MBOU "Alekseevskaya OOSh"

Bavlinsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan

Research topic:

"Phraseologisms,

come into the language from the Bible"

Completed

8th grade students

Gerasimova Milena

Zinnatshina Anastasia

scientific adviser

teacher of Russian language

and literature

Osipova Svetlana Nikolaevna

2018

Introduction

I.

1.1. What are phraseological units

1.2. Groups of phraseological units

1.3. Sources of the emergence of phraseological units

II. Practical part

III. Conclusion

IV. Literature

Introduction

Relevance of the topic, purpose, object, subject, hypothesis, research objectives.

The Russian language is very rich in set expressions, phraseological units. They make our speech more vivid, precise, emotional and expressive. Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, their knowledge enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language more consciously to use it.

Understanding set expressions, as well as their correct usage in speech is considered one of the indicators of the perfection of speech skills and high level language culture.The richer vocabulary person, the more interesting and brighter he expresses his thoughts

Mastery of phraseology is necessary condition deep mastery of the language, its secrets and richness.

The sooner we begin to comprehend the secrets of our native language, the faster and deeper we can master and comprehend the national culture. HIn order to achieve fluency in the language, it is necessary to have a sufficient vocabulary, of which phraseology is a part.Hence, interest in research in this area arose.

Research problem:

The concept of phraseology as a stable combination of words, the frequency of use of phraseological units in modern speech, the emergence of phraseological units (the Bible as one of the sources).

Object of study:

A section of the Russian language that deals with the study of phraseological units. The Bible as one of the sources of phraseological units and their use in the works of Russian writers.

Hypothesis:

It is assumed that the concept of "phraseologism", knowledge about the origin of phraseological units and their types are not familiar to many students of the 7th grade. Despite this, phraseological units are used quite often in speech.

Research objectives:

To study the concept of phraseology (definitions from dictionaries, textbooks, other sources);

To study the types of phraseological units (opinions of different linguists);

Consider the issue of the emergence of phraseological units (the history of the origin of phraseological units: where? when? who first applied and for what reason);

To study the meaning of some phraseological units from the Bible.

Practical part:

A) analysis of examples from literary works (Use of phraseological units in the works of Russian and foreign writers);

B) questionnaire “The meaning of the concept of phraseological unit and the use of phraseological units in oral and writing»;

C) presentation “The use of phraseological units. Lexical meaning of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms that came into the language from the Bible

1.1 What are phraseological units

Starting research in the field of phraseology, it is necessary to define the concept of phraseological unit. We considered several sources: dictionaries, textbooks, Internet portals.

Here is the definition given in the Humanitarian Dictionary (2002)

Phraseologism (phraseological unit, phraseological phrase)- a stable phrase that has a certain lexical meaning, constant component composition and the presence of grammatical categories. Phraseologism arises and develops in the language by rethinking specific phrases.

The Bible is one of the greatest books on earth. Comprehension of it is an endless process, stretching for many centuries. There are a large number of schools of study of the Bible, explaining its content,

The Bible is not only Holy Bible”, the banner of Christianity, a set of rules of life, “a phenomenon of the highest spiritual value”, but also a historical chronicle, an outstanding monument of literature. The ancient Greek text of the Bible was translated into Old Slavonic language. The text of the Slavic Bible is already known to the modern reader in Russian translation. But both Old Slavonic and Russian variants are parallel sources of phraseological units, sustainable combinations, aphorisms of modern Russian literary language.

These are lexical units known to many:if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind carries; no matter how you feed the wolf, he still looks into the forest and etc.

In the modern Russian language, more than two hundred set expressions are known, one way or another connected with the text of the Bible. There are especially many phraseological units from the New Testament, primarily from the Gospel. “The Annunciation and the Nativity of Christ”, the Adoration of the Magi, the beheading of John the Baptist, parables about prodigal son, about smart and stupid virgins, about the healing of Lazarus and the casting out of demons, the story of the feeding of thousands with a few breads, the Last Supper, Judas kiss, 30 pieces of silver, Peter's denial, way of the cross and the crucifixion, resurrection and ascension of Christ - this is far from complete list those fragments from the Holy Scriptures that exist in our everyday word usage.

Here and there we hear:

stumbling block,

many are called, few are chosen.

Judas kiss,

sing Lazarus

Foundation stone,

not of this world

salt of the earth,

the stones are crying out

and many others

What do these phraseological units mean, what semantic load do they carry? Let's try to figure this out.

1.2 Groups of phraseological units

Phraseological units of biblical origin have three sources, according to which they can be divided into three groups:

New Testamentisms borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, more precisely from the version of the New Testament, which has been in circulation since the introduction of Christianity in Russia to this day. These phraseological turns are quotations from the Gospels, the Acts of the Holy Apostles and other books of the New Testament written in the Old Church Slavonic language. This is a fairly large group of phraseological units, such as, for example, hungry and thirsty (truth); choose the good part; into flesh and blood; faith without works is dead; seeking hail; those in power and those in power, at the forefront, in many words, there is no salvation, doctor! he was healed himself, every deed is good, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the graves that have been littered, let this cup pass from me, his wickedness prevails; hedgehog, pisah; sign of the times, etc.

actually Russian New Testamentisms, which are quotations from Biblical texts. Phraseological phrases from the New Testament related to this group are quotations from the Russian text of the Bible. These are phraseological units such as: throw a stone (at someone); he who takes the sword will perish with the sword; coffins painted; reaps where he did not sow; can anything good come from Nazareth?; what is Caesar's to Caesar, (but what is God's to God); With what measure you measure, it will be measured to you again; who is forgiven little, loves little, etc.

This group includes numerous phraseological phrases that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations through their rethinking. Such, for example, are the revolutions of the barren fig tree; Babylonian harlot; prodigal son; beam in the eye; faith moves mountains (moves); whoever comes to us with a sword will perish by the sword; to contribute; widow's mite; Wolf in sheep's clothing; in letter and spirit; lost sheep; bury (one's) talent (in the ground); a book with seven seals; go to Golgotha ​​(to the cross); massacre of the innocents; expel from the temple; end of the world; dead letter; carry (one's) cross, etc.

1.3. Sources of the emergence of phraseological units

Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names ( idioms, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, when drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that “phrases” should be included in it, i.e. turns, expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

Until the 40s of the 20th century in the works of domestic linguists. The creation of a base for the study of stable combinations of words in the modern Russian literary language belongs to Academician V.V. Vinogradov. The emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science is associated with the name of Vinogradov. At present, phraseology continues its development.

Sources of phraseological units.

The appearance of phraseological units of a native Russian character is closely connected with the life of the people, their history, way of life, beliefs, common development nation.

Whole line of Russian phraseological units is associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A striking example of phraseological units of this type can be phraseological units: bring to clean water(whom) - "to expose, solve a crime"; as lowered into the water - “a dull, sad person”; passed through fire, water and copper pipes- "about an experienced, experienced person." These phraseological units go back to the following custom of the ancient Slavs: people suspected of crimes were tested by fire and water; about these tests, the named expressions were preserved in the language. Oral folk art is also one of the sources of the appearance of phraseological units.

Of fabulous origin, for example, phraseological units: the beaten unbeaten is lucky, Kashchei the Immortal. Many phraseological units were formed from proverbs: grandmother said in two (Grandma guessed and said in two: either it will rain or snow, either it will or not), bite your elbows (The elbow is close, but you won’t bite), chase two hares (You’ll chase two hares - you won’t catch a single one), the wolf took pity on the mare - “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, left the tail and mane; without a king in his head - "a frivolous person" from the proverb: Svoy.mind - the king in the head.

A significant layer of Russian phraseology are expressions associated with Russian ancient crafts. So, for example, phraseologisms “without a hitch, without a hitch”, remove chips, etc. originate from carpenters. From shoemakers - two boots of a pair - “the same”, made on one block - “the same, similar”:

The speech of fishermen and hunters was reflected in the phraseological units “to fish in troubled waters”, “to fall for the bait” and others. So, the marine phraseological unit to give up - “to sail away from the coast” began to be used in the meaning of “leave, leave”.

Russian phraseology also reflected the details of Russian life, for example: bast shoes to slurp, not slurping salty. Phraseologisms “play hide and seek”, “they don’t beat the lying down” originate from Russian games.

The works of Russian writers also contributed a lot to Russian phraseology.

Quite a lot of phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylov. Here are some of them: “and things are still there”, “and Vaska listens and eats”, I didn’t notice the elephant (I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing”; monkey labor (I. Krylov) - “vain, fussy labor”;

Over time, some phraseological units leave the language, that is, become obsolete, others come to replace them. For example, in the past, the phraseologism was often used to shave the forehead, which meant "to take into the army, into the soldiers." Nowadays, young people are also drafted into the army, but “they don’t shave their foreheads,” so the phraseology is outdated.

New phraseological units reflect the events of our life. Each significant event of life is reflected in Russian phraseology: for example, the development of space flights gave birth to the phraseological unit "go into orbit" - "to achieve success."

Meaning of some phraseological units.

Words live and live separately from each other, and each word has its own lexical meaning. And at some point, these words merge into one indivisible combination, the words suddenly lose their former meanings, becoming a phraseological unit.Many phraseological units were born and are actively used in literary works great Russian poets, writers, works of oral folk art.

Forbidden fruit - something tempting, desirable, but forbidden and inaccessible.

It originated from the biblical story about the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the fruits of which God forbade Adam and Eve to eat. Adam's apple Hard elevation on the throat of people, especially prominent in men, top part Adam's apple. According to the biblical legend about the fall of the first-created people: a part of the forbidden fruit (apple) got stuck in Adam's throat. Seal of Cain (Brand)- the stigma of crime; imprint, footprint, external signs crime. According to the biblical legend about the eldest son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother and whom God cursed and put a sign so that no one from people would kill him. Dove of peace - From the story of the Flood. The dove released by Noah from the ark brought him an olive leaf, as evidence that the flood was over, dry land appeared, God's wrath was replaced by mercy. Since then, the dove with an olive (olive) branch has become a symbol of reconciliation. Golden calf - The omnipotent power of money.While Moses communed with God in seclusion on Mount Sinai, some believers betrayed their leader. They made a calf, which they themselves cast of pure gold, as their new idol. But when the prophet returned, a cruel punishment awaited the apostates. Phrase "lost sheep"stands for good man accidentally strayed from the right path. There is a parable in the Bible that a man had a flock of sheep, one of them got lost and disappeared. The owner, who was dear to each animal, left the herd and went to look for her. Finding it, he carried it home on his shoulders. Later, this expression "lost sheep" became allegorical. So they began to call people who have gone astray from the righteous path. Bury talent in the ground- they talk about a person who could not use the abilities given to him and develop them. Talent, according to the biblical legend, was called a coin, or rather, a measure of the weight of precious metals. The gospel parable says that when leaving, one man left money for his slaves. Two slaves put money into action, but the third buried his talent in the ground. The owner is back. Then the first slave gave him 10 talents, the second gave 4 talents, and the third gave the same 1 talent. Since then, the expression has gone to bury talent in the ground. Despite the faces- regardless of someone's position, to perform certain actions. This is a call not to be hypocritical, not to please (to flatter) in front of superiors. The ancient Greeks, among other gods, worshiped Themis, the goddess of order and justice. She was always depicted with a blindfold, symbolizing the impartiality with which she judges the accused: whoever appears before the goddess, she will judge her fairly, impartially, that is, regardless of the person. Valaam's donkeya silent and submissive person who suddenly spoke, protested.The expression arose from the biblical story of Balaam, whose donkey once spoke in human language, protesting against the beatings. Scapegoat - ha person who is responsible for the fault of others. According to biblical tradition, the ancient Jews had a ritual: on a special day of absolution, the high priest laid his hands on the head of a living goat, thereby transferring the sins of his people to it. After that, the goat was driven into the wilderness.

Manna from heaven something good, desired, as a rule, expected for nothing, for free.The food that God fed Moses and his fellow tribesmen during the 40-year wanderings after the Exodus from Egypt. When the Jews ran out of all the bread they had taken with them from Egypt, God sent them food that looked like small white grains or like small hail. Manna covered the ground around the Jewish camp in the morning throughout their journey every day except Saturday. To contribute-make a meaningful contribution.Lepta - small copper coin. The Gospel describes a case when Jesus specifically noted the donation of a poor widow, which amounted to two mites: for all those out of their abundance put in as a gift to God, but she out of her poverty put in all her livelihood that she had. Wolf in sheep's clothing- a person who hides evil goals under the mask of virtue.Often evil and cunning people pretend to be kind and good in order to confuse the gullible and use this weakness of theirs for their own purposes.
In the Gospel of Matthew there are these words: "Beware of false critics: they come to you in sheep's clothing, but inside they are ravenous wolves." Bury your talent in the ground-and figuratively - to leave knowledge, experience, abilities, talent unused; not to develop, not to apply them, not to use them.

The expression passed into our speech from a biblical parable (moralizing story) about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (the ancient peoples called it the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he had used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you are a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and being afraid, you went and hid your talent in the ground; here's yours!"

In modern language, the word "talent" has acquired a new meaning: talent, ability.

Beat the thumbs - idle. Where did such an expression come from? It turns out that originally it meant "to split, break an aspen block into buckwheat (chocks) to make spoons, ladles out of them, that is, to perform very simple work."
It is written with a pitchfork on the water - improbable, doubtful, hardly possible event.In Slavic mythology, mythical creatures living in water bodies were called pitchforks. They allegedly could predict fate by writing it on the water. According to another version, pitchfork in some Russian dialects means "circles". During divination by water, pebbles were thrown into the river and, according to the shape of the circles formed on the surface of the water, their intersections and sizes, they predicted the future. And since predictions rarely came true, “it’s written on the water with a pitchfork” they began to talk about an unlikely event.
Ivan, not remembering kinship , - a person without beliefs or traditions.
Now it is difficult to meet a person who would not remember his name and surname. But in Russia there was a time when they covered themselves with this. Serfs who fled from the landowner, fugitives from hard labor and other "passportless vagrants", falling into the hands of the police, preferred not to reveal their names and origins. They answered all the questions that their name was Ivan, and they did not remember their relationship. Officials wrote them down in books, sometimes giving the surname "Besfamilny". Lawyers even developed such a term: "not remembering kinship", and among the people everyone who renounced relatives, friends and old ties began to be called "Ivans who do not remember kinship."
Nick down - remember well. Not a very pleasant procedure, is it? The nose in this case is a wooden stick that illiterate people carried as a "notebook". When they wanted to remember something, they made special notches on this stick.
Kazan orphan - a person who pretends to be unhappy in order to arouse the sympathy of pitiful people.The expression comes from 1552, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan kingdom. Kazan rich people began to massively cross over to his side, rebaptizing themselves as Christians in order to preserve their wealth. The tsar welcomed this, rewarded richly and took it with him to Moscow. The people mockingly called such people "Kazan orphans": at the court they became shy, tried to get as many awards and "salaries" as possible.
Scream in all Ivanovo - scream very loudly.This expression is connected with the Moscow Kremlin. The square in the Kremlin, where the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands, was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, special people - clerks - announced decrees, orders and other documents relating to the inhabitants of Moscow and the entire people of Russia. So that everyone could hear well, the clerk read very loudly, shouted all over Ivanovskaya.
It's written on the forehead. If they say about a person what is written on his forehead, then it is usually understood that nothing good can be written there. This expression appeared under Elizaveta Petrovna, who in 1746 ordered the foreheads of criminals to be branded so that they "were different from other kind and unsuspicious people." This is where the expression comes frombrand infamy and a burnt out criminal .
Not salty slurping - be deceived in your expectations, hopes, not achieve what you want.

Stay with your nose - be left with nothing. The nose has a completely different meaning - from the word burden, to carry. A person was left with a nose if his offering (usually a bribe) was not accepted.
Wash the bones - discuss the person.The expression is known to everyone since childhood and is interesting because it is perhaps one of the most ancient idioms of the Russian language. In this case, we are talking about a forgotten rite of reburial: three years after the death of the deceased, the deceased was removed from the grave, the bones were cleaned of decay and re-buried. This action was accompanied by memories of the deceased, an assessment of his character, deeds and deeds. This rite was well known as early as the 12th century, as evidenced by the lines from the Tale of Igor's Campaign: "Who will wash your relics?" ("Lament of Yaroslavna").
Pull the wool over someone's eyes - create a false impression of their abilities.

The side of the bake - superfluous, unnecessary, not directly related to someone or something.

Ate the dog - characteristic of a person who has a wealth of experience in any business.In fact, this expression originally had a pronounced ironic character, because. is the first part of the proverbHe ate the dog and choked on his tail.That is, she spoke about a man who did a difficult job, but stumbled on a trifle.
Through the sleeves work poorly, carelessly, reluctantly.Old Russian clothes were with long sleeves descending to the ground. Therefore, during work, I had to pick them up, roll them up. This is where the expression “work with your sleeves rolled up” came from, that is, well.
Filkin's letter - invalid document. The expression appeared under Ivan the Terrible. So the tsar called accusatory messages of his enemy - Metropolitan Philip Kolychev.
Inside out - Quite the contrary, inside out.At present, these are harmless words. And there was a time when they were associated with a shameful punishment. The caught thief was dressed in clothes turned inside out and led in this form to an answer. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, a delinquent boyar, in a fur coat dressed inside out, was put on a horse with his face to the tail. In this form, the punished boyar was taken around the city. This explains the saying: "Everything is topsy-turvy and back to front."

Description of the practical part of the study

The results of the survey on the topic "Phraseologisms in our speech"

After studying the theoretical part, it was very interesting to find out whether the students of grades 6-9 of our school and their parents are familiar with the concept of "phraseology", what phraseological units they know, whether they use them in speech. We have developed questionnaires for students in grades 6-9 and their parents (see Appendix). 21 students took part in the survey.

To the question: “Do you know what phraseological units are?” answered:

- "yes" - 17 students (85%);

- “no” - 4 students (15%).

To the question: “What phraseological units do you know?” 16 people (76%) listed more than one stable word combination. The most commonly used expressions are " slipshod" - 14 students (60%), “beat the buckets” -11 students (56).

Phraseological units are used in their speech by 19 students (90%). The following phraseological units were listed:neither light nor dawn, hungry like a wolf, get up on the wrong foot, make an elephant out of a fly, rack your brains, etc.

13 parents of students took part in the survey.

To the question: “What phraseological units do you know?” 10 people answered (76%). They named from three to ten phraseological units.

To the question: “What phraseological units do you often use in your speech?” 3 people (22%) said they don't; 10 people (88%) named more than two phraseological units. Examples of frequently used phraseological units:like a fish on ice, get out of the water dry, an apple has nowhere to fall, like snow on its head, fell from the moon, was born in a shirt, seven Fridays a week, wash dirty linen from the hut, brew porridge, the devil will break his leg, etc.

In this way, we found that the majority of survey participants (82%) know phraseological units and use them in their speech (74%) (see Fig. Chart 1 )

Diagram 1. Survey results

At the same time, the survey showed that there are guys who are not familiar with the concept of "phraseologism", some of the students cannot name them or know very few stable combinations of words and, as a result, do not use them in speech. However, students of grades 6 and 7 did not name a single phraseological unit of a biblical nature in their answers.

Conclusion

In general, it can be concluded , that the Russian language actively borrows expressions from the Bible, regardless of whether they are used in the literal or metaphorical sense. The consciousness of a Russian person accepts them in finished form or rethinks them, giving them new meanings. We have already mentioned some cases of such rethinking. Other examples can be given.

List of used literature and Internet resources

1. Molotkov A.I. Fundamentals of phraseology of the Russian language. - L .: Nauka, 1977. - 248 p.

2. Vvedenskaya, L. A., Baranov, M. T. " Russian word". - M: "Enlightenment", 1983. - p. 122 - 140.

3. Zhukov, A. V., Zhukov, V. P. "School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language." - "Enlightenment", 1989.

4. Ozhegov, S. I. "Dictionary of the Russian language." - M: "Russian language", 1984.

5. Plenkin, N. A. "The style of the Russian language in high school." - M: "Enlightenment", 1975. - p. 40 - 41.

6. Textbook N.M. Shansky "The degree of semantic fusion of phraseological units" (1985, p.56-65).

7. Russian language : A large reference book for schoolchildren and applicants to universities / O. F. Vakurova, T. M. Voteleva, K. A. Voilova and others - M .: Bustard, 2004) 8. Brief reference book of the Russian language (edited by Lekant), pp. 377-378.

10. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary linguistic terms. M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1966. - 607 p.

11. Vartanyan E.A. From the life of words. - M.: Detgiz. 1960. - 240 p.

12. Phraseological dictionary. Edited by A.I. Molotkov. - M. "Russian language", 1986 - 543 p.

13. Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist. Compiled by M.V. Panov.-M: Pedagogy, 1984.-352 p., ill.

Annex 1

Questionnaire "Phraseologisms in our speech" (for students)

Do you know what phraseological units are? Not really

What phraseological units do you know? __________

What idioms do you use in his speech?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questionnaire "Phraseological units in our speech" (for parents)

Dear Parents! We are doing research on the subject

"Phraseologisms".

Please answer the questions in the survey.

What phraseological units do you know? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What idioms do you often use in his speech?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thank you very much for participating in the survey!

Introduction……………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Phraseologism. Biblical phraseological units……...………...4

Chapter 2

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….10

Bibliographic list……………………………………………..11

Appendix 1………………………………………………………….12

Appendix 2………………………………………………………….13

Introduction

On the street, in the store, at home, at school in the classroom every day we hear a lot of words and expressions. This academic year, for the first time, I heard about phraseology, which studies set phrases that are integral in meaning. But there is no information on this topic in the tutorial. Therefore, I decided to study this section on my own. During the study, I realized that this topic is one of the most interesting in the Russian language.

Turning to the literature on the topic "Phraseology", I learned about the existence of phraseological units with the names of animals, about phraseological units with numerical categories.

The topic of my research work is "Biblical Phraseologisms". It was she who seemed to me the most incomprehensible, interesting, informative.

The purpose of my work: The study of the concept of biblical phraseological units, the history of their origin.

Tasks to achieve the goal:

1. Pick up literature on the topic;

2. Find out what it is biblical phraseological units where they came from.

3. Ask classmates for knowledge of this topic.

4. Compile a dictionary of biblical phraseological units.

5. Compose a booklet on this topic.

My work will be of two theoretical chapters and two practical work- a booklet and a dictionary of common biblical phraseological units.

Chapter 1. Phraseologism. Biblical phraseological units.

Phraseological units are a small, stable phrase with figurative sense. Inside such a phrase, you can not change words in places, but replace one word with another. In such phrases it is difficult to grasp the meaning of what was said, literally. Phraseological units cannot be translated into another language and not lose their meaning. Phraseologisms can often be replaced with one word, less expressive. For instance: Beat the thumbs- mess around Nick down- remember, rub glasses- deceive.

Term phraseological units was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally.

Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language. Already from the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (winged expressions, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). Even M.V. Lomonosov, drawing up a plan for a dictionary of the Russian literary language, indicated that it should include “phrases”, “ideomatisms”, “sayings”, that is, turns, expressions. However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently.

Until the 40s of the 20th century, in the works of Russian linguists A.A. Potebney, I.I. Sreznevsky, F.F. Fortunatova, A.A. Shakhmatov and others could find only separate thoughts and observations concerning phraseology.

The meaning of some winged words and expressions from the Bible are called in linguistics "biblicalisms", that is, biblical phraseological units.

A huge layer in the phraseological system of the modern Russian language is biblical phraseology. Bible - this is the Book of books, Holy Scripture, the Word of God addressed to people; grandiose historical chronicle of mankind, an outstanding monument of world literature.

In modern Russian, more than two hundred expressions of biblical origin are known. "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. A.I. Molotkov (FSRYA) is a scientific dictionary that includes over 4000 phraseological units of the Russian language, of which at least 98 phraseological units are of biblical origin. This verbatim quotes from the Bible and expressions that appeared as a result of rethinking biblical phrases. It is necessary to distinguish between quotations from the Church Slavonic translation of the Bible and from the modern translation.

Quotations in Church Slavonic include archaisms and historicisms, obsolete speech turns: Adam's eyelids; rent eyelids; choose the good part; in the sweat of your face; into flesh and blood; Babel; eat fruits; voice in the wilderness; whited sepulcher; promised land; and others like them; stumbling block; their name is legion; the stones cry out; like the apple of an eye; the abomination of desolation; Methuseal summers to live; manna from heaven; direct your feet; not of this world; have no number; without hesitation; clothe in flesh and blood; from the evil one; shake off the dust from your feet; eat locusts and wild honey; eat manna from heaven; flesh and blood; in the image and likeness; kneel; bow your ear; gird your loins; byword; the abysses of heaven opened up; holy of holies; fear for the sake of the Jews; dark water in the clouds; daily bread; teasing movements of water.

Quotes modern translation represented by the following expressions: alpha and omega; throw a stone; throw into the wind; inhale the soul; there is no living place; the wickedness of the day; pour out one's soul; leave no stone unturned; as if a veil had fallen from his eyes; bone from bone; between heaven and earth; with the world; cast pearls before swine; on the head; bear the cross; turn into dust; from head to toes; salt of the earth; wipe out; build on sand god kill me wash your hands; for Christ's sake; limp in both legs; tongue stuck to throat.

Biblical phraseological units that arose on the basis of biblical texts, through their rethinking: from adam; in a suit of adam; Valaam donkey; Wolf in sheep's clothing; Babylonian harlot; contribute; second coming; gog and magog; up to the position of the riz; Egyptian execution; lost sheep; the Forbidden fruit; bury talent in the ground; hot spot; Golden calf; jericho trumpet; massacre of the innocents; Cain's seal; like a bird of the air; scapegoat; sealed book; a colossus with feet of clay; Methuseal age; not one iota; the cup of patience overflowed; sing lazarus; sprinkle ashes on your head; the center of the world; deadly sin; sodom and gomorrah; fig leaf; The Road to Calvary; doubting Thomas.

Many of them have come into use so actively that we sometimes do not even think about the history of these expressions.

Chapter 2

Groups of biblical phraseological units in modern Russian

At present, scholars divide the phraseological units of biblical origin that interest us into three groups.

1) Phraseologisms, borrowed from Old Church Slavonic(Church Slavonic ) version of the New Testament: hungry and thirsty (truth), flesh and blood, those in power, at the forefront, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, a stumbling block, daily bread. The text of the Bible in Church Slavonic appeared since the introduction of Christianity in Russia and is still used in Orthodox worship.

2) Phraseologisms from Russian bible text: throw a stone; he who takes the sword with the sword will perish; caesarean to caesar; With what measure you measure, it will be measured to you again; whoever is not with me is against me; don't judge, don't you will be judged; salt of the earth. As we remember, the books of Holy Scripture were translated into Russian in the 19th century under Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov). Some of the phraseological turns of this group replaced the previously known Church Slavonic ones.

3) Phraseological turns that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations by rethinking them: prodigal son; beam in the eye; to contribute; Wolf in sheep's clothing; massacre of the innocents; carry (one's) cross; there is no prophet in his own country; build on sand Judas kiss; the secret becomes clear; bury (one's) talent (in the ground).

For example, the expression bury talent in the ground passed into our speech from a biblical parable about a certain slave who, having received a talent from his master (the ancient Jews called it the largest monetary unit), did not use it, but buried it in the ground. When the master asked the slave what he had used his talent for, the slave replied: “Master! I knew you that you are a cruel man: you reap where you did not sow and gather where you did not scatter, and being afraid, you went and hid your talent in the ground; here's yours!"

In modern language, the word "talent" has acquired a new meaning: "talent, ability", and the expression "bury talent in the ground" now means "leave abilities unused, do not develop, do not apply them."

There are phraseological units used in the New Testament literally and rethought later by readers of the Bible. So, for example, in Church Slavonic pitch darkness meant hell, the underworld. Now this expression is used in the meaning of "complete, hopeless darkness, ignorance, painful life."

Among the phraseological turns that go back to biblical texts, there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than the one that was in the original. These phraseological units include: the topic of the day, the root of evil, the Babylonian pandemonium, the talk of the town and etc.

There is a group of phraseological units used already in the Bible allegorically, as phraseological expressions.

For example, from the Sermon on the Mount, the expression do not throw pearls before swine and phraseological turn throw pearls(before someone), ascending to the words of Christ: “Do not give shrines to dogs and do not throw your pearls (c.-sl. beads) in front of swine, so that they do not trample it under their feet and, turning, do not tear you to pieces”, which mean "do not waste words with people who cannot understand them, are unwilling to appreciate their meaning."

Very serious changes took place in the language in the 20th century. Before the revolution, the Law of God was a compulsory subject; Holy Scripture was read and studied by everyone. After 1917, the persecution of Orthodox Church. The Bible was no longer published, spiritual books were banned. The new generations of Russian people, not knowing the biblical texts, did not use in their speech many turns and expressions known earlier. Some of the biblical phraseological units are outdated, out of use: do the will of the sender, original sin, kamo are coming, Egyptian executions, seeking hail, happy as Enoch, verbosity, etc.

So, having studied the literature on the topic, I learned a lot about the Bible, biblical phraseological units, the history of their occurrence. I think that each of us should understand what he says. Therefore, it is necessary to compile a brief dictionary of the most used biblical phraseological units so that everyone can get acquainted with it.

Before creating the dictionary, I decided to check the relevance of my work by conducting a survey in my class environment. (ANNEX 1)

Knowledge on this topic can be useful to the guys. For example, in the Russian Bear cub competition, in which I participate every year, there were questions on phraseology. My work will also be useful in preparing for the Olympiads.

Based on the surveys, I compiled a dictionary of biblical phraseological units common in speech. (APPENDIX 2)

Conclusion

For thousands of years people have been turning to the Bible, looking for and finding answers to vital questions that concern them. Scientists all over the world have studied and are studying the Bible - one of the most important cultural monuments.

It was a discovery for me that such well-known expressions as "the voice of one crying in the wilderness", "stumbling stone", "scapegoat", "time to scatter stones and time to gather stones" have their source in the Bible.

I believe that I have fulfilled the goals and objectives set by me. For a long time I selected material, conducted a survey, compiled a dictionary and a survey on this topic. The work turned out to be very interesting and difficult, because this topic has not been fully studied, and even scientists - linguists are arguing about this.

I expanded my horizons, and I hope that someone will find my work necessary and useful. The final product of the work is a booklet, which contains the most important information on the topic.

In the future, a more detailed study of biblical phraseological units, it is possible that it will be possible to divide them into groups according to their meaning. I think that it will also be interesting to look for cases of the use of such expressions in literary works.

Bibliographic list

one. " Concise Dictionary biblical phraseological units "L.G. Kochedykov, L.V. Zhilinova.

2. "Family Bible" ill. Yu. Shnorra: Eksmo, 2013

3. V. P. Zhukova, A. V. Zhukova. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. : M. "Enlightenment" - 1983.

4. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Russian language for schoolchildren in grades 5-9. Journey to the land of words. Tutorial. - M .: Bustard, 1995

5. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Russian language. Essays and exams are excellent. Stylistics and culture of speech. – M.: Makhaon, 2005.

6. Fedorov A. I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units.- M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.

7. Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist (linguistics) / Comp. M. V. Panov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1984.

8. L.G. Kochedykov, L.V. Zhiltsova. Brief dictionary of biblical phraseological units. - M .: Bustard, 1993.

9. http://www.bookvoed.ru/view_images.php?code=444538&tip=1

10. http://www.elhoschool.ru/russki/frazeol.htm

11. yandex.ru/ pictures.

Annex 1

Questioning students 5 B class.

16 people were interviewed.

The children were asked to answer the following questions:

1. What are biblical phraseological units?

2. How do you think, who uses biblical phraseological units in speech?

3. What do expressions mean

-Babel;

-Stumbling block;

-Man does not live by bread alone;

Survey results:

95% (14 people) found it difficult to answer 1, 2 questions

5 people (31%) answered question 3, with minor inaccuracies.

Through the survey, I found relevance of their work: on this topic, the guys do not have enough knowledge.

Annex 2

Dictionary of biblical phraseological units

ALPHA AND OMEGA ; FROM ALPHA TO OMEGA. The beginning and end of something.; from the beginning to the end; entity, basis of something. Revelation 1:8, 10. “I am Alpha and Omega beginning and end,” says the Lord. From the name of the first (alfa) and last (omega) letters of the Greek alphabet.

PRODIGAL SON.

The prodigal son - this expression comes from a biblical story. There is a parable in the gospel that tells about a son who left his father's house and squandered all his fortune. Returning back to his family with nothing, he falls on his knees before his parent, who, having shown mercy and kindness, forgives the negligent offspring. This touching scene is also captured in Rembrandt's painting of the same name. For centuries, the “prodigal son” has been called a person who has broken away from his family and home.

By the name of the biblical episode: "The Parable of the Prodigal Son." (Luke 15:11-32).

WOLF IN SHEEP'S CLOTHING.

A hypocrite who hides vices under the mask of virtue.

"Beware of false prophets who come to you in sheep's clothing but inwardly they are ravenous wolves" (Words of Jesus from Sermon on the Mount).

IN THE Sweat Of Your Face (WORK, WORK).

With great diligence, perseverance, straining all the forces.

The Lord said to Adam: “Because you listened to the voice of your wife and ate from the tree that I commanded you about, the earth is cursed because of you; in sorrow you will eat of it, in the sweat of your face you will eat bread, until you return to the ground from which you were taken.”

THE LORD OF HIS WRATH.

One who follows the mind and not the feeling; a person who owns himself. Proverbs 29:11. “A fool pours out all his anger, but a wise man restrains it”

LET THERE BE LIGHT.

In an expanded sense - about grandiose accomplishments.

And God said: Let there be light". And there was light (from the legend of the creation of the world).

EGYPTIAN DARKNESS. Thick, impenetrable darkness.

“Moses stretched out his hand to heaven, and there was thick darkness throughout land of Egypt three days

.

WAIT [THIRST] LIKE MANNA FROM HEAVEN.

Wait with impatience, with a strong desire.

And now, on the surface of the desert, something small, grainy, like frost on the ground. And the children of Israel saw and said to one another, “What is this?” ... And Moses said to them: "This is the bread that the Lord gave us to eat" ...

THE FORBIDDEN FRUIT IS SWEET).

Tempting, desirable, but forbidden or inaccessible.

And the Lord God commanded the man, saying: “You will eat from every tree in the garden, but you shall not eat from the tree of good and evil from it, for on the day you eat from it you will die by death.”

POUR OUT (POUR OUT) SOUL

Frankly tell someone about what worries, what hurts.

1:12-15. [Childless Anna prayed to the Lord, silently moving her lips, and she was considered drunk]. No, my lord, - said Anna, - I am a woman grieving in spirit, I poured out her soul to the Lord.

MASSACRE OF THE INNOCENTS

Once, the magi came to the Jewish king Herod and announced the birth of a baby in Bethlehem, who was destined to become the Jewish king. Angry Herod ordered to exterminate all the babies in Bethlehem. The expression beating babies (originally beating meant “killing”, “murder”) is used to describe child abuse, as well as jokingly talking about too strict measures applied to someone.

scapegoat (redemption). A person who is constantly blamed for others, who is responsible for others.

16:21-22. And the Lord will lay both his hands on the head of the living goat and confess over him all the iniquities of the sons of Israel and all their transgressions and all their sins...; and the goat shall bear upon itself all their iniquity into an impenetrable land...

LIE TO SALVATION. Lies for the benefit of the deceived. Transformed senior-sl. biblical text: “The horse lies for salvation, but in the multitude of its strength it will not be saved” The horse is not reliable for salvation, it will not deliver great power his. (Ps. 32:17).

BETWEEN HEAVEN AND EARTH..In the air. 2. Shaky, unstable, uncertain position. 3. No home, no shelter, no shelter.

From Psalm 3:23

When the mule ran under the branches of a large tree, he got entangled with his hair in the branches of an oak tree and hung between heaven and earth.

DO NOT KNOW (DO NOT KNOW) WHAT THEY DO. Book. OK. 23:34. Jesus said: Father! forgive them because don't know what they're doing. And they divided His garments by casting lots.

NOT OF THIS WORLD

It is too gospel expression. The words "my kingdom is not of this world" belong to Jesus.
It is applied to people immersed in dreams, blissful, estranged from worries about the real, although in the New Testament it has a slightly different interpretation.

AN EYE FOR AN EYE A TOOTH FOR A TOOTH.

1. About bickering, when none of the participants is inferior to the other. 2. About the need to avenge smth. It came to us from the commandment of Moses about damage to a person: eye for eye, tooth for tooth hand by hand, foot by foot.

ALL ARE EQUAL BEFORE GOD.

So everyone has equal rights.

“And the Lord said:

The small and the great are equal there [beyond the threshold of life], and the slave is free from his master.

AM I MY BROTHER'S GUARD?

It is said when they want to declare their non-involvement in someone's unseemly deeds and actions. Gen. 4:9. And the Lord said to Cain, Where is Abel your brother? He said: I don't know; Am I my brother's keeper?

KNOCK IN THE EYE. Unapproved To notice the minor flaws of someone, not noticing their own, larger ones. Matt. 7:3-5. And what are you look at the speck in your brother's eye, but you don't feel the logs in your eye? See: Lk. 6:41.

DARKNESS. Complete, utter darkness.

22:13. And then the king said to his servants: Bind his hands and feet, take him and throw him into outer darkness: there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.

WASH (WASH) HANDS. Get rid of responsibility for something, from participation in any business.

Matt. 27:24. Pilate, seeing that nothing helped, but confusion increased, took water and washed my hands: I am not guilty of the death of this righteous man: you look. See: Deut. 21:6-7

.

THOMAS UNFAITHFUL [UNBELIEVER].

A person who is difficult to make believe in smth. According to the gospel story about the disciple of Jesus Thomas, who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus, until he saw him risen, did not see his wounds. (John 20:24-29).

BAD SCREAM. Rude, uneducated person.

Noah cursed Ham's son for being immodest and disrespectful

KING OF NATURE [EARTH].

A person is like a peak, the main one on earth.

Gen. 1:26. And the Lord said, Let us make man... and let them [men] have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.

HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER.

Command of the Lord.

Ref. 20:12. Honor your father and your mother that your days may be long in the land which the Lord your God is giving you.

VALE OF CRYING [TEEARS] (AND SORRY).

Earthly life with its sorrows and sufferings.

Psalm 83:7. passing valley of weeping they [those who dwell in the house of the Lord] open springs in it, and the rain covers it with blessing. Yudol (old Slavic word) - valley.

LIKE A THAT IN THE NIGHT. Suddenly, suddenly, silently.

Believers used to say this:

For you yourselves know for certain that the day of the Lord will thus come, like a thief at night. (uncommon phraseological unit)

There are many phraseological units that have come to us from scripture- from bible. Such phraseological units capture important stories, traditions and legends, related not to one person, but to the whole world. Phraseologisms of biblical origin are distinguished by figurative thought and the corresponding language - they often include obsolete words, obsolete forms of declension and conjugation, biblical terminology, etc.

Voice in the wilderness- so called a call that goes unanswered. The Bible story says that one of the prophets turned to the Israelites with a request to prepare the way for God. But the request of the prophet, unfortunately, remained the voice of one crying in the wilderness.

Expression "until the second coming" we often use. It is synonymous with the expression "to the carrot spell" and it matters indefinitely". Phraseologism "until the second coming" comes from the Christian doctrine of the reappearance of Christ on earth, i.e. about his second coming. Phraseologism "to the carrot spell" contains a word characteristic of the church sphere "incantation", which means the last day before fasting, on which believers were allowed to eat dairy and meat food.

Suspecting someone of petty greed, we say that this person did something "for lentil stew". Expression "for lentil stew" originates in the biblical the story of Esau. History says that Esau conceded the right of seniority to his brother Jacob for a stew of lentils.

O a person who has strayed from the true path, you can hear that he "lost sheep". This expression came to us from gospel tradition about a man who, having gathered the whole flock, was missing one sheep. The owner went to look for the lost animal and, having found it, brought it home on his shoulders.

The story of the betrayal of Christ is one of the most famous stories; it is repeatedly mentioned in literature, is actively used in the theater, fine arts, cinema, etc. The famous legend introduced two expressions into the language - "thirty pieces of silver" and "Judas Kiss". Phraseologism "thirty pieces of silver" stands for the price of betrayal, the price of blood. Phraseologism "Judas Kiss"(synonym - crocodile tears) is “ hypocritical, treacherous flattery". Judas Iscariot is not only the most famous frankly low traitor, but also one of the most popular literary and artistic images.

Biblical story of Babylon king Nebuchadnezzar gave rise to the expression "colossus with feet of clay". According to legend, the king saw in a dream a metal idol on clay feet, which was destroyed by a stone falling from the mountain. Since then colossus with feet of clay name something in outwardly majestic, but weak in essence.

O something extremely important, necessary and long-awaited they say "manna from heaven". This phraseological unit was born in one of the biblical legends, where manna from heaven called food falling from the sky for the Jews wandering in the wilderness. Over time, the phraseologism "manna from heaven" There is also a second meaning: unlikely help, outside support; something dubious, hardly feasible».

Expression "for the dream to come" comes from an ecclesiastical expression that refers to the one who reads a prayer before going to bed. Phraseologism "for the dream to come" has the meaning " before bedtime».

From the gospel flood story went expression "opened (opened) the abysses of heaven" which stands for " the rain poured down". obsolete word "opened up" has the meaning " opened wide", and the word "Abyss" – « abyss», « depth».

Parable of the Resurrection of Lazarus we know, if not from the Bible, then from F. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" - for sure. What does phrasalism mean? "sing Lazarus"? This expression has two meanings: 1. Pretending to be unhappy in order to pity someone; complain about your fate; 2. Get what you deserve, "will remember." Phraseologism came to us from e Gospel story about the beggar Lazaruswho was sick and asked for alms.

Creation myth left its mark on the language through the expression "in his own image and likeness", i.e. according to the example and example of someone.

In addition, there are a large number of phraseological units that in one way or another affect the religious sphere of human life. Spark of God called talent, natural gift, as well as noble impulses of feelings, high aspirations. Expression "how God puts on the soul" stands for " carelessly, as it should, as it happens, as it pleases". Phraseologism "on the seventh sky" comes from the religious notion that there are seven heavens, of which the seventh is the highest. In other words, be in seventh heaven – to be on top of bliss.

Do you have any questions? Don't know where the expression came from « manna from heaven » ?
To get help from a tutor -.

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

The Russian language knows many phraseological units that came from the Bible. Here are just five of them. Give examples of other biblical expressions, give their interpretation, explain the origin.

Phraseologisms that came from the Bible

To contribute

About the person who took an active part in something, we can say that he introduced in this case do your bit. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables tells about a poor widow who, while collecting donations, put only two small coins into the bowl (in Greek - mites). Her donation, despite its seeming modesty, turned out to be larger and more important than many rich gifts, because it came from a pure heart. Into the common cause contributes one who, without committing grandiose and noticeable deeds, acts sincerely and honestly.

Voice in the wilderness

This is an expression that means vain calls that go unanswered came to us from ancient times. The Bible tells of the prophet Isaiah who called out ( cried out) from the desert to the Israelites with a warning about the coming god and a demand to prepare the way for him. Then his words were repeated by John the Baptist just before Jesus came to him. Thus, in the Bible this expression has a slightly different meaning than now: a call to listen, to heed the voice of truth.

People rarely do this. Therefore, over time, the emphasis in this turnover began to be placed on the hopelessness and futility of the call.

Antediluvian times

To designate ancient, prehistoric times There are many expressions in Russian: at the time of it, long ago, under King Pea, in time immemorial. Another turn came to us from the Bible - in antediluvian times.

It talks about global flood, who was sent to the earth by a God angry with people. opened up abyss of heaven, and it began to rain, which fell for forty days and forty nights - so it is told in the Bible. The whole earth was flooded to the very high mountains. Only the righteous Noah and his family managed to escape. Noah, by order of God, built a special ship ( noah's ark) and put all the animals and birds there - each creature in pairs. After the flood, they repopulated the earth.

Bury talent in the ground

That's what they say about a man who does not develop his natural abilities, neglects what he is gifted with. It may seem surprising that the word talent in this expression originally denoted a monetary unit.

One of the gospel parables tells how a certain person, leaving for distant countries gave money to his slaves. Five talents he gave to one slave, three to another, and left one to the last slave talent. After he returned from his journey, he summoned the slaves and asked how they had disposed of the money. It turned out that the first and second invested their money in the business and made a profit. And the third buried talent in the ground and, of course, kept it, but did not increase it in any way. Is it necessary to say whom the owner praised and whom he condemned?

Expression bury talent into the earth reminds us that we must use our gifts, talents, reveal them to people, not let them die inside us.

Manna from heaven

There is an expression in Russian wait like manna from heaven - wait long and passionately, hope for a miracle. Manna from heaven and indeed it turned out to be a miracle that saved an entire nation from starvation.

As the Bible tells, during the long-term wanderings of the Jews in the desert, a famine came. People would have died if it hadn’t suddenly started raining down on them from the sky. manna heavenly. It was similar to modern semolina, which got its name in memory of that manne which God gave to his chosen people.

However, meticulous scientists have established that there is an edible lichen in the desert that cracks and rolls into balls when it ripens. It was eaten by many nomadic tribes. Probably, these edible balls brought by the wind are described in biblical legend. But despite this natural scientific explanation, the expression manna from heaven still means unexpected luck, miraculous help.

Report on the topic:

“Biblical phraseological units.

The origin of biblical phraseological units "

Prepared

3rd year student

Tarasova Julia

Saransk 2017

Biblical phraseological units, their meaning and origin.

Biblical phraseological units are often present in our speech, bringing high spirituality and instructive connotation to it. The Bible is the most popular book of mankind, read and repeated many times in church services, at family readings. It is not surprising that many sayings and quotations have become winged and are often used in everyday speech. Biblical phraseological units are distinguished by a high moral component, which is familiar and understandable to many people. Well-known biblical events have a clearly expressed instructiveness, the meaning of which is expressed by phraseological units.

The Bible is without a doubt one of the greatest books of all time. The Bible as a monument of literature It must be said that the Bible is not only the banner of Christianity, "holy scripture", a set of rules of life. It is also a historical record and a great monument of literature. The Bible (its ancient Greek text) translated into Old Slavonic was known to our distant ancestors. The modern reader gets acquainted with the text already in Russian translation. However, both Russian and Old Slavonic variants are sources of stable combinations and aphorisms. modern language. Mythological and biblical phraseological units have firmly entered our lives. Today in the Russian language there are more than 200 set expressions that are associated with the text of the holy book of Christians. Many biblical phraseological units were borrowed from the New Testament, mainly from the Gospel. The adoration of the Magi, the parables of the stupid and wise virgins, the prodigal son, the beheading of I. the Baptist, the Kiss of Judas, the Last Supper, the denial of Peter, the resurrection of Christ - this is not a complete list of fragments from the main holy book of Christians that are in everyday use of words. Biblical phraseological units associated with these plots are widespread; and their meaning and origin are known even to people who are far from religion. After all, these stories were rethought by many writers, poets, artists, directors, etc. They left a big mark on world culture. Let's look at some biblical phraseological units. You will learn the meaning and origin of each of them.

Throw beads. Biblical phraseological units, examples of which are presented in the article, are used not only in oral speech. Quotations from the works of writers and poets are often sent to them, and sometimes the titles of the works themselves. For example, one of Hermann Hesse's novels is The Glass Bead Game. This work was first published in 1943, and in 1946 the author received Nobel Prize. Surely the title of the novel causes you to associate with the expression "throwing pearls." It means "to pay attention to unworthy people, to be humiliated". If you throw beads in front of pigs, you show your innermost feelings and thoughts to those who are not able to appreciate, accept and understand them. The origin of this phraseological unit is biblical. We meet him in the Gospel of Matthew when talking about the conversations of Christ with his followers. In the Sermon on the Mount, which is considered a "program" in Christianity, it is said that one should not give "shrines to dogs", and one should not throw pearls in front of pigs, otherwise they will trample it with their feet and tear you to pieces. You may ask: “Why beads and not pearls?”. The fact is that small river pearls were called beads in Russia. Our ancestors mined it in the northern rivers. After some time, beads began to be called any small bone, glass and metal beads that were used for embroidery. Pearls were drilled, then strung on threads and used to decorate clothes. So another expression (not biblical) appeared - “beaded pattern”.

Make your contribution So they say, in particular, about a person who has taken a feasible part in any business. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables tells of a poor widow who put in only 2 small coins while collecting donations. The word "coins" in Greek sounds like "mite". Despite her apparent modesty, her donation turned out to be more important and larger than the many rich gifts. After all, it was made from a pure heart. The one who, without committing noticeable and grandiose deeds to everyone, acts honestly and sincerely, makes his contribution to the common cause. Other biblical phraseological units are also very curious. The examples and their meaning will certainly interest many. Let's take a look at another expression.

The voice of one crying in the wilderness From ancient times, this expression came to us, denoting calls that turned out to be in vain and remained unanswered. The Bible talks about the prophet Isaiah. He cried out (called) to the Israelites from the wilderness, warning that God was coming, so the way had to be prepared for him. His words were then repeated by John the Baptist. He said them just before the arrival of Jesus Christ to him. In the Bible, therefore, this expression had a slightly different meaning than it does now. It was a call to listen to the voice of truth, to listen. People don't often do this. Therefore, over time, the emphasis in circulation began to be placed on the futility and hopelessness of an appeal addressed to someone. Antediluvian times.

In Russian, there are many expressions to denote prehistoric, ancient times: in time immemorial, under Tsar Pea, a long time ago, during it.

Another thing came from the Bible - in antediluvian times. Of course, we are talking about the flood, which God, angry with people, sent to the earth. The abyss of heaven opened up and it began to rain. It lasted for 40 days and 40 nights, as the Bible says. The land was flooded up to the highest mountains. Only Noah and his family managed to escape. This righteous man, on the orders of God, built Noah's ark - a special ship, where he placed all the birds and animals in pairs. After the flood ended, the earth was repopulated by them.

Bury talent in the ground - This expression is used when talking about a person who does not develop natural abilities. He neglects what he is gifted with. Do you know that the word "talent" in this expression originally meant a monetary unit? The gospel parable tells how one man, having gone to distant countries, distributed money to his slaves. He gave one of them 5 talents, another 3, and the last one only one talent. Returning from a journey, this man called his slaves and asked them to tell how they disposed of the gifts. It turned out that the first and second made a profit by investing talents in the business. And the third slave just buried it in the ground. Of course, he saved the money, but did not increase it. Is it worth talking about who was condemned and who was praised by the owner? Today, this expression reminds us that we should use talents, talents, reveal them. They must not perish within us without bearing fruit. We have already considered 5 biblical phraseological units. Let's move on to the next one.

Egyptian plagues - This expression is also found in the Bible when it talks about how Egyptian pharaoh for a long time did not agree to grant freedom to the people who lived as slaves in his country. According to tradition, God was angry with him for this. He sent 10 severe punishments that successively fell upon the Nile country. In Old Slavonic, "punishment" is "execution". They were as follows: the transformation of the water of the Nile into blood, the invasion of Egypt by toads and various reptiles, a lot of midges, the arrival of "dog" flies (especially evil ones), the loss of livestock, a terrible epidemic that covered the entire population with abscesses, hail, which was interrupted by fiery showers. This was followed by an invasion of locusts, darkness that lasted for many days, the death of the firstborn, not only among people, but also among livestock. The pharaoh, frightened by these disasters, allowed the enslaved people to leave Egypt. Today, the "Egyptian execution" refers to any torment, severe disaster.

Manna from heaven. In modern Russian, there is another interesting expression - to wait like manna from heaven. It means waiting passionately and for a long time, while hoping only for a miracle. Indeed, the manna from heaven was a miracle. Thanks to her, an entire nation was saved from starvation. The Bible says that the famine came when the Jews wandered in the wilderness for many years. People would be doomed to death if manna from heaven had not suddenly begun to fall from heaven. What is it? It resembled modern semolina. The latter was named so in memory of the manna, which was given to the chosen people by God. However, scientists today found that there is an edible lichen in the desert. As it matures, it cracks and then rolls into balls. Many nomadic tribes used this lichen for food. Probably, the wind brought these edible balls, which were described in the legend from the Bible. Despite this explanation, the expression "manna from heaven" still means miraculous help, unexpected good luck. We continue to describe biblical phraseological units and their meanings. The origin of the next one is no less interesting.

Burning Bush. Most likely, this beautiful image was borrowed by our ancestors from Hebrew traditions. In the Bible, the “burning bush” is a thorn bush that burned without burning, since God himself appeared to Moses in its flame. Today we rarely use this image. One of the options for its use is when you need to portray a person who “burns” in any business (for example, at work), but does not lose strength, becomes more and more active and cheerful.

Thirty pieces of silver. Judas Iscariot is considered the most contemptible traitor in history. He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. This man betrayed the teacher for only 30 pieces of silver, that is, for 30 silver coins. That is why such an expression in our time is understood as “the price of blood”, “the price of betrayal”. Many other allegorical words and phraseological units of biblical origin are based on the same legend. The very name "Judas" is used to designate a traitor. And the "kiss of Judas" refers to the concept of treacherous affection, hypocritical and insidious flattery. These biblical phraseological units and their meanings have long been used in fiction. When Saltykov-Shchedrin, the famous Russian satirist, endowed one of his characters, Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, with all sorts of negative traits- a predator, a hypocrite, a saint, a rhetorician, a torturer, etc. - it was clear that Judas Iscariot was the prototype of this hero. It is no coincidence that Golovlev was nicknamed Judas by his own brothers. There is an opinion that the phrase "shakes like an aspen leaf" is associated with stories about this biblical character. Having repented, the traitor hanged himself on the bough of this particular tree. So it was defiled. Now the aspen is allegedly destined to tremble forever.

From Pontius to Pilate. This expression is one of many ancient ones based on error. According to legend, when Jesus was captured and put on trial, neither Herod (the Jewish king) nor Pontius Pilate (the Roman governor) did not want to take responsibility for the execution. Several times they directed Jesus to each other under various pretexts. One could say that Christ was "driven from Herod to Pilate." However, our ancestors were confused by the fact that Pontius Pilate is like the names of two Romans, although such names were quite natural. There were such historical characters as Julius Caesar, Septimius Severus, Sergius Katilika. In the minds of our ancestors, Pilate was divided into 2 people - "Pilate" and "Pontius". And then the story itself was confused. This is how the idea appeared that Christ was being passed "from Pontius to Pilate". Today, these words act as a mocking definition of red tape, when people are driven from boss to boss, instead of solving the case.

Thomas is an unbeliever. We have already described 10 phraseological units of biblical origin. Many of those that we have not talked about are worthy of attention, but only a few can be presented within the framework of one article. The following expression is simply not to be missed - it is widely used, and its origin is quite interesting. Very often one hears the phrase: “Oh, you unbelieving Thomas!”. It has become so familiar that we sometimes do not pay any attention to it when we pronounce it ourselves or hear it from someone. Have you ever wondered where it came from? Do you know who Thomas is? It is believed that we are talking about one of the 12 apostles whom Jesus Christ chose for himself. Thomas was distinguished by the fact that he was distrustful of everything and everyone. However, there is not one, but two initial versions the origin of this expression. The first of these appeared in ancient Jerusalem even before Jesus chose Thomas as his apostle. Thomas had a brother named Andrew. He once saw Jesus walking on water and told Thomas about it. As a sane person, the future apostle did not believe him. Then Andrew invited him to go with him and ask Jesus to walk on the water again. They went to Christ. He repeated his miracle. Thomas had no choice but to admit his own wrong. It was from that time that he began to be called Thomas the Unbeliever. The second version is considered more significant. After the crucifixion of Jesus and his subsequent resurrection, as the Bible says, Thomas did not exist when Christ appeared to the apostles. When they met him, they told him what had happened. However, Thomas did not believe. He said he would not believe until he himself saw the nail wounds on Jesus' hands and put his finger in those wounds. The second time, when the Savior appeared before his apostles already in the presence of Thomas, Christ invited him to do so. You probably guessed that Thomas then believed in the resurrection. The meaning of biblical phraseological units

Of course, these are not all biblical phraseological units. There are a great many of them, we talked about only a few of them. Phraseologisms of biblical origin, as you can see, are still widely used in the language. And this is not surprising, because the Bible is one of the most important books in the history of mankind. It greatly influenced the development of many areas of life. The language has not been left out. It includes numerous phraseological units of biblical origin. Examples and their meaning are still being studied by linguists. And writers and poets draw in bible stories inspiration.

For example, the collection of Maximilian Voloshin, which includes poems about the revolution and war, is called "The Burning Bush". Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Alexander Pushkin... Mythological and biblical phraseological units are found in the work of each of them. Probably, there is no such Russian writer in whose works it would be impossible to find a single biblical turn. What other phraseological units of biblical origin do you know? You can leave examples of them in the comments to this article.