The cost of utilities is growing every year, including for the heat supplied to our batteries. Sometimes the temperature in the apartment does not reach a comfortable one. And tenants apartment buildings complain that they are forced to overpay for a resource that does not meet the norms of the heating season.
What should be the temperature of heating the air in heating season and the temperature norm in the apartment according to the law? This is the issue we need to understand.
When do you turn on the heating?
When it gets colder, until the moment the heat is applied, it becomes uncomfortable to live in an apartment and increasingly worries about the timing of the heating season.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.05.2011 No. 354 clearly defines the beginning and end of the heat supply season to residential houses... According to the document, heating should be started in apartments in autumn, when the average daily air temperature outside is below 8 ° C for 5 consecutive days. And turn off in the spring at a constant temperature above 8 ° C.
Thus, if there are changes in the average daily temperature from + 5 ° C to + 10 ° C over several days, then it is too early to talk about turning on the heat.
Air temperature standards in the heating season in the apartment 2019
The main legislative act regulating room temperature standards is GOST 30494-2011. “Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters ".
They specify the optimal and allowable norms temperatures used for apartment buildings and various premises:
- kindergartens;
- administrative buildings.
It follows from the document that the temperature norm in the apartment should be from +18 ° С to +24 ° С.
| Period of the year | The name of a room | Air temperature, ° С | |
|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | permissible | ||
| Winter | Living room | 20-22 | 18-24 (20-24) |
| At the temperature of the coldest five-day period: -31 ° C and below | 21-23 | 20-24 (22-24) | |
| Kitchen | 19-21 | 18-26 | |
| Restroom | 19-21 | 18-26 | |
| Bathroom, combined bathroom | 24-26 | 18-26 | |
| Recreation and study facilities | 20-22 | 18-24 | |
| Interroom corridor | 18-20 | 16-22 | |
| Lobby, staircase | 16-18 | 14-20 | |
| Pantries | 16-18 | 12-22 | |
| Summer | Living room | 22-25 | 20-28 |
In brackets, the temperature in the room for nursing homes and families with disabled people.
Temperature standard in a corner apartment during the heating season
The new GOST does not say anything about houses with corner apartments, respectively, the value is taken according to the norms of a standard living room. In the old GOST R 51617-2000, it was indicated that the value increases by 2 degrees.
Deviations from the norm are allowed:
- for optimal - 2 ° С;
- for permissible - 3 ° С;
Violation on the part of utilities, which underestimates the supply of heat to apartments, entails both administrative and criminal liability.
How to measure the air temperature in an apartment?
It is not very easy to obtain objective figures for the measurements made, but if you wish, you can be patient and eventually achieve a recalculation of the heat payment.
To measure the room temperature correctly, you need to adhere to a number of rules:
1. Measurements are made at a temperature outside of -5 ° C.
2. Take measurements on a cloudy day. The sun's rays, penetrating into the room through the window, additionally warm it up, and the readings on the device will not correspond to the actual picture.
3. Eliminate heat leakage through leaky windows and crevices.
4. Measure the temperature:
- in a private house - in two rooms more than 5 sq.m. with 2 external walls or a large window (with an area of \u200b\u200b30% of all walls in the room);
- in apartment building - measurements are taken on the first and top floors, in two rooms more than 5 sq.m.
5. The measuring device should be located at a distance of at least half a meter from outer wall and batteries, at a height from the floor in rooms located mainly:
- in a sitting position - 10; 60 and 170 cm;
- standing or walking - 10; 110 and 170 cm.
If the temperature in the apartment is below normal, what to do?
If, during the measurements, a deviation from the norm was found in the smaller direction, it is necessary to notify the utility service or management company, which is serviced by an apartment building. She directs the emergency team to draw up a measurement report. This is an official document containing a number of details, on the basis of which a decision is made to recalculate utility bills. It is compiled in two copies, one of which remains in the hands of the tenant.
If there is a significant deviation from the norm, the management company is obliged to recalculate the payment for heating for the month in which these deviations were found.
The law establishes figures for a reduction in payment - they are 0.15% per hour, when a temperature deviation from the standard value is detected.
For instance. During the heating season, the air temperature corner room fixed at around 16 ° C (the norm is +20 ° C) 14 hours from the calculation period (it is 720 hours). After taking readings of the individual metering device, the consumption of heat energy for the past month amounted to 0.7 Gcal at a rate of 1,900 rubles. 32 kopecks for 1 Gcal. Since the air temperature was below normal, the amount of payment for heating is reduced by 0.15% for each hour when it is fixed in the act.
Recalculation of utility bills for heating
- The amount of payment for 14 hours, when heating was provided of an inadequate quality, is reduced by: 0.15% x 14 hours \u003d 2.1%.
- Normative payment for heat in the billing period (30 days or 720 hours): 0.8 Gcal multiplied by the tariff of 1,900 rubles. 32 kopecks total RUB 1,520 25 kopecks
- As a result, after the reduction we get: 1,520 rubles. 25 kopecks x (100% - 2.1%) \u003d 1,488 rubles. 32 kopecks
There are times when patient residents measure the temperature for several days and during this period it constantly falls short of the norm. Then the cost reduction becomes significant. But not every management company is ready to recalculate the cost of heating services without question. Often, dissatisfied tenants can defend their rights only in court.
Heating system problems
Such problems lie, as they say, on the surface. Their consequence is not only barely warm batteries, but also high humidity due to freezing and thawing of the walls. This inevitably leads to the formation of fungus. Of course, such conditions are far from normal for living. Typical signs of a heating problem:
- slight leak in the radiator,
- noise and bubbling in pipes,
- the difference in temperature of radiators within one apartment,
- uneven heat distribution across the floors of the house,
- system problems apartment building generally.
When preparing apartment buildings for the heating season, the management company is obliged to check all systems. If any of them fails, then a number of actions must be taken to eliminate it.
Question answer
According to which regulatory document temperature in corner apartments during the heating season should it be higher by 2-3 degrees than in the rest?
In connection with the introduction of the new GOST 30494-2011 and the cancellation of the old GOST R 51617-2000, the following is not true!
In the rooms and apartments located in the corner of the house, the temperature during the heating period should be at least 20 degrees, which is 2 degrees higher than the standard for other rooms. Such a norm is enshrined in the Rules for the provision of utilities. The rules were approved by Resolution No. 354 of May 6, 2011 and came into effect on September 1, 2012.
The same temperature situation for corner apartments is noted in GOST R 51617-2000, it sets general technical conditions and requirements for the provision of housing and communal services. The document contains a reference to the corresponding SNiP, as well as a table according to which the temperature in corner rooms apartments and hostels should exceed the standard (18 degrees) by 2 degrees and should not fall below 20 degrees.
To ensure such temperature regime, which will comply with the above documents, in the corner rooms of residential apartments and dorm rooms, the installation of an additional battery is still in the project. This is also necessary so that the wall does not freeze through. Due to freezing, excessive humidity in the room can become after thawing and mold. The owner of a corner apartment should not unauthorizedly remove an additional battery, so that problems do not arise in the future.
One of the main tasks of the employer can be considered to provide a favorable microclimate in the workplace.
However, many employers do not comply with temperature requirements, thereby violating legal regulations.
What should be the temperature in the room according to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation?
Navigating the article
Is the employer obligated to monitor the indoor temperature?
This question can be answered by Article 212, according to which the employer will be brought to administrative responsibility for the sanitary work not carried out on time.
The list of these measures also includes the observance of the temperature regime established by the Sanitary Norms and Rules (SanPiN), since too low or, on the contrary, high temperatures can lead to a decrease in the energy level and, as a result, its performance.
Accordingly, if the employer evades this obligation, he is breaking the law and must be punished.
We can say that the employer is obliged to monitor the temperature during the entire working period.
Temperature regimes at different times of the year
The temperature in the room in summer according to the Labor Code should not be higher:
- 28 degrees Celsius for 8 hours of operation.
- 30 degrees Celsius for 5 hours of operation.
- 31 degrees Celsius for 3 hours of operation.
- 32 degrees Celsius for 2 hours of operation.
- 32.5 degrees Celsius for 1 hour of operation.
Working at temperatures exceeding 32.5 degrees is considered dangerous. The employer has a few ways to avoid the heat, namely: to install special equipment (air conditioners, fans) in the work premises or to reduce the number of working hours by a special order.
Indoor temperature in winter time according to the Labor Code, it should not fall below 20 degrees Celsius. If it does not meet the standards, the employer must install a heater in the work area or reduce the number of working hours. Labor Code sets the following time limits at low temperatures:
- no more than 7 hours of operation at 19 degrees Celsius.
- no more than 6 hours of operation at 18 degrees Celsius.
- no more than 5 hours of operation at 17 degrees Celsius.
- no more than 4 hours of operation at 16 degrees Celsius.
- no more than 3 hours of operation at 15 degrees Celsius.
- no more than 2 hours of operation at 14 degrees Celsius.
- no more than 1 hour of work at 13 degrees Celsius.
Labor regulations have established that working in temperatures below 13 degrees Celsius is dangerous.
Summarizing the above data, we can say that the room temperature in summer period should not exceed 28 degrees Celsius, and in winter period should not fall below 20 degrees Celsius.
What should an employee do if the employer does not comply with the temperature regime?
Salaried workers often face neglect from their employer. What to do in this case? There are several options:
- ask the employer to normalize the temperature using technology (air conditioner, heater)
- demand reduction of hours of work in accordance with the norms
- file a complaint with Rospotrebnadzor
- seek help from the labor inspectorate
With the latter two options, a special check will be carried out at the place of work, during which it will be established whether an offense was committed.
As a result, we can say that the employee has several legal methods of influencing.
What is the punishment facing the employer for non-observance of the temperature regime?
Pursuant to the Code of Administrative Offenses, an employer violating sanitary standards, will be fined up to 20 thousand rubles, or its activities will be suspended for a certain period.
Russia may be a cold country, but our apartments are warmer than in many european countries... Because it is central heating, subsidized by the state, and the British, Germans, French, deprived of this luxury, are forced to economize and temper at the same time. This is in theory. But what is in practice? Do you have a good heat and what to do if not?
Heating rates
Since central heating is a matter of state concern, the heating norms in the apartment are determined centrally. GOST 30494-2011 says that during the heating season, the temperature in living roomsah, the kitchen and bathrooms should not fall below 18 ° C. In cold regions, such as Yakutia or the Khabarovsk Territory, the temperature for living rooms is set from 20 ° C, and for the kitchen and bathroom - from 18 ° C.
From midnight to five o'clock in the morning, a decrease in these norms by 3 ° C is allowed. The human body needs less heat while sleeping, and heating suppliers are legitimately using this to save money.
If the specified GOST is a reference book for designers of engineering systems, then all utilities, without exception, compare their hours and degrees with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of 05/06/2011. It, in particular, establishes the beginning of the heating season. The batteries should be turned on on the sixth day after the temperature outside the window drops below 8 ° C. By the way, the rule of eight also applies to back side: As soon as the spring air reaches an average daily mark of 8 ° C and can maintain positions for five days in a row, the batteries will be disconnected.
Often, the specified heating period runs counter to our personal comfort. Almost every autumn, demands are poured on public utilities to turn on heating in apartments earlier than planned, but they have every right to reject these demands, until, of course, the day specified by the Resolution comes.
How the heating of apartment buildings works
The heat that goes to our houses is generated by CHP or boiler houses. There water is heated to be piped into houses. It should get to the batteries hot, so it needs to be very hot. Every schoolchild knows that water will boil at 100 ° C, but this does not happen with water in heating pipes.
A pressure of 7-8 atmospheres is created in the heat supply pipes, which raises the boiling point of water to 160-170 ° C.
Exists different schemes distribution of the coolant (as official documents call water in pipes and radiators) coming from the CHP. In the most common so-called independent heating scheme, water does not go directly to apartments. First, it goes to a heating point located in the basement of a high-rise building, where it passes through a heat exchanger and cools down to an acceptable temperature for supplying rooms. The water in the radiators should not be too hot - it is simply dangerous.
Having passed through the heating batteries inside the house, the coolant, which has already cooled down by 25-35 ° C, returns to the same heat point - in order to warm up again and get into our houses.
Temperature in radiators
The only rule directly related to heating batteries in an apartment building is the maximum temperature of the coolant. It should not exceed 95 ° C for two-pipe systems and 105 ° C for one-pipe systems. It's easy to find out which system is installed in your apartment: look at your radiator and count how many pipes are connected to it. Two-pipe systems more widespread - they are more efficient and more economical.
The lower limit of the water temperature in the heating batteries is not officially fixed in any way. The only rule: batteries must provide the temperature standard in the rooms established by GOST 30494-2011. It is clear, however, that if the batteries themselves are slightly warm, then they will not be able to heat the room to the 18 ° C required by GOST. Maybe a very, very small room.
What to measure and how to measure
So, the desired hour has come, and the heating season has begun, but the apartment is still cold. How to proceed?
The first step is to measure the heating in the apartment. In other words, measure the temperature in the rooms and compare it with the GOST standards indicated above (and listed in detail) to make sure that poor heating in the apartment is a reality, and not your individual feelings.
If you have base station then you will see the exact air temperature readings in the form of a graph in your mobile application or web interface.
If all measurements correspond to the rules, it is useless to complain, utilities will simply refer to the same GOST. You will have to insulate yourself.
However, if the measurements taken indicate that the heating temperature in the apartment does not correspond to the norm, then there are several options for action.
First you need to determine the cause of the thermal problems.
Here is a short list of the most common ones:
1. Plug in batteries
Batteries can be cold due to accumulated air in the pipes - the so-called air congestion... They prevent the water from circulating properly and proper heating the apartment is broken. The plug can be removed on your own by opening a special valve or, as it is also called, the Mayevsky crane. It is usually located near the top corner of the radiator. Be careful, and if you are not sure that the heating will work out on your own, then it is better to seek help from a specialist.
2. Large heat loss of the apartment
A common problem in old houses: the batteries seem to be scorching hot, but it's still cold. It is useless to appeal to utilities, you need to take care of thermal insulation on your own. Just don't get too carried away with sealing, because curing one can cripple the other. In particular, it often suffers from unnecessary insulation measures. When installing airtight windows and foaming crevices in walls, think about how your rooms are.
When it comes to utility bills, many apartment dwellers complain that the temperature in their apartments was not up to standard in winter. As a result, consumers have to overpay for services that they did not receive in full.
This means that the temperature of the coolant in the heating radiators was below normal. To understand this issue, it is necessary to consider the standards that have been developed government agenciesoperating throughout Russia in the winter season.
The heating season begins in autumn, when the air temperature outside the window drops below +8 ° C. But this takes into account the fact that this indicator lasts for at least five days.
If there is an abrupt change, for example, two days + 5 ° C, one day + 10 ° C, the next two days +7 ° C, then the heating in apartment buildings does not turn on. It is turned off when the thermometer rises above +8 ° С. The same rules apply with a five-day condition.
Standards
Heating standards are legalized, that is, violation of them is followed by administrative or criminal penalties. All of them are determined by SNiPs, which is the law for public utilities. So, here is a list of the basic norms in force for residential and non-residential premises in apartment buildings:
- +18 ° C in the living quarters of the apartment;
- if the apartment is corner, then +20 ° C;
- in the kitchen, the temperature should be at least +18 ° C;
- in the bathroom +25 ° C;
- on the staircase and in the lobby (if such a room is present) not lower than +16 ° C;
- the temperature in the elevator is +5 ° C;
- in the attic and in the basement + 4 ° C.
How to make measurements correctly?
Air temperature measurement inside residential premises of apartment buildings is done in certain places. From external walls at a distance of 1.0 m, from the floor at a height of 1.5 m. Control measurements are made every hour during the day. In this case, it is precisely the decrease in temperature from the standard that is taken into account. If this fact is confirmed, then tenants of apartments can pay for services less by 0.15%.
At the same time, an act of measurements must be drawn up, one copy of which remains in the hands of residents. Please note that utilities will correct all the shortcomings within a week, so you shouldn't bother and remind them every day.
There is one more point to be paid attention to. If the temperature in the heating radiators was below normal by 3 ° C during the day and by 5 ° C at night, then the management company must recalculate utilities.
By the way, the amount of rent reduction will depend on the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment. And the more it is, the less you have to pay.
There is another standard on which the quality and comfort of living in an apartment depends. multi-storey building - the frequency of air exchange. That is, there are certain indicators that are based on sanitary and hygienic standards, requiring that the air in the apartment constantly change.
In residential premises with an area of \u200b\u200b18-20 m2, the air exchange should be 3 m3 / h per square meter... In kitchens, this figure is 60 m³ / h, if it is installed cooking stove with two burners. If a three-burner hob is used then 75 m³ / h and a four-burner hob 90 m³ / h.
In the bathroom, this indicator will completely depend on its area. For example, an area of \u200b\u200b25 m² - the air exchange rate is 25 m³ / h. If the same area, but in a bathroom, then 50 m³ / h. In the toilet 25 m³ / h with an area of \u200b\u200b16 m².
These two standards are related. It is impossible to ensure that the temperature in the apartment meets the standards, and air exchange is not taken into account. Or vice versa. Everything should be taken into account in a comprehensive manner. Only then will it be possible to talk about comfortable conditions accommodation.
How to measure the temperature of the coolant?
Maybe not everyone knows, but the hot water that flows from the tap in the hot water supply system is the heat carrier flowing through the heating pipes.
The easy way
Therefore, if you want to check its temperature yourself, just measure the hot water poured into a glass with a thermometer.
Its temperature range is 50-70 ° С. There may be deviations, but only upward, and only by 4 degrees.
Measurement of the heating level of heating devices
There are other ways to measure temperature limits. To do this, you will have to measure this indicator on pipes or radiators. This can be done with an infrared pyrometer thermometer or a conventional alcohol thermometer. In the second case, the measuring device is applied to a pipe or battery and covered with a heater.
Measurements with an electrothermometer
There is a more complex measuring device - this is an electric thermometer.
Its thermocouples are applied to the plane of the pipe or radiator, they are fixed and measured, including the "Measure temperature" function.
Instrument corrections
Usually, each device has its own deviation scale. For example, for alcohol - up to 2 ° C, for infrared - 0.5 ° C. Therefore, after all measurements have been taken, 1-2 ° C must be added to the resulting digital indicator.
What to do next?
If the result of the measurements does not suit you, and you think that the temperature of the coolant does not correspond to the norm, then you need to write an application to the management company. A commission should come from her and make its measurements. All their actions must comply with the rules of GOST 30494-90 "Methods of control". In this case, employees must use a measuring device that has passed registration and has a quality certificate.
The device must meet certain technical characteristics:
- temperature range from +5 ° С to +40 ° С;
- measurement error - 0.1 ° С.
Temperature dependence
There is a certain dependence of the air temperature inside living quarters on the air temperature outside the window. This dependence determines the supply of a heat carrier with a certain level of heating. During the heating season, this indicator may change daily, or may not change for months.
Gosstroy issued a decree in 2003, in which the temperature parameters of the coolant are precisely determined. Please note that they are only counted for bottom feed hot water... Several positions:
- outdoor air temperature +5 ° C, in the supply circuit of the heating system +50 ° C, in the return +39 ° C;
- outdoors 0 ° C, supply +65 ° C, return +48 ° C;
- outdoors –5 ° C, supply +78 ° C, return +56 ° C.
Dependence on the type of system
And one more thing that determines the temperature regime. If a two-pipe system is installed in an apartment building heating system, then the temperature of the coolant should be +95 ° С.
If the system is one-pipe, then the rate is increased to +105 ° C. But keep in mind that in corner apartments temperature indicator air will still be lower.
The microclimate in an apartment is determined by many factors. This includes air temperature. The word temperature is of Latin origin and means "normal state." Approximately normal room temperature according to scientific calculations it is between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius. But, undoubtedly, the main requirement for it is to be comfortable for people living in the apartment. In addition, the temperature regime in the house may depend on numerous nuances. Consider them to create comfortable atmosphere in his home.
Factors influencing the temperature in the apartment
First of all, let's take into account external factorsaffecting the temperature in the apartment. So, room temperature may differ due to:
- General climatic terrain features;
- Change season;
- Age and preferences tenants;
- Features specific premises.
How the amount of allocated energy allocated for heating is measured is explained in this article:
Climatic features
The temperature standard in the room differs for each specific area. So, for example, she will different for the northern and southern regions, for east and west. For African countries, it will be one, and for Asian or, for example, European countries, another.
Climate different countries is different. And climate is not only temperature. This concept also includes the humidity in the apartment and outside, as well as atmosphere pressure... The combination of these factors affects the determination of the room temperature norm. Typically in hotter countries with high humidity air temperature norms for living quarters are higher than for northern countries with cold climates.
Change of seasons
Depending on the season, the temperature in the apartment can also vary. For example, in winter it will not be too high, but in summer it will grow accordingly. On average for the European climate, an acceptable temperature in the cold season 19-22 degrees Celsius, and in a roast 22-25. The difference at first glance seems insignificant, but it starts to matter with constant exposure.
Human factor
The main purpose of temperature control in an apartment is to create a comfort zone for people living in it. Someone feels comfortable even in the heat and does not think about buying an air conditioner, while someone even in the cold lives with open windows. However, do not forget that human preferences do not always correspond to the correct temperature regime. Overheating of the room, as well as its excessive hypothermia can be extremely adversely affect human health.
Be sure to take into account the difference in temperature standards for people of different sexes and ages. For example, the comfortable temperature differs for men and women by about by 2-3 degrees. Women are more thermophilic than men.
Particular attention should be paid to the temperature in the apartment where the small child.For example, a baby has not yet developed thermoregulation of the body, so it is very sensitive to temperature changes, quickly freezes and overheats. Therefore, the temperature in the nursery must be stable. On average, this is 20-23 degrees Celsius.
Temperature for each room
Depending on what functionality this or that room performs in the apartment, the temperature regime changes.
You should also remember that there is too much temperature difference in different rooms shouldn't be. A difference of 2-3 degrees is considered ideal, so that, moving around the apartment, a person does not feel the difference.
Temperature norm in the apartment regulated by one of the GOSTs, as well as the rules for the provision of utilities. It is noteworthy that this norm has only a lower temperature threshold of 18 ° C, but does not have a higher one. That is, the highest standard must be set by themselves, based on their own preferences and focusing on research in this area.
There is also a table that shows the recommended indoor air temperature for housing, as well as the speed of movement and humidity.
Despite personal preference, temperature norm should still adhere to at least a minimum. This is especially true during the periods of summer and winter, when the temperature in the apartment and on the street is radically different. Therefore, going outside and returning home, we constantly exposed to temperature extremes... First of all, it is worth considering that the difference between the air temperature inside the apartment and outside should not exceed 4-5 degrees.Failure to do this leads to the fact that the body receives a certain stress. Having, for example, cardiac problems can cause a heart attack. Also, non-observance of the temperature regime can lead to overheating or hypothermia of the body. Both conditions have dangerous consequences, which are worth mentioning in addition a few words.
Overheating of the body
An excessively hot atmosphere in the apartment creates conditions favorable for the reproduction of all kinds of bacteria. As a result, we get infectious diseases in a seemingly unsuitable hot season.
First of all, overheating has a detrimental effect on the heart. In conditions of excessive heat, the human body begins to lose moisture, the blood begins to thicken and, accordingly, the heart work hardto distill blood. This can be a serious problem for people with cardiovascular disease.
Also, overheating of the body is dangerous. dehydration, because, trying to keep the balance of the external and internal warmth, we begin to sweat and accordingly lose moisture. Without replenishing it from the outside, we get dehydration of the body, which can lead to serious violations of the water-electrolyte balance and nervous system.
To maintain the optimal temperature in winter, you need to choose high-quality heating radiators:
Hypothermia of the body
Hypothermia, in medicine " hypothermia"Is extremely dangerous for human health. Hypothermia affects the entire human body as a whole and can cause serious illness.
With a decrease in temperature, the body's heat transfer increases, with its prolonged low effect, the body does not have time to compensate for heat loss and maintain a normal temperature. The body temperature is considered low below 36 degrees Celsius.
Overcooling of the body can cause acute respiratory diseases, as well as diseases of the nervous system. Hypothermia is especially dangerous in little children, since their body does not have adult heat transfer and therefore cools much faster and suffers more from this.
Summarizing the above, it is worth noting that the ambient temperature has a significant impact on human health. She can how to help him conduct hardening of the body, so it can, and vice versa, create conditions for exacerbation of chronic and acquisition of new diseases.
That is why you should be careful about maintaining comfortable temperature in the apartment. It will be easy to do by following the above recommendations.