gravity the cost of floors and floors is 18-20% of the total cost of the house.

What are floor slabs used in construction made of? Ceilings consist of a load-bearing part that transfers the load to the walls or individual supports, and a fencing, which includes floors and ceilings. Overlappings must meet the requirements of strength, rigidity, fire resistance, durability, sound insulation, thermal insulation.

What materials are used for the construction of interfloor floors? According to the material of the load-bearing part, the floors are on wooden and steel beams, as well as reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete floor structures are divided into prefabricated, assembled from ready-made prefabricated elements, and monolithic, concreted at the site of the building being erected.

Overlappings between floors with wooden beams and their dimensions

Wooden floors usually consist of beams, which are the supporting part of the floor structure, inter-girder filling intended for sound insulation or thermal insulation, and a finishing layer of the ceiling.

The upper layer of the inter-girder volume is usually sound and heat insulating fillers, the lower one - supporting the insulation, called a run-up.

As wooden floor beams, wooden beams are often used rectangular section... Along the bars, cranial bars are nailed to their side edges to support the roll on them. Bars measuring 40 × 50 mm are covered with an antiseptic and nailed to the bars with nails d = 4.5 mm, 1 = 125 mm every 300 mm.

For interfloor floors, wooden beams are used of two types: BD - with cranial bars fixed on both sides, and BO with bars nailed on one side.

The ends of the beams are beveled to increase the surface of moisture evaporation from the beams and to provide an air gap between the end of the beam and the masonry. The distance between the layers of beams made of beams is taken from 600 to 1100 mm.

Fastening wooden floor beams with installation video

It is recommended to use shields as a run-up on which the insulation is laid. There are two types of roll-up boards: ShchS - with solid support of the shield on the cranial bars or shelves of glued beams and SHP - with support on the beams using transverse strips.

Along with wooden boards, rolls of ribbed or hollow gypsum or lightweight concrete blocks are used, which are somewhat heavier than wooden ones, but non-combustible and resistant to decay. To achieve the necessary sound insulation from air transfer along the roll, a clay-sand grease with a thickness of 20-30 mm is made, on top of which a backfill of slag or dry calcined sand with a thickness of 60-80 mm is laid.

Backfill and lubrication increase the soundproofing of the floor. The grease closes the gaps between the knurled boards and leaks at the junction with the beams, the filling made of porous material absorbs part of the sound waves.

Above cold basements, undergrounds and in attic ceilings, the backfill is thermal insulation.

Timber floor construction consists of plank flooring made of planed grooved boards. Fastening of wooden floor beams is carried out with nails to logs from plates laid across the beams at a distance of 500-700 mm.

Under the entire floor area, thanks to the lags, a continuous air gap is created, which communicates with the room air through the grilles located in the floor at the corners of the rooms. This ensures the ventilation of the underfloor space and the removal of water vapor from it.

When laying wooden floor beams at the intersection of logs with beams, elastic spacers of two or three layers are used roll material or semi-rigid hardboard, which increases the insulation of the floor from the transfer of sounds.

To reduce the height of the floors between floors, the wooden beams are placed directly on the beams, however, the absence of lags worsens sound insulation and makes it difficult to level the floor during installation.

The cracks between the wall and the floor are closed with wooden bars of a shaped profile. A bar nailed to the floor is called a fillet, to the wall - a plinth. In this case, the underground is ventilated through a slotted plinth or ventilation grilles in the plinths.

The lower surface of the wooden floors - the ceiling - is upholstered with sheets of dry plaster or plaster on the shreds.

To support the ends of wooden beams on stone walls, nests are usually left in the latter. When moist air penetrates into the nests of the outer walls from the room during the cold season, water vapor will condense when it touches the cold walls of the nest. Therefore, when supporting wooden beams on stone external walls, the ends of the beams are protected from condensation moisture and decay - they are treated with an antiseptic - 3% sodium fluoride solution for a length of 750 mm, and lateral surfaces the ends of the beams for isolation from them the masonry is pasted over in two layers with tar paper on resin. The sockets for the beams are made in such a size that gaps with a width of 20-30 mm remain around their ends. The gaps are tightly filled with mortar, which protects the ends of the beams from access to water vapor from the room. The ends of the beams are not glued with tar paper, which makes it possible for moisture to evaporate from the wood, and water vapor comes out of the nest through the masonry.

The embedment depth is taken equal to 180 mm. A gap of at least 30 mm should be left between the end of the beam and the masonry in order to avoid contact of the end of the beam with the masonry and in order to ensure the evaporation of moisture from it.

The video "Overlapping on wooden beams" will help you better understand the technology of the process:

Reinforcement and installation of wooden floor beams

To strengthen the wooden floor beams, in order to increase their rigidity and stability, the ends of the beams are anchored (fixed) into the walls. The steel anchor is attached to the beam with one end, and the other end is embedded in the masonry. Anchors are placed through the beam.

When the beams are supported on interior walls their ends are anchored and insulated from the masonry with two layers of tar paper. Based on soundproofing and fire safety considerations, the gap between the beams and the walls of the nests is sealed with mortar. The ends of the beams every 3 beams are tied with steel plates with a section of 6 × 50 mm.

For the device of overlapping on wooden beams in sanitary facilities, a continuous flooring of grooved bars with a thickness of 50-60 mm is laid, a waterproofing carpet is glued on the flooring, and a clean floor is laid on it, for example, from ceramic tiles or ceramic granite on a layer of cement mortar, reinforced with thin wire.

The bottom of the beams should be left covered for better ventilation. All wooden floor elements must be antiseptic. The peculiarity of attic floors on wooden beams is the presence of thermal insulation, laid between the beams.

When installing wooden floor beams from the bottom of the roll, a vapor barrier made of roll material is arranged under the plaster, which protects the wood from decay when it is moistened in the cold season due to the penetration of water vapor from the upper floor into the attic floor.

In order to protect the thermal insulation of attics from displacement and compaction when walking on it, boards are laid on the beams in the directions of probable movement.

Installation of beam monolithic reinforced concrete floors

Beam reinforced concrete floors are made of T-profile beams and filling between them. As a filling, a roll is used from gypsum concrete or lightweight concrete slabs 80 mm thick and 395 mm long, reinforced with wooden slats, bar frames for interfloor floors, or lightweight concrete slabs 90 mm thick and 385 mm long, reinforced with steel welded mesh for attic floors. In order to isolate from airborne sound transmission, the gaps between the roll and the beams are sealed with mortar, and slag or other insulation is poured along the roll.

Instead of rolling, lightweight concrete double-hollow stones are used - liners with a height of 250 mm and a length of 195 mm. The gaps between stones and beams are carefully filled with cement mortar. This increases the stiffness of the floor and gives it solidity. Grouting provides improved sound insulation.

To be able to use the same types of beams in monolithic reinforced concrete girders with different payloads of the same types of beams, different distances between their axes are set - 600, 800 and 900 mm for slab rolls and 600 mm for filling from stones - inserts. In this case, the width of the rolling slabs is 510, 710 and 910 mm, respectively, and of the liners - 510 mm.

Thermal insulation in joists is placed between the beams, using as thermal insulation mineral wool slabs.

Elements of girder floors are relatively lightweight and therefore are used on buildings equipped with low-capacity cranes - up to 1 ton.

Slabs are monolithic non-girder reinforced concrete and prefabricated flooring

In non-girder reinforced concrete floors, slabs with a thickness of 150-200 mm rest directly on columns, in the upper part of which there are widening, called capitals.

The grid of columns with non-girder overlap is assumed to be square or close to square with a side size of 5-6 m.

Beamless monolithic reinforced concrete floors are used for heavy loads and, if necessary, have a smooth ceiling.

Reinforced concrete floors in the form of decking are used in brick houses... For the device of floors of brick houses, floorings with a height of 220 mm with round voids are used. Overlappings in the form of decking consist of a plane or ribbed elements of the same type, laid close and connected to each other by filling the gaps between them with cement mortar. The elements laid close to one another form a continuous floor structure, consisting of a bearing reinforced concrete part, a sound and heat insulating layer and a floor structure. Decking slabs do not require beams, the decks are supported by purlins or walls.

For the device of precast reinforced concrete flooring with spans of 9 and 12 m, prestressed hollow-core floorings with a height of 220 and 300 mm are used, and for coatings - ribbed floorings of the "T" and "2T" type.

When device reinforced concrete floors in sanitary facilities, a waterproofing layer is introduced into the floor structure. To do this, 1-2 layers of roofing material on bitumen mastic are usually glued over the flooring or panels. In places of abutment to walls or partitions, the waterproofing is raised upwards by 100 mm.

More often, the glued waterproofing of floors in sanitary facilities is replaced with a device of a cement-sand screed 30 mm thick from a cement mortar of 1: 3 composition. Cement-sand screed shut in a 3% sodium aluminate solution. Such a screed is a completely reliable and simpler protection against water penetration through the ceiling than pasting with roll material.

Waterproofing screeds from cement-sand mortars with the addition of ferric chloride, which reduce water permeability.

In the attic floors, on top of reinforced concrete flooring or panels, first a vapor barrier is laid from one or two layers of glassine or tar-leather on the appropriate mastic, and then a layer of insulation. Slag, expanded clay or other materials are usually used as insulation. To reduce weight and labor intensity, heaters are used - fiberboard, aerated concrete slabs, mineral wool slabs and others.

Interfloor overlaps in a private house

An indispensable element of any structure is an interfloor overlap. This is a busy part of the building that performs a number of tasks. Overlappings between floors in a private house divide the space inside the building into independent zones. The interfloor structure not only performs a separating function, but also insulates the living space, absorbs noise, and also ensures the rigidity of the building box. For the construction, various building materials are used, which differ in characteristics and installation technology.

Interfloor overlap of the house

What should be the overlap between floors in a private house

Overlapping between floors is a critical element of the structure, to which a number of requirements are imposed. The overlapping base must have the following properties:

to be durable. Under the influence of its own weight and loads from equipment, interior items, cracks should not appear and the rigidity of the structure should not decrease. The level of perceived loads per square meter varies from the functional purpose of individual rooms and is for attic spaces- 110 kg, and for the basement and interfloor base - 210 kg;
differ in high rigidity. Overlapping structures connect the main walls of the building box into a common power loop, providing elevated level stability of the structure. Under the influence of forces, the minimum deflection arrow is allowed, which is 1/200 for the foundations of attic rooms and 1/250 for floors located above the base;
reliably soundproof the room. The base must prevent the access of external noise. The use of effective sound-absorbing materials and the sealing of gaps in the joint areas can reduce the negative influence of noise factors and create favorable conditions in room;
reduce heat loss. Application thermal insulation materials allows you to reduce the coefficient of thermal conductivity. By reducing heat loss, the cost of maintaining a favorable temperature is reduced. An increased layer of insulation should be installed above the plinth, as well as at the level of the attic;
resist exposure to open flames and high temperatures. In the event of a fire hazard, the ceilings in the house between the floors should not allow the spread of fire, temporarily localizing the fire source. Fire resistance depends on the material used and is for plastered wood structures - 15 minutes, reinforced concrete 1 hour. Metal constructions have a maximum fire resistance threshold.

Overlapping between floors is a critical element of the structure.

Overlappings between floors also allow you to maintain an individual microclimate in each room, restrain moisture penetration and functionally divide the structure into zones.

Ceilings in the house between floors - classification and varieties

The classification provides for the separation of protective structures according to the following criteria:

location;
the main purpose;
constructive performance;
construction method.

By placement, protective structures are divided into types that have the following purpose:

attic. They insulate the residential part of the building, creating a reliable barrier with a cold attic. They are built using heaters that do not collapse under conditions high humidity and temperature jumps. Includes a vapor barrier layer;
interfloor. Share inner space a residential building for independent premises, each of which has its own purpose and is characterized by a stable microclimate. They do not require the use of moisture-proof and heat-shielding materials and fulfill their main purpose related to sound insulation;
basements. They reliably insulate the basement of the building, which is not heated, and living rooms. Insulation layer prevents heat loss.

Basement floors

Depending on the design features, the floors are divided into the following groups:

beam. They are made in the form of horizontal girders, a filler placed in the inter-girder space, and a material that forms the floor or ceiling;
bezel-less. They are made of independent reinforced concrete panels manufactured at enterprises, or individual slabs reinforced with steel reinforcement;
combined. This is a prefabricated version of the supporting base, made of power beams, between which solid blocks are placed.

Let's dwell on design features of various floors, we will analyze their advantages and weaknesses.

In beam-type structures, the supporting element is the beams installed at an equal distance, made of various materials:

wood;
metal;
reinforced concrete.

Let's consider each option.

Beam floors between floors made of wood

Ceilings in the house between floors made of wooden beams

Using softwood and hardwood beams, you can build a wooden supporting structure. The strength of wood imposes certain restrictions on the size of the span:

for interfloor bases - the maximum distance is 5 m;
for attic spaces - span size up to 6 m.

The overlap of wood includes the following elements:

load-bearing bars;
flooring;
heat insulator;
ceiling material.

Advantages of a wooden base:

ease of installation;
ease of installation;

Overlap made of wood

acceptable level of costs;
small mass.

Disadvantages of wood beams:

flammability;
hygroscopicity.

Impregnation with special compounds reduces fire hazard and moisture sensitivity.

How to mount hardwood floors

Installation technology provides for the following operations:

Installation of bars impregnated with an antiseptic composition.
Fastening of wooden roll-up boards.
Laying vapor barrier material and insulation.
Fixing the finished floor and ceiling finish.

To perform installation operations, you must first calculate the need for materials.

Wooden beams are lightweight

Rolled steel, used as beams, surpasses wood in terms of reliability, strength properties and durability, and also has a lower section height compared to wood.

Advantages of rolled metal, allowing the formation of extended spans:

biological resistance;
durability;
temperature resistance.

Weak sides:

susceptibility to corrosion;
reduced thermal insulation;
low sound insulation properties.

The intervals can be filled with porous concrete panels or wood panels followed by concreting.

Ceilings between floors from a metal profile

The main advantages of reinforced concrete beams:

increased strength;
the ability to form spans up to 7.5 m long;
increased sound insulation properties;
effective noise protection.

Disadvantages of reinforced concrete elements:

the need to use lifting equipment;
shipping costs.

The installation includes the following operations:

Laying of elements at a distance of up to one meter.
Placement of finished blocks in the inter-girder space.
Sealing the gates with a cement mixture.
Implementation of measures for thermal and sound insulation.

At the final stage, final finishing is carried out.

Overlappings between floors in a private house made of reinforced concrete

Beamless ceilings between floors

According to the manufacturing method, non-girder structures are classified into the following groups:

composite. They are assembled from separate parts, predominantly manufactured in an industrial way;
monolithic. Solid foundations are concreted directly on the site into a specially installed formwork;
monolithic prefabricated. They are built from separate beams, the space between which is filled with reinforced concrete.

Let's consider the advantages and disadvantages of each option.

Prefabricated option

Beamless ceilings between floors are formed from solid or hollow panels.

Advantages:

increased load capacity;
resistance to humid environment;
durability.

Pouring a monolithic slab between floors

Disadvantages:

installation only using lifting equipment;
dependence of building dimensions on the dimensions of standard slabs.

During installation, the plates are installed on cement mortar... The size of the supporting surface is 10-15 cm.

Monolithic construction

They are made in the form of a solid reinforced concrete slab, 10-15 cm thick.

Advantages of a monolithic base:

increased strength;
performance of work without lifting equipment;
lack of seams;
pouring concrete into formwork of any shape.

The only drawback is the complexity of the formwork installation operations and the costs of its construction.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors

Precast monolithic base

The combined option provides for the use of porous or polystyrene concrete panels, followed by a screed.

Advantages:

increased thermal insulation;
reduced base weight;
installation without the use of lifting devices;
accelerated pace of work.

Disadvantages:

increased labor intensity of laying the heat insulator;
reduced span length;
increased spending.

In order to increase the margin of safety of the insulated base, a reinforcing cage is placed before the concrete is poured.

Conclusion

Overlappings between floors can be constructed from various materials. It is important to choose the right option structural performance, depending on the characteristics of the building and the requirements of the project. Properly installed ceilings in the house between floors will be able to be used for a long time, providing comfortable conditions in room.

The best option for a reliable overlap of a private house is determined at the stage of developing project documentation. The choice is influenced by the thickness of the walls, the height of the building, the size of the payload from communications, plumbing fixtures, heating equipment, household appliances, pieces of furniture. Interfloor ceilings divide the house in height and serve for adjacent rooms with a floor or ceiling. The horizontal baffles prevent cold air circulation and help conserve energy.

Types of horizontal structures in a private house by their location:

basements - insulate underground unheated rooms;
basement - are the floor for the first floor;
attic - protect living rooms from the cold and heat of the under-roof space;
interfloor (attic) - divide the structure in height.

The functional floors of a private house must have:

1. strength, that is, the ability to withstand its own weight, furnishings and equipment of premises. The payload for the attic is 105 kg / cm2, for the basement and interior rooms - 210 kg / cm2;

2. rigidity, which maintains a permissible deflection of 3 cm. The integrity of the ceiling finish, vibration and squeakiness of the floor on the upper floors of the cottage depends on this;

3. noise-absorbing properties. Partitions between residential floors equipped with soundproofing;

4. heat-saving qualities, if there are different temperatures in adjacent rooms. To exclude the formation of condensation, a vapor barrier is additionally laid;

5. fire resistance, which provides for safe evacuation in case of fire. Reinforced concrete provides a time reserve of 60 minutes, protected with plaster - a maximum of 45 minutes;

6. a waterproofing layer in the vicinity of cold rooms;

7. biological resistance to fungal microorganisms.

The structure is prefabricated and monolithic. The former are mounted on beams or with the help of reinforced concrete slabs, the latter are poured into the formwork. The strength of the retaining walls, the timing and material and technical resources of construction determine the method of erecting floors. Private houses built from foam blocks require a special approach when choosing a sustainable system. Aerated concrete has insufficient strength and can shrink under heavy loads, therefore, floors in such cottages are easier to make using wooden beams. The floors are arranged independently.

Which variety should you choose?

The load-bearing beams of prefabricated floors are supported on the enclosing walls of the cottage. A clean floor is laid on top, the ceiling is knocked out from below, thermal and sound insulation is placed between them. In private houses with retaining walls made of artificial stone use wooden or reinforced concrete beams, metal I-beams or channels.

In a cottage made of foam blocks, the overlap of the first floor can be done with hollow slabs, which are ordered in advance at the reinforced concrete structure. Installation will require the involvement of lifting equipment and skilled workers. A closed reinforced belt must be made around the perimeter of the retaining walls.

Monolithic floors between floors are mounted after accurate calculations of the bearing capacity of foam blocks. This option will require the cost of intermediate partitions, increased wall thickness, a reinforced belt, suspended formwork and reliable props. Pouring involves the use of metal reinforcement and factory-made concrete, which is continuously pumped to the upper elevation. Therefore, you cannot cope with this type of work yourself. The thickness of reinforced concrete products does not exceed 15–20 cm, but it will take a month for it to solidify.

When building from foam blocks, availability, low weight, simple installation are the main criteria for choosing a material and a method of device. Wood has all these qualities. The use of metal I-beams is not suitable for aerated concrete houses due to heavy weight and the possibility of corrosion.

Installation of timber supports

Advantages:

1.Relatively small total weight (together with the average payload maximum - 400 kg / m2), compared to reinforced concrete, which is 2 times heavier. The lightening of aboveground structures allows you to save on the foundation;

2.availability different types lumber. The bars are spliced along the length, glued from boards of suitable sizes. No special equipment is required for transportation and unloading;

3. Simple installation using standard tools allows you to do the work yourself without lifting mechanisms;

4. no need to strengthen the perimeter of the retaining walls with a reinforced concrete belt;

5. savings on foundations, transport, hired workers, material costs;

6. high speed of installation and immediate continuation of construction.

The disadvantage is the limitation of the span width. To make the deflection of the beams to a minimum, columns and retaining partitions are installed in the rooms. The laying step is determined by the load and the cross-section of the beam. Stable interfloor floors are erected over spans up to 5 m, and attic floors do not exceed 6 m in width.With an average load of 400 kg / m2, beams with a section of 150x200 (225) mm are installed with a step of 0.6 m, 150x225 (175x250) mm at a distance of 1 m ...

Before installation, the wood is treated with an antiseptic. After impregnation, a protective coating is applied against fire, mold and insects. The beams are fixed in nests, which are formed during the construction of load-bearing walls. The ends of the beams are cut off at an angle of 60 °, oiled and wrapped with roofing material at the point of contact with stone blocks. The free space of the niches is filled with mineral wool or blown out with foam.

First, the beams are mounted at a distance of 0.5 m from the walls, then the intermediate ones are distributed with a certain step. Check the same level of laying the beams using a laser level. The structure is leveled with oiled boards of the required thickness, which are placed in the slots under the beams.

Insulation and finishing

The location of the horizontal partition in the cottage determines the use of insulating and finishing materials... The thickness of the slabs between floors depends on the height of the beams, the number of layers and the characteristics of the finishing flooring. Diy roll-up device diagram:

cranial bars 50x50 mm are nailed to the lower part of the side surfaces of the beams. They will support the roll-over and insulation layer;
a roll is laid on the bars, which can be done by knocking down the shields from the boards;
the shields are connected and attached to the cranial bars;
if the overlap is basement, then a vapor barrier film and insulation are placed on the "black" floor. Waterproofing and a finishing floor are laid on top;
interfloor ceilings from below are knocked out with a vapor barrier, then with a ceiling board, plywood or wood panels. After installing heat and sound insulation, the structure is covered with a steam membrane and floorboards are laid.

Floor boards are impregnated with protective agents, painted or varnished. Linoleum, laminate, parquet are laid on chipboards. The ceiling is leveled decorative tiles, a board or drywall. Then a topcoat is applied.

1. Wooden elements are processed with funds for water based which are intended for indoor use. For this, "Senezh firebio" is suitable Russian production- complex impregnation belongs to the 1st group of efficiency of protection against fire and the influence of biological factors on wood.

2. The opening of the ceiling should not exceed 6 m, and the laying step load-bearing beams- 1m.

3. The minimum distance between the support beams and the exhaust ventilation shafts is 250 mm.

4. Minimum thickness thermal and sound insulation layer is 100 mm between living quarters and 200–250 mm for attic and basement systems.

Expanded clay with a grain size of 5–10 mm, perlite, slag, dry sand, polystyrene or mineral wool is used as a heater. Bulk materials more accessible, but make the construction heavier. The most acceptable option for a private house is mineral wool has low thermal conductivity, repels moisture and, unlike foam, allows air to pass through.

Floor slabs in the house

The division of the house into floors is carried out using slabs... Choosing a view slabs, take into account the size of the spans between the walls, the material of the external and internal load-bearing walls, the amount of load on the floor. Overlapping must be no less durable than the walls of the house.

Requirements

The slabs must have the required bearing capacity, high degree fire resistance, be rigid, with minimal deflection, possess sufficient soundproofing and heat-shielding properties.

Loads

When calculating the loads on the floors, the weight of the installed equipment is taken into account - boilers, bathrooms, jacuzzis, billiard tables, furniture and other heavy objects.

Technological nuances

The overlaps of the basement and basement floors, as well as attic floors, must be insulated, since they separate rooms with different temperatures. It is advisable to install soundproofing on the interfloor floors.

Innovations

Frequently ribbed and lightweight concrete floors allow to reduce the weight of the building, exclude cold bridges, and do without sound and heat insulation of the floor. Their flat surface facilitates the installation of floor coverings.

Floor types

Overlapping houses lean against walls or columns. Basic floor structures - beams and beams.

In bezel-less ceilings reinforced concrete slabs serve as the supporting structure. According to the construction technology, they are divided into prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated monolithic. Prefabricated panels are assembled from prefabricated slabs. Monolithic ones are performed on site along the formwork using monolithic concrete. In precast-monolithic ceilings, spans, which have a rectangular configuration, are covered with slabs, and non-standard spans are covered with monolithic reinforced concrete.

Of the prefabricated slabs, hollow-core slabs with a height of 220 mm, a length of 2-7.2 m, a width of 1.2 or 1.5 m are the most common. Continuous reinforced concrete floor slabs with a height of 140-160 mm are also produced, as well as from reinforced lightweight concrete. The latter have high heat-insulating and sound-insulating qualities.

In ceilings on beams the supporting structure is beams - metal or wood. The flooring is laid on them. In the construction of private houses, two types of such floors are used. Products of the first type are often-ribbed floors, consisting of metal beams and small-piece flooring elements laid on them from lightweight concrete or ceramics. The second type is overlapping with wooden beams. Wooden flooring is usually laid on them.

Error! If the reinforced concrete floor slab is cantilevered outside outer wall to create a balcony, a cold bridge is formed. Only warm concrete slabs are suitable for creating a balcony console.

Installation of non-girder monolithic floors

Prefabricated non-girder floors

When laying, the slabs are leveled, controlling the horizontal surface along the lower plane, which serves as the ceiling. If the outer walls are made of lightweight concrete, then a monolithic reinforced belt is arranged along the perimeter of the walls in the places where the reinforced concrete floors are supported. When installing slabs, you cannot do without a panel locomotive and a crane. If the walls are prepared, then the layout of the slabs on the floor can be done in one day. The slabs can be loaded immediately after installation.

Attention!

The length of the support of the slab on brick wall should be 12-15 cm, on concrete - at least 7 cm;
it is necessary to ensure that the plates are laid strictly horizontally;
after laying the plates, it is necessary to weld the anchors;
the space between the slabs should be filled with cement-sand mortar of grade not lower than M100;
gaps between ceilings are unacceptable, they will violate the rigidity of the house structure.

Installation of non-girder prefabricated floors

Beamless slabs made of monolithic reinforced concrete

A monolithic floor slab is made on site, supporting it around the perimeter or on several sides. For the overlapping device, materials for the manufacture of formwork (boards or shields), reinforcement, and monolithic concrete are required. Temporary supports are brought under the formwork from the lower floor. The reinforcement scheme and the thickness of the slab (depending on the span - 80-200 mm) are determined by the designer.

Attention!

The width of the support surface of the slab must be at least 12-15 cm;
the reinforcement should be 4-5 cm from the edge of the slab so that this space can be filled with a protective layer of concrete;
to embed the floor, use concrete of a grade not lower than that indicated in the project, and only factory-made;
do not forget to protect the openings in the ceiling with special blocks or wooden formwork;
do not remove the formwork prematurely. Wait at least a week, the concrete should gain 70% strength. Leave a few racks until it is completely hardened (28 days).

Fretted beam floors

The system consists of steel load-bearing trusses anchored to concrete base, and hollow blocks (the most common blocks are made of expanded clay concrete). The weight of the unit is 14-15 kg, installation is done manually. It is possible to overlap spans up to 8 m wide. The use of frequent-ribbed flooring systems with flooring made of expanded clay concrete blocks can reduce labor costs by 25-40% compared to non-girder floors made of reinforced concrete slabs by reducing the volume of formwork, reinforcement and concrete works, as well as due to the lack of lifting mechanisms.

Attention!

The support of the beam on the wall should be 8-12 cm, depending on the size of the span;
it is forbidden to lay blocks on the walls;
dividing ribs that fit between the rows of beams with spans of more than 4.5 m should have a width of 70-100 mm. Technological supports are installed under the ribs, reinforced and poured with concrete;
do not overload frequently ribbed floors. If there will be heavy equipment on the floor (jacuzzi, billiard table), then the ceiling will be additionally reinforced.

Installation of frequently-ribbed beam ceilings

On load-bearing walls houses are laying load-bearing beams. Beam pitch - 60 cm

Beams are made from logs, sawn into four kata, or beams with a section of 100-150 x 200-250 mm. You can also use boards with a thickness of 60-80 mm (or paired boards with a thickness of 50 mm, sewn together with nails or metal staples). The distance between the beams is 0.5-1.0 m, the optimal span is 3-4 m. For large spans, their middle part is supported on the racks. The beams simultaneously serve as floor joists. The ceiling is hemmed with clapboard, gypsum board or other slabs, you can also leave the beams open.

Attention!

With a rectangular span, it is better to lay the beams along the direction short wall to minimize slab deflection;
in places where wooden beams rest on walls made of stone materials it is necessary to waterproof the tree;
it is necessary to treat all load-bearing beams with fire-retardant and bio-protective compounds;
the extreme beams should have a gap from the longitudinal walls 50-100 mm wide;
the thickness of the floor board must be at least 1/20 of the distance between the floor beams;
if you plaster the floor over wooden beams from below, and cover it with an airtight waterproofing layer on top, the tree will lose ventilation and begin to rot. Ventilation of all layers of wooden floors is required!

How to prepare the floor

The flat surface of frequent-ribbed and monolithic reinforced concrete floors, as well as the boardwalk, are suitable for flooring in accordance with the requirements of their laying. A cement screed with a thickness of 20-30 mm is made on prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. Interfloor floors made of precast concrete slabs and often ribbed floors do not need sound insulation. A layer is laid on monolithic reinforced concrete slabs soundproof material with a waterproof film and fix it with a cement reinforced screed with a thickness of at least 40 mm. For wooden beams, sound insulation is placed between the beams or floorboards and the sub-floor.

Attention!

If you install a warm floor without thermal insulation of the floor, then it will heat the slab. Thermal insulation is required, in two layers with offset joints.

Floor screed device

If you want to build yourself small cottage or two-storey house, then you will have to face the problem of choosing an interfloor overlap. After reading this article, you will learn about what they are, as well as the advantages, disadvantages and features of each type of floor.

Interfloor ceilings are an extremely important part of the house; they must not only withstand significant loads, but also be distinguished by sufficient noise insulation. Agree, it is unpleasant when on the first floor you will hear every step that is made on the second floor. Also, intermediate floors add strength to the entire structure and take on some of the deformation loads.

All floors are divided into interfloor, attic, basement and basement.

What are the requirements for floors between floors?

Primary requirements:

High structural strength, that is, the possession of the bearing capacity. This parameter must be calculated even during design.

Significant floor stiffness... Deflections and slides, even minimal ones, can lead to the destruction of the whole house. The permissible deflection value for interfloor floors should not exceed 1 in 250, and for attic floors - 1/200.

The overlap should be as much as possible light, thin... It should not place undue stress on the walls.

The intermediate floor must become a fire barrier, that is, it must have high fire resistance... This characteristic is regulated by fire safety regulations.

High thermal insulation properties ... Ceilings do not always separate living rooms, but they can fence off rooms where there is a significant temperature difference.

Good sound insulation... This parameter is extremely important, and one must not forget that this parameter is needed not only by the walls of the building, but also by the floors.

All requirements are mandatory and are suitable for any type of floor. Sometimes to interfloor ceilings impose additional requirements, for example, water tightness, or gas tightness, or a special appearance.

Types of floor slabs

By design, the floors are divided into:

girder- they consist of load-bearing beams and filler;
bezel-less- are made of homogeneous elements, for example, panels or slabs;

The latter can be:

from wooden beams;
with metal beams;
with reinforced concrete beams.

In this type of overlap, the basis is beams placed equidistant from each other. After installing the beams, filling elements are laid between them, which play the role of a fence.

Interfloor ceilings made of wooden beams

This type of flooring is most common in private housing construction, in particular, in the construction of wooden, frame and even brick buildings.

Application:

wooden beams are used as interfloor floors if the span is no more than five meters;

as attic floor if the attic is not residential and the span is less than six meters.

Most beams are made from pine or larch. On their upper part, a flooring is made, which can be used as a sub-floor.

Advantages of wooden beam floors:

quick installation - for the construction of such a structure, no special devices are needed;
light weight - such an overlap will not create a significant load on the walls of the house;
environmental friendliness - the tree does not carry any harmful substances.

Disadvantages:

weak resistance to fire - even with good processing, the tree will still catch fire;
there is a chance that the beams will rot or be damaged by the bark beetle;
such an overlap will not be able to withstand significant loads.

Beam-type ceilings consist of beams, floor, roll-over and insulation.

Interfloor ceilings made on metal beams

If we compare them with the previous type, then they are more reliable, durable and much thinner than wooden ones. True, floors of this type are not built so often. Lightweight concrete inserts, wooden beams or shields, or reinforced concrete slabs are used as filler.

An I-beam, a rolled profile, an angle or a channel is used as a supporting element of this floor.

The advantages of overlapping metal beams:

it is possible to block a large span (from 6 meters);
metal beams do not burn, do not rot, they are not afraid of any beetle;
they are very durable.

Negative sides:

the metal rusts from moisture;
metal beams have low rates of sound and heat insulation;
the huge weight of such an overlap - one square meter can weigh more than 400 kilograms.

To prevent the metal beams from "ringing" so much, their ends can be wrapped in felt.

Ceilings between floors made of reinforced concrete beams

Such ceilings are erected if the span is from 3 to 8 meters. You cannot lift them with your hands, so you must definitely use a crane. The weight of one beam can reach 400 kilograms.

Advantages of this type of floor:

long distances can be covered compared to wooden ones;
they have higher parameters of heat and noise insulation than floors on metal beams.

Disadvantages:

huge weight and the impossibility of manual installation, only with the use of special equipment.

Beamless intermediate floors

Such overlaps are devoid of the so-called frame and are created using homogeneous elements. The latter fit close to one another. Plates or panels are used as elements. They represent monolithic slab, which is both a supporting and enclosing structure.

Types of non-girder floors:

prefabricated;
monolithic;
prefabricated monolithic.

This type of flooring has gained the greatest popularity in the construction of brick structures. For the construction of this type of floor, two types of panels are used:

solid- are made of lightweight concrete;
hollow- holes are made in them, which act as "stiffeners".

Positive qualities of prefabricated floors:

they are more durable than wooden ones, and are also not subject to decay, corrosion, and are not afraid of various bacteria;
excellent strength - they are able to withstand significant loads, up to 200 kg / m2.

Negative sides:

since they have a significant weight, during their installation you cannot do without special equipment;
slabs are usually made only with standard sizes, so it may not work.

Constructing a floor of this type is quite expensive pleasure but you will pay for the quality and durability.

Unlike the previous type, they can be of any shape and size. Monolithic interfloor slab is a solid slab with a thickness of 8 to 12 centimeters, made of M200 concrete. Weight of one square meter this design can reach 500 kilograms.

Advantages of monolithic floors:

high surface quality;
no need to carry out additional loading and unloading operations;
there is no need to close up the seams;
the ability to order such an overlap as you can imagine.

Disadvantages:

it is imperative to install wooden formwork;
very heavy, therefore the load on the walls increases;
quite high price.

Precast-monolithic floors between floors

This type belongs to modern developments. In it, the interbeam space is filled with hollow blocks, and then the entire structure is poured with concrete.

TO positive sides precast monolithic floors relate:

less weight than that of reinforced concrete, so you can do without special equipment;
good thermal insulation characteristics;
the ability to create floors of complex shapes.

Negative points:

inexpediency of use in low-rise construction, since the process of erecting such a structure is rather laborious.

The choice of overlap most depends on the size of the spans and the material from which the house is being built. For light timber and frame structures, timber beam floors are suitable, and for heavy brick structures, it is better to use floors made of metal beams or reinforced concrete. In any case, it is not worth saving on this, and during the design it is better to consult with a specialist about the choice of overlap.

Video: Soundproofing of ceilings using the example of a wooden house

Layout of various types of foundations for a house