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We'll go camping... virtually. Moreover, as usual, our campaign will turn out to be extremely unsuccessful. And the weather was unlucky, and they forgot their matches at home, not to mention the fact that after the continuous rain for two weeks, everything that could be set on fire became irreversibly damp. Having piled up a small pile of similar problems, we, with our characteristic zeal, begin to overcome them. So, let's try to make a fire in wet weather. And the first thing to consider in these chilly circumstances is the obvious fact that a small fire is much easier to light and ignite than a large one. And therefore, we boldly make a great many small fires, which will burn better, and will provide more heat, and maybe, if we are very lucky, they will attract some plane lost in the clouds. For what? Maybe they’ll give you a ride home... As for fuel, it’s best to look for it under the trunks of fallen trees. Small, dry islands usually remain there. Of which, the most flammable and convenient material is the rot of dried trees, or dry stumps and resin of pine cones. Now everything that we have fumbled needs to be put into a heap, in the form of a wigwam. And at this solemn moment you discover that you forgot your matches at home. It's OK. You shouldn’t tear out your hair, buttons or rub your cheeks, which are abundantly watered with salty tears, over this. It’s not worth it - because there are at least three methods of starting a fire without matches, proven by folk wisdom. The first and most good option- this is flint and steel. The corresponding side of the waterproof can serve as flint here. matchbox, or a solid piece of stone. In order for a flame to ignite from a spark, this spark must first be struck. Why are we furiously beating the flint against the steel blade of a knife, or against some small steel block. When a spark hits the tinder and the latter begins to smoke, we urgently, urgently bend over and begin to blow desperately. If everything was done correctly, the fire is ready; if not, go to the beginning of the paragraph. The second method, sung by the unforgettable Cyrus Smith, lies in the sun and the lens. Moreover, he made the last one from two glasses wristwatch, filling them with water and covering them with clay, once again confirming that there are no hopeless situations. If Prometheus has not emerged from you and it was not possible to get fire, it remains to advise you to resort to the last and most classical way cutting out a flame, namely to friction. They resort to this method out of great desperation. However, a faint hope of success should still linger. This method has many varieties, we will focus on one, called “bow and drill”. First, we make a bow using a lace, rope, or belt. Then we use it to spin a dry soft shaft in a small hole made in a dry and hard block of wood. As a result, we get dry powdery dust, in which a spark should appear with further friction.
7 ways to light a fire without matches
There is a primary connection between a man and fire. Every man should know how to light it up. A real man knows how to do it without matches. This is an important survival skill. You never know when you will find yourself in a situation where you need a fire and you don't have matches or a lighter with you. Below are 7 ways you can start a fire without matches.
Making fire by friction
Making fire by friction is not a method for the faint of heart. This is perhaps the most difficult of all methods of making fire without matches. Exist various methods, which can be used to create fire by friction, but the most important aspect in this is still the type of wood that is used for the plank and spindle.
Spindle- a stick that you will twist to create friction between it and the plank. If you create enough friction between the spindle and the board, you will have a coal that can be used for further ignition. Juniper, aspen, willow, cedar, cypress, walnut are the best materials for boards and spindles.
In order to use wood to create fire by friction, the wood must be dry. If the wood is not dry, you will have to dry it first.
Hand drill
Method hand drill the most primitive, the most basic and the heaviest. All you need is wood, tireless hands and strong determination. Here's how it's done:
Build a tinder nest. Tinder is any material that ignites with a single spark. Birch bark, dry grass, wood shavings, wax paper, fluffy cotton wool, fir cones, pine needles, crushed dry mushrooms (tinder fungi), burnt cotton fabric are excellent tinder, as is the fine dust produced by wood-boring insects, as well as the contents of bird nests.
Make a cut. Cut a small indentation on the board.
Place the bark under the cutout. The bark will be used to catch the ember that will arise from the friction between the spindle and the board.
Start rotating. Place the spindle into the recess on the board. Your spindle needs to be about 50 centimeters long for this to work properly. Maintain pressure between the spindle and the board and begin to rotate the stick between your palms. Continue turning until an ember appears.
Set on fire! As soon as you see a glowing ember, move it to the tinder nest. Blow on it carefully to light a fire.
Fire Bow
The most effective way to make fire based on friction is to use a bow and auger.
Onion. Make a tight bow by stretching a rope, belt or cord around a stick.
Make a small hole in dry and hard wood.
The result will be black powder like dust.
When a spark appears in this powder, it must be transferred to flammable materials (tinder) prepared in advance.
Fire Bow: Getting Fire from a Branch (photo report)
This photo report is dedicated to making fire using the firebow method, briefly discussed in the previous post. For the experience we need a knife, rope ( perfect option- paracord) and something like Silky Pocketboy .
Go…
Several movements Silky Pocketboy and...
A few more with a knife...
Adding paracord...
Now let's put this puzzle together...
Making a deepening...
Cut a piece from the side of the hole...
This is a good old fallback option. It's a good idea to always take flint and steel with you on a hike. Matches can get wet and become virtually useless, but you can still get a spark from steel and a piece of flint. The “FireSteeL” mini flint is a pretty good option, although I prefer the “Expedition” flint knife option.
If you find yourself in a situation where you don’t have a set of flint and steel with you, you can always improvise using quartzite and a steel blade of a pocket knife. You will also need a charred piece of cloth to catch the spark. If you don’t have it, you can replace it with a piece of mushroom or birch.
Take the stone and charred cloth. Take a piece of stone between the big one and index fingers. Make sure that the edge protrudes 5-7 centimeters. Pinch the fabric between thumb and flint.
Create sparks! Take the steel or the back of a knife blade. Strike the steel against the flint several times. Sparks from the steel will fly directly onto the fabric, causing a glow.
Light the fire. Place the smoldering cloth in the tinder and gently blow on it to start the fire.
Lens based methods
Most easy method making fire without matches is based on the use of lenses.
Traditional lenses
To create fire, all you need is some sort of lens to focus the sun's rays on a specific location. Magnifying glass, glasses, eye lenses or binoculars - anything will do. If you add a little water to the lens, the beam will become more intense. Tilt the lens so as to focus the rays into a small point (with as small a diameter as possible). Place tinder in this area and you will soon have a fire.
The only drawback of the lenses is that it only works when there is sun. Therefore, at night or cloudy weather you will have to look for other methods.
In addition to methods using traditional lenses, there are three unusual but effective methods, based on the refraction of rays.
Balloons and condoms
Filling out balloon or a condom with water, you can turn these ordinary objects into a lens.
Please note that condoms and balloons are smaller and shorter focal length than regular lenses. Therefore, keep them 1 to 2 cm from the tinder.
Fire from ice
To make fire from a block of ice, you need to make the ice into the shape of a lens, and then use it the same way you would with any other lens. This method can be especially useful for winter camping.
Pure water. The ice must be clear for this to work. If it is cloudy or has other impurities, the option will not work. Most The best way to get a clear block of ice fill a cup, goblet or container made of foil, clean water from a lake, pond or melted snow. Let's turn water into ice. Your piece of ice should be about 5 centimeters thick.
Lens shape. Use a knife to form a piece of ice into the lens. Remember that the lens shape is thicker in the middle and narrower at the edges.
Polish the lens. Once you have the rough shape of the lens, finish it off by polishing it by hand until the surfaces are smooth.
Set on fire. Angle your ice lens the same way you would with traditional lenses. Focus a beam of light onto the tinder.
Coca-Cola and Chocolate Bar
Another interesting way to make fire.
All you need is an aluminum can and chocolate.
Polish the bottom of the jar with chocolate. The chocolate acts as a polish, and by rubbing the bottom of the jar a little, you can get something like a mirror. If you don't have chocolate with you, toothpaste will do too.
Make fire. After sanding the bottom of the can you will have a parabolic mirror. Now they need to catch sunlight and place tinder in the place where the rays are focused.
How to light a fire without matches?
How to make a fire
The usual way. Small dry wood chips are piled up into a small “pioneer” fire, and larger logs are placed on top of this structure (in the end it looks like it looks like a cone - a standard “pioneer” fire).
Modernized method. A well is made from logs: two logs in pairs parallel to each other, two more on top perpendicular to the previous ones, and so on. At the bottom of the “well,” chips are ignited, and the entire structure flares up very well and quickly. For ignition, it is convenient to use pieces of birch bark, previously separated from the log.
In the rain. Even in rainy weather, you can make a fire as follows: place two small logs of equal size downwind. Place the thinnest dried twigs or twigs perpendicularly on top of these logs and set them on fire. Usually lights up from the first match.
How to light a fire without matches
Without experience, it is difficult to light a fire even with a large supply of matches. What if there are no matches? There are several ways using available tools. Before you try to light a fire without matches, have some dry, flammable materials ready. Then cover them from wind and moisture. Good substances can be rot, rope or twine, dry palm leaves, wood shavings and sawdust, bird feathers, woolly plant fibers, finely ground tree bark, gauze, cotton wool, fluff, dry moss, scraps of clothing, which, if possible, are moistened gasoline, etc. To stock up on them for the future, put some in a waterproof bag.
Potassium permanganate and glycerin
Pour about 1 gram of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) ground into fine powder. Then carefully drop 2-3 drops of glycerin onto it from a pipette or glass tube and quickly remove your hand. Only 2-3 seconds will pass and you will see the fire break out.
Lighting a fire without matches is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. Having learned this, you can get out of a difficult situation. The length of your survival depends on your ability to start a fire. In this article we will look at how to start a fire using a knife (any piece of steel). First of all, choose a place to build a fire. It must be sheltered from rain and wind. If you need to make a fire in the snow, then the snow is either cleared from the site of the fire pit within a radius of several meters, or a platform is created from thick logs and stones, on which the fire pit is subsequently built.
Dried tree branches can be used as fuel. In wet weather, look for branches on standing trees, and not on the ground. They will be drier, since they are covered from moisture by the tree crown, and dry faster in the wind. In addition, dry wood can be found under the trunks of fallen trees. In areas with sparse vegetation, you can use dry roots, grasses, peat, animal fat and even coal and shale tar. Spongy threads of puffball mushrooms, pine needles and cones, tree bark, ferns and lichens, scraps of clothing, twine, and bird feathers also ignite well. An excellent material for starting a fire is dust, which can be found even in the rain by clearing away wet upper layer rotten log.
The bottom of the fire pit is lined with dry, even branches a finger thick, so that a layer of air remains under them. This will provide access to oxygen, and the branches will act as a blower in the stove. Thin dry twigs, birch bark, pine needles or other previously described highly flammable materials are placed on top in the form of a hut.
The next step is to make a pipe-forge for starting a fire. Birch bark is an excellent material for this. If it is not available, dry pine bark, removed with a tube entirely from a dry branch, will do. In addition, you can use dry grass, fern leaves, etc. Several thin resinous twigs, pine needles, and thin strips of birch bark are placed inside the tube.
Now you need to decide on tinder. It is also very important that it is dry and flammable. A piece of cotton wool from the lining of a jacket, dust, felt, tiny shavings, etc. can be used as tinder. Now we come directly to making fire. All it takes is a small spark for the tinder to start smoldering. Such a spark is struck in an ordinary lighter and is well known to everyone. To do this, the hard stone is struck or struck with a steel bar.
Select a fist-sized rock on the ground - silica, granite, marble and other hard rocks will do. If the stone is smooth and does not have sharp corners, break it between two larger ones. A piece of tinder is applied to the edge of the stone at a distance of a millimeter, after which a knife is struck on the edge of the stone in the direction of the tinder. A spark that hits dry tinder will certainly cause it to smolder, and you will see a faint thread of smoke. Gently, not forcefully, but evenly and for a long time, blow on the tinder to increase the source of smoldering.
If the stone crumbles and no sparks are produced, do not despair. Select another stone and try again. If you don't have a knife or other piece of steel, a spark can be created by striking the edge of one stone against the edge of another.
After receiving a smoldering piece of tinder, it is placed in a pre-prepared tube. Holding it at a distance of 25-30 centimeters from your face, begin to blow the coal smoothly and evenly. The air will pass through the tube, heating its contents, the ember will grow, and soon the birch bark and needles will ignite. Using the bundle as a large match, light small dry twigs in the fire.
There are some tips to keep in mind for preserving your fire. If you put a thick rotten log or, conversely, a freshly cut log into the fire overnight, the fire will burn slowly and for a long time. If you save the red coals of the fire, sprinkle them with ashes and top them with a layer of soil, it will be easier for you to get a fire in the morning. In addition, several small fires around will warm you better than one large one.
Another way:
Making a fire without matches.
To do this, you will need what is available in any home - potassium permanganate and glycerin.
Pour about 1 gram of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) ground into fine powder. Then, from a pipette or glass tube, carefully drop 2-3 drops of glycerin onto it and quickly remove your hand. Only 2-3 seconds will pass and you will see the fire break out.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL
How to make a fire correctly? How to light a fire without matches? Types of fires
Fire is necessary for heating, drying clothes, signaling, cooking, and purifying water by boiling it. Survival time will increase or decrease depending on your ability to start a fire.
If you have matches, you can start a fire in any conditions and in any weather. If action is expected in remote areas, stock up sufficient quantity matches, which should always be kept with you in a waterproof bag. It is necessary to learn how to maintain the flame of a match for as long as possible in strong winds.
Fire pit
Fire pit.
Select an open but safe place protected from the wind, preferably near water. A fire should be made on already trampled areas or on old fire pits. It is advisable to have a sapper shovel with you: it is convenient for removing turf from the place chosen for the fire. As a last resort, an ax is used for this. In any case, all dry leaves, branches, pine needles, grass can catch fire; you should remove them from the fire at a distance of 1–1.5 meters.
Fire safety.
Do not light fires in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass. The fire hits them at high speed.
Do not light a fire on peat bogs. Remember that smoldering peat is very difficult to extinguish, even by filling it with water. Unnoticed smoldering can easily turn into a destructive peat fire.
Lighting a fire
Kindling.
Lighting a fire begins with preparing kindling, which is made from small spruce branches, birch bark, dry moss, lichen, shavings, and splinters. In wet weather, kindling is obtained from chips of dead wood split with an ax, from dry pine litter, sheltered from the rain by tree crowns.
The prepared kindling-fuse is placed tightly under small brushwood folded in a hut or well and set on fire, and thicker brushwood and other firewood are carefully placed on top.
When it rains, a fire is lit under the cover of a cape or cloak held by two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the denser the kindling and fuel should be placed on the fire. In bad weather, you need to have dry alcohol, old photographic film, a candle stub, and a piece of plexiglass or rubber with you.
Starting a fire without matches.
Before you try to light a fire without matches, have some dry, flammable materials ready. Then cover them from wind and moisture. Good substances can be rot, scraps of clothing, rope or twine, dry palm leaves, wood shavings and sawdust, bird feathers, woolly plant fibers and others. To stock up on them for the future, put some in a waterproof bag.
Sun and lens.
A camera lens, a convex lens from binoculars or a telescope, and finally a mirror can be used to focus the sun's rays on flammable substances.
Flint and steel (steel plate).
If you don't have matches, this is the best way to quickly light dry tinder. The flint can be the corresponding side of a waterproof matchbox or a solid piece of stone. Hold the flint as close to the tinder as possible and strike it against a steel knife blade or some small piece of steel. Strike so that the sparks hit the center of the tinder. When it starts to smoke, blow lightly on the flame. You can add some fuel to the tinder or transfer the tinder to the fuel. If you fail to strike a spark with the first stone, try with another.
Friction of wood on wood.
Considering that making fire using the friction method is quite difficult, use it as a last resort.
Bow and drill.
Make an elastic bow by stretching it with lace, rope or belt. Use it to spin a dry, soft shaft through a small hole made in a dry, hard block of wood. As a result, you will get powdery black dust, in which a spark will appear with further friction. Lift the block and pour this powder onto a flammable substance (tinder).
Firewood for the fire.
Up close settlements, as well as in populated areas, firewood can be used as fuel that is not suitable for the economic needs of the local population, for example, small dead wood, dry crooked forest, old stumps. If there is no such fuel nearby, firewood for the fire should be purchased through the forestry department or take primus stoves and gas stoves with you on a hike.
In taiga areas there is enough brushwood, dead wood, and dead wood. When preparing fuel, you should keep in mind that damp and rotten firewood produces a lot of smoke, but little heat; small brushwood burns out in the first two or three minutes; Aspen and fir firewood are bad because they “shoot” sparks too much.
For cooking, it is better to use dead wood of birch and alder, which burns evenly and with almost no smoke. If you need to make a big hot fire, for example in winter when you have to spend the night, the best firewood will be made from pine, cedar and spruce dead wood.
Dry wood felling.
When preparing dead wood for a fire, first determine the natural slope of the tree and the place of its possible fall, then look at the probable path of the falling tree to make sure that it will not hang on the neighboring crowns, and only after that, on the side where it is planned to fell the tree, make cut or saw down a third of the diameter of the trunk.
Do you consider yourself a modern person? Do you really believe that you can handle any complexity or problem? In principle, we can assume that this is the case. But, as practice shows, the average person can be proud of his omnipotence only as long as he does not leave his usual habitat. Shall we check?
Section 1. How to light a fire without matches? Relevance of the issue
The 21st century is just around the corner. We have learned to fly to the moon, with the help of the Internet you can find almost any information, and foreign languages You can already study without leaving your computer. All this is called scientific and technological progress.
What about simpler, but still vitally important things? Have you ever wondered whether modern man could survive, say, in wildlife? Does he know, without matches, or how to build at least a temporary shelter from the rain? As sad as it may be, the answers to these questions will most likely be negative.
In general, if you look at the statistics, it turns out that most city residents cannot light a fire even with a lighter, but various ways they have no idea about making fire.
That’s why you shouldn’t forget about survival school. You never know where and when it might come in handy. There is an opinion that every man should know how to start a fire without matches, but women should also listen to our advice today. This, you see, is the most important skill for survival.
Section 2. We list the main ways to solve the problem
How to make fire without matches in the forest? Is this even possible?
It is absolutely clear that any moisture or dampness will ruin all your endeavors. Here, it would seem, there is nothing to argue about. Even junior schoolboy guesses that in order to get a fire in the forest without matches or using them (on at this stage this is not so important), you will need dry rags or leaves; by the way, ropes, gauze, crushed bark or dry moss, etc. will be useful. Let me note that this is only a minimum set of components. So to speak, the most accessible to the common man.
From a scientific point of view, there are four main methods to solve the problem:
- chemical;
- textbook (using a lens);
- using friction force;
- solid.
Now let's talk about each of them in more detail.
Section 3. Chemical method
Probably, from school, some of us remember that a flammable mixture can be caused by the reaction of potassium permanganate and glycerin. If you have access to these ingredients to “cook” a fire, go for it! In this case, you can easily solve the problem of how to light a fire without matches in field conditions. Just 1 g of potassium permanganate, poured onto previously prepared cloths, and a couple of drops of glycerin are enough. But I would like to immediately warn you: as soon as you drop the glycerin, quickly remove your hand, because the fire will immediately begin to devour the offered “gifts”.
Section 4. How to light a fire without matches. Long, but reliable - a textbook method
Using a lens from glasses, binoculars, a telescope, a convex bottle, an aquarium or other shaped glass, you can focus the sun's ray to create a fire. For example, Robinson Crusoe from the well-known and beloved book from childhood, before getting fire without matches (what kind of matches and lighter could there be on an island?!?), diligently used watch glass.
Section 5. Ready to work hard? Tiring way
You can make a fire, although this is a very tedious and not always fruitful activity. To begin with, a bow is made from soft wood, but a rope will perfectly serve as a bowstring. The “drill” will be any pointed stick. The support should be made of dry hardwood logs, such as pine or oak.
The source material is first cleared of bark. Then you need to drill a hole 1-1.5 cm deep in it and carefully cover it with tinder. The drill needs to be wrapped in a bowstring, inserted with one ring into the hole, and tinder placed tightly around it. Only after this, firmly pressing the drill with your palm, you need to use right hand move the bow quickly. This should be done perpendicular to the drill. Important: to avoid damaging your palm, place a fabric pad between the drill and your hand; you can replace it with tree bark. After the tinder has smoldered, you need to fan it well and add kindling, which has been prepared in advance.
Section 6. Hard way
For this method, any stone can serve as a material. It is quite convenient to knock out a spark using a steel knife or other metal objects. The success of such an activity is difficult to predict, because everything depends on luck and a very dry base for the fire.
Section 7. “Diligence and labor will grind everything”
You should immediately warn that making fire by friction is the most difficult method. It's definitely not for the faint of heart.
In general, there are various methods for creating fire by friction. However the most important aspect is the type of wood used for the board and spindle.
The spindle is the stick that you will spin to create friction between it and the board. Juniper, cypress, aspen, willow, cedar, walnut are considered the best materials for board and spindle. To use wood to make fire using the friction method, as well as, in principle, any other method, the wood must be taken exclusively dry.
Section 8: Hand Drill Method
Honestly, it is the most primitive, but also the most basic and difficult. All that is required in this case is wood, tireless hands and determination.
Build a tinder nest. For tinder, a material that ignites with a single spark, it is best to use:
- birch bark;
- dry grass;
- pine needles;
- wood shavings;
- tinder fungi (crushed and dry mushrooms);
- wax paper;
- fluffy cotton wool;
- burnt cotton fabric;
- fir cones.
Make the cut by cutting a small indentation into the board. It is worth placing a bark under this cutout to catch the ember that arises from friction. Start rotating by placing the spindle in the recess. Typically, it needs to be about 50 centimeters long for this method to work properly. Rotate the stick between your palms until an ember appears.
As soon as a spark appears, quickly transfer it to the previously prepared tinder nest. Blow on it carefully, everything is ready - the fire is burning.
Section 9. Fire bow method
It is considered the most effective way to make fire, which is based on friction. In this case, you will need to use a bow and auger.
Make a tight bow. To do this, pull a rope, belt, or cord around the stick. Then make a hole in the dry wood. Next, quickly and for a long time twist the shaft in the hole using the bow. You should end up with a black powder. As soon as a spark appears in it, it must be transferred to the tinder.
Section 10. Flint and steel
In general, it should be noted that this is an old and reliable backup option for those who do not know how to make a fire without matches in the forest or in open areas.
Basically, good idea- this means constantly taking flint with you on a hike. After all, matches can get wet and will be useless. Otherwise, you can still get a spark from a piece of flint.
Flint remains the ideal option. In addition, you can always improvise using quartzite and the steel blade of any knife.
But that's not all. According to experts, you will definitely need a charred piece of cloth, which can be replaced with a dry piece of mushroom or birch bark.
- Take stone and cloth.
- Place a piece of stone between your thumb and forefinger, with the edge protruding 7 centimeters.
- Pinch the fabric securely with your thumb and flint.
- Start striking sparks. To do this, hit the flint with steel or a knife blade several times; you will see that sparks will fly off onto the fabric, thereby causing a glow.
- Place the spark cloth on the tinder and blow gently to start the fire.
Section 11. Using the Lens
In general, all methods based on producing fire using lenses are considered the easiest. Before starting a fire without matches, you just need to focus the sun's rays on a specific place.
Also suitable for this purpose:
- magnifying glass;
- glasses;
- binoculars.
By the way, if you add a little water to the lens, the beam of light will become more intense. Try to tilt the glass in such a way as to focus the rays to a point with the smallest possible diameter. Place tinder in this place, you will soon be able to get fire.
The only drawback of this method is that it only works in the presence of sun. And at night you will have to use other methods.
Section 12. Creative approach
Don't know how to light a fire without matches? Try to do it in an original way - you will have fun yourself and surprise your friends.
So, in addition to traditional ways There are three completely unusual, but quite effective methods that are based on the refraction of rays.
- Balloons and condoms. If you fill a balloon or condom with water, it turns into a lens. True, they should be kept less from the tinder - 1-2 cm.
- Fire from ice. Make fire from a block of ice. This method extremely useful for winter camping. But for the method to work, the ice must be completely transparent and about 5 centimeters thick. Then shape the ice into a lens shape, polish it with your hands until smooth, and use it like a traditional lens.
- Coca-Cola and chocolate. You will also need chocolate. Moreover, the bottom of the first should be polished with the second; toothpaste will also work. After grinding, you will get a parabolic mirror. All that remains is to catch the sunlight and place tinder where the rays focus.
Hello, dear readers of my security blog. This is Vladimir Raichev, the author of this blog. For a long time I have not published articles in which I would tell how to survive in conditions of autonomy. So let's talk today about how to make fire using improvised means.
You know, I once tried to make fire by rubbing a wooden rod against wooden base. You know how they show in films? I twirled the stick in my hands and wow, the fire was made. To be honest, I was all sweaty then, but I still didn’t get fire. So how do you start a fire in the field without matches or a lighter?
Any person can find himself in conditions of autonomous existence. Crash cruise ship, plane crash, lost tourists in the forest. The likelihood of survival far from civilization depends on many factors. The ability to make fire plays one of the main roles here.
Very often people find themselves in conditions of existence in the wild unprepared. And they have to survive using a set of objects that, at first glance, do not have the necessary properties. In this article we will look at how unusual things can be used to create fire.
We use the battery to make fire
In this case, a AA battery is preferable. But, in principle, any energy source is suitable. In this method we also need foil and a piece of cotton wool or cotton fabric.
We cut a strip of foil 1 cm wide, leaving the central part of the strip 2-3 mm wide. The foil should be of such length that the ends of the strip can be connected to the battery contacts. The shape of the strip after all manipulations resembles hourglass.
Then the fabric or cotton wool is wound on the central (narrow) part of the foil and the ends of the strip are connected to the positive and negative terminals of the battery. As a result thermal action electric current ignition of the flammable material on the foil occurs. All that needs to be done after this is to transfer the fire to the previously prepared materials for the fire.
Getting fire using a lens
The property of collecting sunlight into one point makes the lens one of the most effective ways to produce fire on a sunny day. To do this, it is necessary to prepare flammable material (moss, dry pine needles, birch bark) and hold the lens in such a way that sunlight, focused at one point, ignites the dry material.
Unusuality this method is that quite ordinary things can be used as a lens, which can be divided into 2 groups:
Here they are, at first glance not necessary items, can help us get what Prometheus once paid very dearly for. In cases where human life danger threatens, any little thing, any thing can become irreplaceable. And after the fire is received, you can begin to build a temporary shelter.
Today I have everyone who read to the end - well done. Don't forget to subscribe to blog updates so you don't miss the most interesting posts. Share your survival secrets with your friends on in social networks, I’m sure they will also be interested in reading about it. Until we meet again, bye-bye.
In extreme situations, you definitely need to know how to turn off the fire with the help of those around you natural materials. Do not rely solely on matches or other conventional methods of starting a fire. This chapter explains the basic principles of starting and maintaining a fire.
Fire is extremely necessary for any person who finds himself in an extreme situation, both physically and psychologically. It helps you not to lose heart, it warms you up, it helps clothes dry quickly, it boils water, and finally, it can be used for signaling and cooking. It follows from this that you, by all means, need to learn how to make a fire using available materials and maintain it.
MAKING FIRE
The combustion process involves the presence of three factors - air, fuel and a heat source. In order to make a fire, you need to prepare the material for it and make sure that all three factors are present. Be patient, practice and you will achieve results.
So, to start a fire you will need tinder, kindling chips and fuel.
Tinder is any material with a low combustion temperature. It is very easy to set fire to. It is best if the tinder has a fine-fiber structure and is always dry. As tinder, you can use the bark of some trees and shrubs, dry wood, leaves and grass ground into fibers, dry thin shavings, resinous sawdust, bird nest litter, fluff, rags, cotton wool, natural wool, ground pine resin, paper or porous rubber.
Always have tinder with you and store it in a waterproof container.
Wood chips have a higher ignition temperature and are added little by little to the smoldering tinder when starting a fire. Wood chips are used to raise the temperature of a fire to a point where fuel with an even higher ignition temperature can be added.
As kindling you can use wood chips, dry thin twigs, pine needles, as well as any dry wood, soaked in flammable liquids (gasoline, alcohol, etc.).
The fuel does not have to be dry, but remember that damp firewood smoke a lot. The best fuel for a fire is well-dried wood, for example, chopped from the inside fallen tree, as well as thick, dry branches (usually dead trees are dry inside, even if they have been wetted by rain). Firewood cut from freshly felled trees can be used in combination with dry firewood. If there are no trees around, large tufts of dry grass, dried plants (such as cactus), dry animal droppings or peat can be used as fuel.
FIRES AND bonfires
The place for making a fire must be chosen with special care. Remember that your fire should be a source of warmth, comfort, protection from darkness and predators, and a fireplace for cooking.
If you need to start a fire in deep snow or on muddy ground, raise the fire pit above the ground by building a platform for it. To do this, drive four spears into the snow or into the ground, place two poles crosswise on them, on top of which build a platform of freshly cut branches, soil and stones.
RULES FOR BUILDING FIRE
It is very important to choose the right place to make a fire. The Special Aviation Service has many years of experience in starting fires in disaster situations in any location. Here are the basic rules:
Choose a protected place for the fire.
- Do not light a fire in close proximity to a tree or bush.
- Clear the area for the fire - remove debris, fallen leaves and pine needles from the ground, exposing the soil within a meter radius from the center of the fireplace.
- If the ground is wet or covered with snow, build a fire on a bed of thin poles, on top of which is a layer of soil and stones.
- In strong winds, it is better to light a fire in a pre-dug hole.
- When it is windy, cover the fireplace with stones.
FIRE REFLECTORS
If possible, it is better for you to build a reflective wall made of stones or logs around the fireplace. It will perform two functions - direct the heat from the fire in the direction you need and protect the fire from the wind. You can build a reflective wall in such a way as to direct the flow of heat towards your shelter. If your camp is located near a rock, do not light a fire directly at its foot - it is better to organize your camp in such a way that the shelter is located between the fire and the rock, the heat from the fire is directed to the rock using a reflective wall. The stone absorbs heat well, and the heated rock will warm your back.
ATTENTION!
Do not place wet or porous stones in or near the fire - they may explode from the heat. Also do not use slates, soft rocks, cracked or hollow stones. Before covering the fireplace with stones, test them for suitability - knock one against the other. If there is a cavity in the stone, especially one filled with liquid, the liquid will expand faster than the thickness of the stone when heated, which can cause an explosion, and the resulting fragments can injure or even kill you.
MAKING FIRE WITHOUT MATCHES
People struggling to survive must be able to light a fire without matches, which is especially important if the disaster lasts for a long time. There are several simple ways making a fire without the help of matches, four of which are shown in Fig. 11. When making fire, try to wait until there is complete calm or stand with your back to the wind.
Flint and chair (Fig. 11.1)
Hold a flint and a flint over the tinder. Using a hammer to strike the flint from top to bottom, direct sparks toward the tinder until it smolders, then fan the smoldering tinder until it ignites.
Battery (Fig. 11.2).
If you happen to have a charged battery at your disposal, attach pieces of insulated wire with bare ends to its terminals. Holding the insulation, short-circuit the wires. At the point where the wires are shorted, the wires will begin to spark and heat up. Sparks can ignite tinder or wood chips. Immediately after you get fire, take the battery away from the fire.
ATTENTION!
Be careful when starting a fire with a battery! Protect it from heat, fire and sparks, as an acid battery will produce explosive hydrogen, which, if ignited, can shatter the battery and burn you.
Lens (Fig. 11.3).
Concentrate the sun's rays on the tinder using a “fire glass” - a camera lens, a plano-convex lens from a flashlight. In a pinch, you can even use a shard of bottle glass.
Reflector from a flashlight (Fig. 11.4).
Unscrew the reflector from the flashlight, insert a piece of tinder into the hole for the light bulb (you can use a cigarette) and point the reflector with the bell at the sun. Moving the tinder back and forth, find the point where the reflected rays converge and wait for the tinder to smolder.
Making fire using a bow drill (Fig. 12).
This is one of the oldest methods of making fire, very useful for modern man. Find a straight stick of strong wood, 30-45 cm long and about 3 cm in diameter. Round one end and sharpen the other.
Make a holder from strong wood - a flat plate with a blind hole in the middle, into which the rounded end of the stick would freely fit. The holder should fit comfortably in your hand. To reduce friction, add lubricant, such as soap, to the hole in the holder.
Make a bow from a springy branch about 1 m long and up to 3 cm in diameter. Use a strong rope made of non-slip material as a bowstring (nylon is not recommended). You can use a leather strap as a bowstring. The string should have some tension, selected experimentally.
The base board is made from soft wood and is about 30 cm long and about 15 cm wide. In the base board, at one of the long edges, it is necessary to make a funnel-shaped through hole, exactly matching the shape of the tip of the stick. When the tip rotates, strong friction should occur in the hole (1).
Standing on your right knee, step on the base board with the sole of your left foot, fixing it securely. It is recommended to first place the base on two blocks of wood to allow air access to the tinder.
Place the tinder near the recess of the base board. Then wrap the bow string once around the stick, insert its pointed end into the recess of the base board, and the upper, rounded end into the hole in the holder (2). Holding the bow drill by the holder with your left hand, with your right hand begin to move the bow from side to side (3) until the tip begins to smoke. After this, transfer the embers to the tinder (4). All that remains is to add wood chips and fan the fire (5).
RULES FOR BUILDING FIRE
American soldiers special purpose USA use simple rules when making fires in camp conditions.
Save your matches for lighting a well-prepared fire, and don't waste them on lighting cigarettes or poorly prepared fires.
Always carry dry tinder in a waterproof container.
IN winter conditions The fire must be lit on a platform raised above the snow so that the fire does not melt the snow and go out.
A fire on a peat bog or humus soil must also be lit on a raised platform in order to avoid causing the fire to spread and cause a fire.
In the forest, in order not to cause a fire, the place for the fire must be cleared of fallen leaves, bark and pine needles.
TYPES OF CAMPFIRE
There are many types of fires, and each one serves a specific purpose. Main types of fires suitable for use in extreme situation, are shown in Fig. 13. You must be able to fold and light any of them.
Safe night fire (1). This type of fire allows you to sleep next to it without the risk of burning wood rolling up and burning you. Place two large logs of freshly felled wood on top of the burning wood. The logs, under the influence of their own weight, will push the burning wood away from you and your shelter. Make sure before going to bed that the fire is built tightly - then it will not burn strongly, but throughout the night. Pay attention to the location of the reflector wall.
"Long" fire (2). It can be placed in a long pre-dug groove, oriented in the direction of the wind. You can place it between two parallel laid logs of freshly felled wood and above the surface of the ground. The logs will prevent the burnt firebrands from rolling to the sides. They should be at least 15 cm in diameter (the larger the better). You can place cooking utensils on top of the logs. It is better to place the logs on two logs of 3 cm height to facilitate air flow to the fire.
T-shaped fire (3). This type of fire is good for cooking. The fire is ignited in the “crossbar” T, and the coals for cooking are shoveled into a groove - the “leg”.
"Teepee" (4). Suitable for both cooking and heating. Requires a large supply of firewood. The kindling should be placed inside the tipi, thin twigs should be placed around the tent, and thicker twigs should be placed on top of them. In the direction from which the wind is blowing, the tent must be opened to provide traction. You should light a fire with your back to the wind, placing fuel on the leeward side.
"Star" (5). Used when there is a shortage of fuel or when you need a small fire. The fire is lit in the center, the wood is moved to the center of the fire as it burns out. For ease of cooking, some of the firewood can be removed. This type of fire requires hardwood fuel.
"Keyhole" (5). Dig a keyhole-shaped hole in the ground with the leg oriented in the direction of the wind. Such a fire has the same meaning as “long”.
"Pyramid" (7). Several layers of firewood are stacked crosswise. This type of fire burns for a very long time and can be used to heat the shelter throughout the night.
"Hut" (8). Firewood is stacked in the shape of a log house. The fire burns very brightly due to the good air flow inside the “log house,” but it burns out quickly. It is good to use for cooking or as a signal.
CARRYING FIRE
Carrying fire is the simplest way to save equipment for making it and the strength needed to get it in a new camp site. Carrying fire was used primitive people and is still used by some primitive tribes. As with all things survival, you'll need practice to get the hang of making fire cans and tubes before you actually need them. Remember also that you will need to have several fire carrying devices ready to use.
In Fig. 14 shows two effective ways When carrying fire, the most accessible option for you is a fire tube, since you may not have an empty, usable tin can at hand.
Fire can (1). Place some glowing coals surrounded by pieces of tinder and wrapped in grass, and leaves in tin can medium size. You must first punch holes in the sides of the can for ventilation.
Fire tube. Take a large piece of soft bark and place dry tinder on it (2). Roll the bark into a tube and secure it with rope or wire rings evenly along its entire length. Place coals in the top hole of the bundle so that the tinder begins to smolder (3). The tube must be kept oriented towards the wind (4). If the fire tube catches fire, the flame must be knocked out or spit into the tube so that only slow smoldering continues.
There are several other ways to transport fire, for example, carrying a smoldering log and periodically fanning its smoldering fire (you can simply wave the log, but first you need to make sure that you have enough strength for this). A lot can be said about the meaning of carrying fire - the moral factor plays not the least role here. It is very important to first learn all the skills for transporting fire, and only then apply them in practice.