The purpose of the article below is to tell what the hydrosphere is, to show how rich our planet is in water resources, and how important it is not to upset the balance in nature. Planet Earth is covered with three shells. These are the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. Through their interaction, life began. They accumulate solar energy and distribute it among all organisms.
Let's consider what the hydrosphere is.
Definition
To put it simply, these are all kinds of sources of precious liquid. This includes seas, oceans, rivers, glaciers, underground rivers and much more. Part of the hydrosphere is water in the atmosphere and in all living organisms. But the largest share is the salt water of the World Ocean.
If we consider from a scientific point of view what the hydrosphere is, then it is a complex of sciences that includes an entire division of research disciplines. Let's consider what sciences study the components of the hydrosphere.
- Hydrology. The scope of the study is surface water bodies of land: rivers, lakes, swamps, canals, ponds, reservoirs.
- Oceanology - studies the World Ocean.
- Glaciology - land ice.
- Meteorology - fluid in the atmosphere and its effect on weather and climate.
- Hydrochemistry - the chemical composition of water.
- Hydrogeology - deals with groundwater.
- Geocryology - water in a solid state: glaciers and eternal snow.
- Hydrogeochemistry is a young science that studies the chemical composition of the entire hydrosphere.
- Hydrogeophysics is also a new direction, the basis of which is physical properties water shell of the Earth.
Composition of the hydrosphere
What does it consist of? The hydrosphere includes all types of moisture on the planet. Its volume is difficult to imagine. Scientists have calculated that it is 1370.3 million km 3. Throughout the history of the planet, the mass of water has never changed.
Interesting fact: Every fifth person dreams of drinking plenty of water. But no matter how much he drinks, he cannot do it.
Let's consider the composition of the hydrosphere:
- World Ocean. It occupies most, or rather, almost the entire volume of the water shell. It includes four oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic.
- Sushi water. This includes all sources of precious liquid that can be found on the continents: rivers, lakes, swamps.
- Groundwater is a huge supply of moisture located in the lithosphere.
- Glaciers and permanent snow, which account for a significant portion of water reserves.
- Water in the atmosphere and in living organisms.
The percentage of sources of the Earth's hydrosphere is presented in the figure below.
Water is a unique substance. Its molecules have such a strong bond that it is very difficult to separate them. But its even greater uniqueness is that, unlike others important elements, it can exist in natural conditions in three states at once: liquid, solid, gaseous.
The water cycle in nature plays an important role in the distribution of moisture on the planet. The main source of fresh liquid in the atmosphere is the World Ocean. From it, water, under the influence of the sun, evaporates, turns into clouds and moves in the atmosphere, but the salt remains. This is how fresh liquid appears.
There are two gyres: large and small.
The Great Water Cycle concerns the renewal of the waters of the World Ocean. And since most of the moisture turns into a gaseous state from its surface, it returns there along with the runoff, where it enters in the form of precipitation.
If the large cycle covers the renewal of water on the planet as a whole, then the small cycle concerns only the land. The same process is observed there: evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff into the World Ocean.
More water evaporates in the ocean than in rivers and lakes. On the contrary, there is a lot of precipitation on the continents, but little over open water areas.
Speed of circulation
The components of the Earth's hydrosphere are renewed at different rates. The supply of water in the human body is renewed most quickly, since it consists of 80% of it. Within a few hours, with plenty of drinks, you can completely restore balance.
But glaciers and the world's oceans are renewed very slowly. It takes almost 10 thousand years for completely new icebergs to appear in polar latitudes. You can imagine how long ice has already existed in the Arctic and Antarctica.
The water in the World Ocean clears a little faster - in 2.7 thousand years.
Nutritional power of living organisms
Water is unique chemical compound hydrogen and oxygen. It has no smell, taste, color, but easily absorbs them from environment. Its molecules are difficult to separate, but at the same time they contain ions of chlorine, sulfur, carbon, and sodium.
Life originated in water, and it is contained in all organisms that carry out metabolism. There are animals whose bodies are almost liquid. Jellyfish are 99% water, fish are only 75%. There is even more juice in plants: in cucumber - 95%, carrots - 90%, apples - 85%, potatoes - 80%.
Functions of the water shell
The Earth's hydrosphere performs several vital functions for the planet:
- Accumulating. All the energy from the Sun first enters the ocean. There it is stored and distributed throughout the planet. This process ensures that the average positive temperature is maintained.
- Oxygen production. Most of this substance is produced by phytoplankton located in the World Ocean.
- Distribution of fresh water due to gyres.
- Provides resources. The world's oceans contain significant reserves of food, as well as other useful mined resources.
- Recreational potential for a person who uses the ocean for his own purposes: for energy, cleaning, cooling, entertainment.
Hydrosphere and man
Depending on how water is used, there are two distinct categories:
- Water consumers. This includes those industries human activity who use the clear liquid to achieve their goals, but do not return it. There are a lot of types of such activities: non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, agriculture, chemical, light industry and others.
- Water users. These are industries that use water in their activities, but always return it. This includes sea and river transport, fisheries, water delivery services to the population, and water utilities.
Interesting fact: for a city with a population of 1 million people, 300 thousand m 3 of clean drinking water per day is needed. In this case, the liquid returns to the ocean, contaminated and unsuitable for living organisms, and the ocean has to clean it up on its own.
Classification by nature of use
For humans, water has different meaning. We eat it, wash it and clean it. Therefore, scientists have proposed the following gradation:
- Drinking water- clean water without toxic and chemical substances, suitable for consumption raw.
- Mineral water- water enriched with mineral components, which is extracted from the bowels of the earth. Used for medicinal purposes.
- Industrial water - used in production, undergoes one or two stages of purification.
- Thermal energy water is taken from thermal springs.
Process water
Water for technical needs can be completely different. IN agriculture It is used for watering and does not require cleaning. For energy purposes, for space heating, water is converted into a gaseous state. Hospitals, baths, and laundries receive household liquids with less purification.
Water used in industry is often contaminated. But more than half of the consumed volume is used to cool the units. In this case, it does not become dirty and can be reused.
Problems of the hydrosphere
The world's oceans are an environment that is capable of self-cleaning. But there are 7 billion people on Earth, and the rate of pollution is much greater than the rate of renewal. This can lead to irreparable consequences. Let's consider the main sources of hydrosphere pollution:
- Industrial, agricultural, domestic wastewater.
- Domestic waste from coastal areas.
- Pollution with oil and petroleum products.
- Release of heavy metals into the world ocean.
- Acid rain, the result of which is the destruction of the areola of living beings.
- Transport.
Pollution of seas and oceans
Man and the hydrosphere must exist in peace. After all, depending on how we treat the source of our life, nature will repay us. Already, the surface of the oceans and seas is very heavily polluted with oil products and waste. More than 20% of the water surface is covered with an impenetrable film of oil, through which oxygen and steam cannot be exchanged. This leads to the death of ecosystems.
Due to significant pollution, depletion occurs natural resources. A good example- Aral Sea. Since 1984, there are no more fish here.
Since 1943, the hydrosphere has been polluted with dangerous radioactive substances. They were buried on seabed. Since 1993, this has been prohibited. But over 50 years of harmful impact, man could cause irreparable harm to the ocean.
Danger from rivers and lakes
Land pollution is even more dangerous for humans. After all, it is from there that fresh water is taken for household needs and for food consumption. Today in Russia, most rivers are classified as highly polluted. Here is the ranking of the most dangerous bodies of water in Russia:
- Volga;
- Yenisei;
- Irtysh;
- Kama;
- Iset;
- Lena;
- Pechora;
- Tom.
Solving environmental problems
Humanity must understand that the more attention we pay to maintaining purity in nature, the greater the chance our descendants will have to live in a favorable environment. In pursuit of money and profit, many businesses neglect basic cleaning rules. The main task is the construction of purification filters in coastal areas, in places of greatest accumulation of waste, and providing enterprises with modern technologies aimed at environmental safety.
Afterword
From this article we learned what the hydrosphere is, what its main components are, and what problems the World Ocean faces. The task of each of us is to understand that the world was created not by man, but by nature, and we mercilessly exploit it, not realizing the consequences.
Question 1. Tell us about the importance of water for planet Earth; for living organisms; for a person.
Water ensures the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body. Water is the habitat of a huge number of living organisms that differ from each other and determine the various properties of the waters of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and swamps. Thanks to water in nature, substances are transferred from soil to plants, from land to rivers, lakes and oceans, from the atmosphere to land, feeding living organisms of these systems and removing their waste products.
Question 2. What waters does a person use for his life and activities?
Man uses different water, people use fresh water from rivers and lakes for drinking and cooking. He uses it for drinking and food, for washing, in the summer for rest, in the winter for heating.
For humans, water is more valuable natural wealth than coal, oil, gas, iron, because it is irreplaceable.
Question 3. Define the concept of “hydrosphere”.
The water layer of the Earth is called the hydrosphere. The main part of the hydrosphere is made up of the water of the World Ocean, smaller parts are made up of land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, swamps, etc.) and water in the atmosphere. The atmosphere contains water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals.
Question 4. Make up a diagram “Parts of the hydrosphere” based on the text of the paragraph. Which part of the hydrosphere contains the largest volume of water? smallest volume of water?
The main part of the hydrosphere is made up of the water of the World Ocean, smaller parts are made up of land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, swamps, etc.) and water in the atmosphere. The atmosphere contains water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals.
Question 5. List the waters of land. Which of them are located near your locality?
Land waters: rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, swamps, etc. Next to locality There are lakes, a river and a swamp.
Question 6. Prove that the hydrosphere is a continuous water shell of the Earth.
The individual parts of the hydrosphere are connected into a single shell by the process of the water cycle. Its main elements are evaporation of water, transfer of water vapor by wind, precipitation, water flow along river beds, and underground runoff.
Question 7. The sun is called the engine of the world water cycle. Why?
Under the influence of solar heat, water from the surface of the ocean turns into a gaseous state (evaporates) and enters the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, water vapor cools and turns into water droplets (condenses).
Question 8. Name all the ways to return water to the World Ocean.
Precipitation that falls partially seeps deeper, replenishing soil moisture reserves and groundwater, and partially flow into rivers and other bodies of water. Rivers collect water from surface sources (lakes, streams, melting glaciers) as well as groundwater and return it back to the oceans. From the surface of the ocean, water evaporates again, and the circle (ocean - atmosphere - land - ocean) closes.
Question 9. What phenomena related to the global water cycle can be observed in your area? Write a story about them.
Snow, rain. Water flow into lakes and rivers. Evaporation of some water from lakes.
The concept of the hydrosphere and the origin of water.
Properties of water
Water cycle on the planet
World Ocean.
Properties of ocean water
Movement of ocean waters
Life in the ocean
Sushi waters. Surface waters.
The groundwater. Permafrost.
Hydrosphere - this is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the waters of the World Ocean, land waters - underground and surface (rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers), water vapor in the atmosphere and chemically bound water (this is the water contained in rocks and living organisms). Water is the most abundant substance on the planet, occupying 71% of the Earth's surface. Water is everywhere and penetrates into all the shells of the Earth, so the hydrosphere on the planet can be considered continuous.
The thickness (thickness) of the hydrosphere is about 70-80 km, i.e. its upper boundary lies in the mesosphere (where there are noctilucent clouds), and its lower boundary corresponds to the level of occurrence of sedimentary rocks.
The hydrosphere is studied by many sciences: oceanology (the science of the World Ocean), hydrography (studies of land waters), hydrology (the science of rivers), limnology (studies of lakes), glaciology (the science of glaciers), geocryology (the science of permafrost), swamp science and others .
Origin of water
1. Juvenile (young) origin: water arose with the formation of the planet, because it was part of the original protoplanetary matter. When the interior was heated and matter diffused inside the Earth, water vapor was released outward and, cooling, condensed. And now, during volcanic eruptions, about 1.3 is released every year. 10 8 tons of water.
2. Cosmic origin: water can be brought to Earth with comet nuclei and meteoric matter.
3. Atmospheric origin (“solar rain”): hydrogen atoms brought by the solar wind react with oxygen atoms in upper layers atmosphere, resulting in the formation of water.
4. When organic matter decomposes, water may be released.
5. Anthropogenic origin: water can be formed during combustion, oxidation, etc.
Properties of water
He first described water in the 4th century. BC. ancient Greek scientist Aristotle. Until the 18th century there was an idea of water as an individual chemical element. In 1781, the English chemist G. Cavendish synthesized water by combining hydrogen with oxygen (passing an electric discharge through a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen). In 1783, the French chemist A. Lavoisier repeated Cavendish's experiment and concluded that water is complex connection, consisting of oxygen and hydrogen.
Formula of chemically pure water: H 2 O (hydrogen oxide). The water molecule is an isosceles triangle with a negatively charged “O” atom at the apex and two positively charged “H” atoms at the base.
In addition to ordinary water (H 2 O), heavy (D 2 O) and super-heavy (T 2 O) water is found in very small quantities. (D – deuterium, T – tritium).
Ordinary water under normal atmospheric pressure boils at a temperature of +100 o C, freezes at a temperature of 0 o C and has a maximum density at a temperature of +4 o C. When water is cooled below +4 o C, its density decreases, and its volume increases, and at freezing occurs a sharp increase in volume. Unlike all substances in nature, water, when transitioning from a liquid to a solid state, acquires a lower density, so ice is lighter than water. This water anomaly plays an important role in nature. Ice adheres to the surface of reservoirs. If ice were heavier than water, its formation would begin from the bottom, and reservoirs would be permafrost (not all would have time to thaw during the summer), and life could perish.
Water is the strongest solvent in nature. There is no chemically pure water in nature. Even the purest water - rainwater - contains salts. There are fresh water (up to 1 o/oo salts), brackish water (up to 25 o/oo) and salt water (more than 25 o/oo). The freezing temperature of water depends on the salinity of water, so ocean water freezes at temperatures below 0 o C. Mineralization of water to a certain limit is a favorable condition for the existence of life. Pure water due to its enormous dissolving ability, it was harmful to living tissues.
Water has an abnormally high heat capacity. Its heat capacity is 2 times greater than the heat capacity of wood, 5 times that of sand and 3000 times that of air, therefore, we can say that the ocean is a heat accumulator. Thus, reservoirs soften the climate.
Water has low thermal conductivity, which means that ice protects water from cooling.
Of all liquids (except mercury), water has the highest surface tension. Hence the ability of water to rise through the capillaries of the soil and in plants.
Water exists simultaneously in gaseous, liquid and solid states on the planet. There is no place on Earth where there is no water in one form or another. The temperature at which liquid water, steam and ice are in equilibrium, equal to +0.01 o C. When water passes from one state to another, either heat is released (during condensation, freezing) or absorbed (during evaporation, melting).
Water is capable of self-purification, but to a certain limit. Only pure water evaporates, all impurities remain in place. Water pollution from industrial waste often exceeds the limit of self-purification.
The properties of water change greatly under the influence of pressure and temperature. At a pressure of 1 atm. (760 mm) water freezes at a temperature of 0 o C, and at 600 atm. – at a temperature of –5 o C. At ultra-high pressure (more than 20,000 atm), water turns into a solid state at a temperature of +76 o C (hot ice). Such ice may exist in the depths of the Earth. At very low temperatures (less than –170 o C) and low pressure, super-dense ice (like solid stone) is formed; such ice can be found in the nuclei of comets.
Under the influence ultraviolet rays water breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen.
Volume of water on Earth
World ocean 95%
Groundwater 3%
Glaciers 1.6%
Lakes 0.15%
Rivers 0.0001%
Soil moisture 0.005%
Atmospheric moisture 0.001%
Fresh water accounts for only about 2.5%, of which most is water in glaciers and deep layers earth's crust.
The hydrosphere of the earth is the water shell of the Earth.
Introduction
The Earth is surrounded by an atmosphere and a hydrosphere, which are markedly different, but complementary.
The hydrosphere arose in the early stages of the formation of the Earth, like the atmosphere, influencing all life processes, the functioning of ecological systems, and determining the emergence of many species of animals.
What is the hydrosphere
Hydrosphere translated from Greek language means a sphere of water or the watery shell of the earth's surface. This shell is continuous.
Where is the hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is located between two atmospheres - the gas shell of planet Earth, and the lithosphere - the solid shell, which means land.
What does the hydrosphere consist of?
The hydrosphere consists of water, which chemical composition differs and is presented in three various states– solid (ice), liquid, gaseous (vapor).
The Earth's water shell includes oceans, seas, bodies of water that can be salty or fresh (lakes, ponds, rivers), glaciers, fjords, ice caps, snow, rain, atmospheric water, and fluid flowing in living organisms.
The share of seas and oceans in the hydrosphere is 96%, another 2% is groundwater, 2% is glaciers, and 0.02 percent (a very small share) is rivers, swamps and lakes. The mass or volume of the hydrosphere is constantly changing, which is associated with the melting of glaciers and the sinking of large areas of land under water.
The volume of the water shell is 1.5 billion cubic kilometers. The mass will constantly increase, given the number of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Most of the hydrosphere is made up of oceans, which form the World Ocean. This is the largest and saltiest body of water on Earth, in which the salinity percentage reaches 35%.
According to the chemical composition, ocean waters contain all the known elements that are located on the periodic table. The total portion of sodium, chlorine, oxygen and hydrogen reaches almost 96%. The ocean crust consists of basalt and sedimentary layers.
The hydrosphere also includes groundwater, which also differs in chemical composition. Sometimes the salt concentration reaches 600%, and they contain gases and derivative components. The most important of these are oxygen and carbon dioxide, which plants in the ocean consume during the process of photosynthesis. It is necessary for the formation of limestone rocks, corals, and shells.
Fresh waters are of great importance for the hydrosphere, part of which in the total volume of the shell is almost 3%, of which 2.15% is stored in glaciers. All components of the hydrosphere are interconnected, being in large or small rotations, which allows water to undergo the process of complete renewal.
Boundaries of the hydrosphere
The waters of the World Ocean cover an area of 71% of the Earth, where the average depth is 3800 meters and the maximum is 11022 meters. On the surface of the land there are so-called continental waters, which ensure all vital functions of the biosphere, water supply, watering and irrigation.
The hydrosphere has lower and upper boundaries. The lower one runs along the so-called Mohorovicic surface - the earth's crust at the bottom of the ocean. The upper boundary is located in the uppermost layers of the atmosphere.
Functions of the hydrosphere
Water on Earth has important for people and nature. This manifests itself in the following signs:
- Firstly, water is important source minerals and raw materials, since people use water more often than coal and oil;
- Secondly, it provides relationships between ecological systems;
- Thirdly, it acts as a mechanism that transfers bioenergy ecological cycles that have global significance;
- Fourthly, it is part of all living beings that live on Earth.
For many organisms, water becomes a medium of origin, and then of further development and formation. Without water, the development of land, landscapes, karst and slope rocks is impossible. In addition, the hydrosphere facilitates the transport of chemicals.
- Water vapor acts as a filter against the penetration of radiation rays from the Sun onto the Earth;
- Water vapor on land helps regulate temperature regime and climate;
- The constant dynamics of the movement of ocean waters is maintained;
- A stable and normal circulation is ensured throughout the planet.
- Each part of the hydrosphere participates in the processes that occur in the Earth's geosphere, which include water in the atmosphere, on land and underground. In the atmosphere itself, there is more than 12 trillion tons of water in the form of steam. The steam is restored and renewed, thanks to condensation and sublimation, turning into clouds and fog. In this case, a significant amount of energy is released.
- Waters located underground and on land are divided into mineral and thermal, which are used in balneology. In addition, these properties have a recreational effect on both humans and nature.
HYDROSPHERE - the discontinuous water shell of the Earth, one of geospheres, located between atmosphere And lithosphere; a collection of oceans, seas, continental bodies of water and ice sheets. Geography covers about 70.8% of the earth's surface. The volume of the planet is 1370.3 million km 3, which is approximately 1/800 of the volume of the planet. 98.3% of the mass of gas is concentrated in the World Ocean, 1.6% in continental ice. Geology interacts with the atmosphere and lithosphere in a complex manner. Most sediments form at the boundary between geology and the lithosphere. g.p. (see Modern sedimentation).
G.
is part of the biosphere and is entirely inhabited by living organisms that influence its composition. The origin of gas is associated with the long evolution of the planet and the differentiation of its substance.
Geological Dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengoltz et al.. 1978 .
Hydrosphere
(from Greek hydor - and sphaira - ball * a. hydrosphere n. Hydrosphare, Wasserhulle; f. hydrosphere And. hidrosfera) - the intermittent water shell of the Earth, which is a collection of all types of natural waters (oceans, seas, surface waters of land, groundwater and ice covers). In a broader sense, gas also includes atm. water and water of living organisms. Each of the groups of waters is divided into subgroups of lower ranks. For example, in the atmosphere one can distinguish water in the troposphere and stratosphere, on the surface of the Earth - water in the oceans and seas, as well as rivers, lakes and glaciers; in the lithosphere - waters of the foundation and sedimentary cover (including waters of artesian basins and hydrogeological massifs). Basic The mass of water in G. is concentrated in the World Ocean, 2nd place in volume water masses occupy (waters of the lithosphere), 3rd - and arctic snow. and Antarctic regions ( surface water sushi, atmospheric and biological associated waters constitute fractions of a percent of the total volume of water in the city; see table).
Surface waters of the land, occupying a relatively small share of the total mass of water, play a very important role as the main. water supply, irrigation and watering. Qty fresh water in G., available for use, approx. 0.3% ( cm. Water resources), however, river and fresh groundwater in the water exchange zone are intensively renewed in the process of the general water cycle, which makes it possible, with rational exploitation, to use them indefinitely. Modern G. - the result lasts. evolution of the Earth and differentiation of its matter. G. is not closed; there is a close relationship between the waters, which determines the unity of G. as natural system and the interaction of geology with other geospheres. The flow of water into geology during volcanism, from the atmosphere, and the lithosphere (squeezing out water during the lithification of silts, etc.) occurs continuously, as does the removal of water from the geology. The burial of water in the lithosphere extends to entire geol. periods (tens of millions of years). The decomposition and synthesis of water also occur in water. Dept. G.'s links differ both in the properties of the medium containing water and in the properties and composition of the water itself. However, thanks to the water cycle, decomposition. scale and duration (-:, intracontinental gyre, gyres within separate river basins, lakes, landscapes, etc.) it represents a single whole. All forms of the water cycle constitute a single hydrological system. cycle, in the process of which all types of water are renewed. Biol is updated most quickly. waters included in plants and living organisms and atm. water. Most will continue. period (thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands of years) accounts for the renewal of glaciers, deep underground waters, waters of the World ca. Management of the water cycle, its use for the needs of the people. x-va - important scientific. a problem that has great economic impact. meaning. Literature: Gavrilenko E. S., Derpgolts V. F., Deep hydrosphere of the Earth, K., 1971; World and water resources Earth, L., 1974; Pavlov A.N., Geological water cycle on Earth, Leningrad, 1977; Fundamentals of hydrogeology. General, Novosibirsk, 1980; Atlas of the Oceans. Terms. Concepts. Reference tables, M., 1980; Fundamentals of hydrogeology. Geological activity and history of water in the bowels of the earth, Novosibirsk, 1982.
Mountain encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991 .
Synonyms:See what "Hydrosphere" is in other dictionaries:
Hydrosphere... Spelling dictionary-reference book
- (from hydro... and Greek sphaira ball), intermittent water shell of the Earth. Interacts closely with the living shell of the Earth. The hydrosphere is the habitat of hydrobionts found throughout the entire water column from the surface tension film of water... ... Ecological dictionary
The water shell of the Earth, including all waters in liquid, solid and gaseous states. The hydrosphere includes the waters of the oceans, seas, groundwater and surface waters of the land. Some water is found in the atmosphere and in living things... ... Financial Dictionary
Water shell globe. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. hydrosphere (see hydro... + sphere) intermittent water shell of the earth, located between the atmosphere and the earth’s crust (lithosphere), ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Water shell of the globe. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 The hydrosphere is the totality of oceans, seas and land waters, as well as groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. Often n ... Marine Dictionary
- (from hydro... and sphere), the totality of all water bodies on the globe (oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, groundwater, glaciers, etc.). Often the hydrosphere refers only to oceans and seas... Modern encyclopedia
- (from hydro... and sphere) the totality of all water bodies on the globe: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. Often the hydrosphere refers only to oceans and seas... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The discontinuous water shell of the globe, located on the surface and in the thickness of the earth’s crust and representing a collection of oceans, seas and water bodies of land... Geological terms
HYDROSPHERE, the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers and groundwater... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
HYDROSPHERE, s, female. (specialist.). The totality of all the waters of the globe: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. | adj. hydrosphere, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Books
- Earth is a restless planet. Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. A book for schoolchildren... and not only, Tarasov L.V.. This popular educational book opens to the inquisitive reader the world of the natural spheres of the Earth - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. The book describes in an interesting and intelligible form...