In our study, based on a review of theoretical works, we identified factors that can lead to differences in price levels between regions of the same country. These include: services included in the consumer basket and other goods that are difficult to move between regions, features of regional fiscal policy (subsidies, subsidies to manufacturers of final products), delivery costs of traded goods, the level of competition in the retail, barriers to interregional trade, differences in the phases of the business cycle between regions, the structure of the region's economy, institutional features of the regional labor market, difficulties in the mobility of labor resources between regions and between industries.
Based on the analysis of the problem of stationarity of the relative regional prices of individual goods included in a fixed set of goods and services in 2003-2015. it was shown that fluctuations in regional prices at a relatively constant level are typical for: basic food products (vegetables, fruits, cereals, meat, some types of dairy products), gasoline, drugs provided by public service companies (travel to public transport, electricity, etc.).
In contrast, persistent differences in relative regional price levels are characteristic of items of clothing, footwear, goods household chemicals, furniture. A possible explanation for this result is associated with the unequal composition, heterogeneous quality and different functional properties of these product groups in different regions.
Analysis of the scale of regional differentiation general level prices showed that in 2015 the cost of the consumer basket in the “cheapest” and most “expensive” regions differed by about 2.5 times. At the same time, the tests carried out indicate the process of convergence of regional price levels over time, which means the gradual integration of Russian regions into a single market. The performed econometric analysis indicates that the main factors of differences in regional price levels in space are differences in per capita income between regions and trade costs due to the different remoteness of regions from each other.
As for the problem of differentiating regional inflation, the inflation rates averaged over five years (2011-2015) in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation differed by no more than 2.5 percentage points (between the region in which prices rose the fastest and the region in which the rate the growth of the general level of prices was the smallest) with an average value of Russian inflation of 8.6%. Over time, the spread in the rate of growth of prices across regions is decreasing, while during the periods of the crisis (2008-2009, 2014-2015), along with the growth of inflation, the degree of its regional differentiation also slightly increased.
The regional inflation rate is influenced by two groups of factors: the first includes variables common to all regions (the growth rate of the money supply, the change in the exchange rate, the interest rate, etc.), and the second includes specific or regional determinants (the rate of income growth in the region , regional unemployment rate, etc.). Based on the methods of multivariate statistical analysis, the division of the interregional differentiation of inflation into one explained by general and specific factors is carried out. All-Russian factors identified on the basis of macroeconomic indicators explain approximately 53% of the variation in regional inflation rates in the period 1996-2015. Therefore, about half of the differences in regional inflation rates are due to specific factors.
Thus, it is possible to influence the spread of prices between regions using economic policy aimed at the development of infrastructure to reduce the cost of transportation of goods. The alignment of regional price levels over time can also be achieved through incentive measures accelerated growth per capita income in regions with a price level below the national average. In the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, where prices are higher than the average Russian level, it is necessary to implement measures aimed at stimulating the level of competition in the retail trade, which, according to the results obtained, will help to equalize the price level in comparison with the national average.
Each physical quantity has its own unit of measurement. For the square it is square meter, and for the length, the most commonly used meter or running meter.
Square meter concept
Square meter (sq. M) is an International System of Units (SI) unit of measure for area. It is equal to the area of a square with a meter side. The area of a rectangular (square) room is calculated as the length multiplied by the width (height).
Square meters are widely used in practice. For example, when it comes to the sale of an apartment of 46 sq.m., we mean its floor area. When to calculate required amount ceramic tiles for laying on the wall, you need to find out the area for laying, namely, the length of the wall multiplied by the height of the room.
Concept and distinctive features of a running meter
A running meter has a completely different purpose from a square meter. It measures length and square meter measures area. These two units are not interconnected and it is impossible to convert linear meters to square meters without knowing the width of the product. For example, a fabric cut with a length of 2 linear meters and a width of 3 meters will have an area of 2 * 3 = 6 square meters.
Many people wonder how many centimeters are contained in running meters. The answer is quite simple - a running meter is no different from an ordinary meter in length, i.e. it has 100 cm. But it is a kind of length without width. To determine running meters, it is necessary to have information only about the length.
Linear meters measure the length of the product in the case when its width (or height, thickness) does not matter, for example, a roll of fabric, carpet or plinth. In other cases, square meters are used, for example, when measuring the amount of ceramic tiles, laminate, etc.
Roll building materials are often measured by running meters. For example, in relation to linoleum, the price is often set in linear meters. This means that regardless of its width (it can be 3 m, 4 m), the buyer will pay only for the length he needs. The fact is that the cost is already based on the width of the product. But it happens that the cost of linoleum is indicated in square meters. Then it turns out that in order to buy 10 running meters of linoleum 4 m wide, you have to pay for 40 sq.m.
For simplicity of calculations, the cost of furniture, such as a kitchen, is indicated in linear meters. It means that regardless of the number of shelves and doors, the buyer will pay only for the length.
How is a running meter different from a square
This is a standard design and standard fittings.
Builders often use running meters when determining the cost of work. For example, for laying tiles on steps, installing skirting boards or grouting in ceramic tiles the price of services depends only on the length, and not on the area of work. But most construction works calculated based on the area of the room (square meters).
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The cost per square meter in new buildings and secondary houses of all segments located within the old borders of Moscow has begun to level out over the past two years ...
Such conclusions were made by specialists of the agency "Azbuka Housing", having analyzed the cost of a "square" of primary and secondary residential real estate.
If at the end of August 2015 the "secondary housing" was 20% more expensive than new buildings, then at the beginning of September current year the difference was 18%.
According to Vladimir Kashirtsev, the general director of Azbuka Zhilya, during this period of time the price in the secondary housing market was falling due to a decrease in effective demand, and in the new buildings market - due to tough competition and an increased supply.
As for the mass segment (economy and comfort class), here the difference is more noticeable, but there is also a tendency to decrease in price. If earlier secondary apartments were 45% more expensive than new buildings, today they are 41% more expensive. The weighted average cost per square meter in new buildings of the mass segment is 158.5 thousand rubles, "secondary housing" - 223.2 thousand rubles.
The price gap between primary and secondary housing is especially blurred when new houses are put into operation, tenants register their apartments and move into them. But formally the objects belong to the primary market. The average price for all segments of such new buildings is 333.1 thousand rubles per "square", which is 17% more than the average price for "secondary housing".
How is a running meter different from an ordinary meter?
Two years ago, a square meter in a new building was 1.2% more expensive than in secondary apartments. Thus, over the past two years, prices for "secondary housing" as a whole have been falling, while prices for "primary housing" - on the contrary, have been growing. According to Vladimir Kashirtsev, the cost per square meter in a new building during this period increased from 319.9 thousand rubles to 331.1 thousand rubles, that is, by 4%.
Probably, there is no such person who has never faced the purchase of furniture and building materials... He does it on his own or relies on sales consultants - it doesn't matter, knowing what this or that concept means is not superfluous for anyone.
Accordingly, the phrase "running meter" is also often heard by everyone. Many people mistakenly confuse it with another - a square meter. Not everyone knows the difference.
Running meter initially invented by manufacturers of goods... How ordinary consumer to understand how much is needed and what is the cost, if the craftsmen order materials in linear meters, and the stores indicate the cost on the price tag in square meters?
This article explains this terminology.
In fact, the concept of running meter was invented in order to make life easier for buyers of building materials. Most often it is applied to materials which are manufacturedrolls: linoleum, carpets. In simple words Is the definition of one meter for materials with some fixed width.
By the way, it is much more convenient to calculate the required length and cost of the material with a running meter, and not with a square one. For example, it became necessary to buy a carpet runner for a given width - 3 meters, of a certain length. In this case, it will be inappropriate to calculate the number of square meters, because width and length are not equal, and conditionally dividing the canvas into squares will not work.
It will take time as well extra math calculations... Simply put, a running meter is a meter that everyone knows and the value of which can be calculated using a tape measure or a ruler.
The term is also used for calculations related to reinforcement. For this, the length of all stacks is measured (if they are of different lengths) and multiplied by the weight of one running meter. For calculation there is special table where the percentage for the building is calculated.
With the help of linear meters more and more often buy rolls of film for gluing greenhouses, as well as a film for restoring kitchen surfaces. The calculation of the amount of table film is the same as for flooring. And in order to calculate the amount needed for a greenhouse, you initially need break the structure into parts, then count the length and width of each of them and only at the end count the running meters.
Range of use running meter wide:
- carpets and carpets;
- linoleum, cornices;
- metal structures;
- fences;
- factory furniture.
What is the difference between a running meter and a square
The concept and calculations of a square meter have been known to people since school years. It is used to determine the area of a particular figure or object. The main difference from the linear one is that it is precisely product width.
For example, to calculate the required amount of linoleum for a room 4 meters long and 3 meters wide, you need to multiply these two indicators - we get 12 square meters. This indicator mainly measures the total area of the room, surface area, area finishing materials, area including furniture.
How many square meters in 1 running meter and vice versa
Often, buyers of materials are faced with the fact that they need to convert how much from one unit of measurement to another and vice versa. Is it possible to calculate this if the square meter calculates the area, and the linear meter calculates the length? Everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.
To calculate the same linoleum, we divide one running meter by the width of the product, as a result we get the number of square meters.
Often the owners find themselves in unpleasant situation, when they agreed with the master who makes them repairs, one price for the work performed, which means that it is an order of magnitude higher. Disputes arise due to the fact that the amount of processed area is very different from the area previously provided for and specified in the estimate.
Why is this happening? The fact is that masters, when performing, also use the concept of a running meter. The secret is that craftsmen call 1 running meter even the area less than 1 meter long. This is often the case for work involving multilevel objects, ceilings, etc. When finished, each bend is counted as a linear meter, even though its actual length is less.
In this case experts advise agree with contractors in which unit of measurement will be calculated. Although it should be borne in mind that it is much more difficult to process a flat surface without protrusions than a flat one, therefore, and much more expensive.
To avoid errors in calculations, it is better to come to the store already with room drawing, the length and width of all objects important for the calculation should be marked on it.
“It won't work. You can't measure me in half. Because I am whole. "
Let's agree right away: we don't count kitchens in linear meters.
If, nevertheless, it is curious, then from 15 to 90 thousand is equally probable.
And now - why is it so.
What is a running meter.
Running meter in general, it is a unit of measurement for long lengths (with their width, height, shape and other features; timber, for example). Corresponds to a piece of 1 meter. The cost of a running meter is the price for such a piece. It follows that:
- The length should be uniform throughout.
- When cut into pieces, the length should retain its properties.
Since the price per running meter of the product means the possibility of buying a cut of the desired length. For example: you can sell fabric in shoulder straps. Jeans are not.
- The cost of any running meter should be the same, regardless of the location on the long track.
Not that at the beginning of the roll the carpet is 30% more expensive than at the end.
Also, in linear meters, pipes, films for greenhouses and fences are wonderfully measured.
What is a running meter of a kitchen.
The tradition of considering kitchens as moldings appeared in those carefree times when the furniture was ready, and all the filling of the cabinet consisted of a pair of hinges and a plywood box. The modules came out so standard that the conversion to running meters actually gave a completely objective picture of the cost.
Then the kitchens began to become more complex, and the cost of a running meter - to stretch. From it, filling and installation were excluded, tables were simplified, made a conventional unit and a price spread was introduced.
And then custom-made kitchens appeared, focused on fulfilling the desires of each specific customer. Anything at all can get into the composition of such kitchens (or not); they do not at all correspond to the definition given in the first paragraph; naturally do not fall under any of the three consequences; and in the Procrustean bed of a running meter fit a little worse than nothing. Honestly, with the same success you can count them in kilograms, it will be even more accurate.
As you may have guessed, every word in the listing affects the price. And it has a good effect: the difference in cost is actually more than an order of magnitude.
And you will also need to consider the options for aprons, countertops, plinths and cornices.
And again about the main thing:
In order to find out the price of your kitchen, you need to discuss it with you, draw and calculate it. Until all this has happened, we cannot say how much it will cost you, honestly.
How differently different people are planning the same kitchen, you can read
And see the calculations different cuisines and you can determine the price level.
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Well, the topic, of course, is not for comment, but in a very general outline let's try. Turnkey prices.
1) Category "muck"... Chipboard facades, plastic table-top, China hinges. Price - well, up to 50 thousand now. Applies: to the country and cheap rented apartments... It wins from twisting and cutting by the buyer. For the same amount, it is recommended to take a second-hand kitchen - at least the quality will be.
2) Category "economy"... From ready-made elements. The facades are film, the table top is plastic, the hinges are decent China. Price - 50-100. It is taken in construction hypermarkets and similar places. It does not deteriorate from hand-made modifications. Used: little money, a kitchen is needed.
3) Category "decent". The same economy, but to order. Facades film and plastic, table top plastic, hinges - decent China, Poland, Italy. Price 90-150. The topics “as convenient as possible”, “as beautiful as possible” and “we will try” are already being raised here. It is better to pay for the installation, it is not recommended to engage in settings and modifications. If the kitchen model was designed by designers, sellers sell (draw for a specific room). Lives for 7 years, survives up to 20. Used: it is 60% of all cuisines. This also includes individual farmers without a contract from the next category ("luck" - a cool kitchen is half the price, "failure" - took the money and dumped it, "it happens" - he is a good techie, but no designer).
4) Category "cool". Individual projects... Facades enamel, plastic, wood; countertop - fake diamond; fittings - Germans, occasionally Italians. Price - 150-500. Lives 25 years. Tasks: beautiful + comfortable + meet the amount. There are designers among the managers. Closers, lifting mechanisms, carousels and other convenient bells and whistles - in strategically justified places. Do not poke around in the guts: then "returning it as it was" is expensive. Used: for yourself - for a long time good repair; interior designers - for clients from the following category. Before the collapse of the ruble, it was very widely demanded on credit. Here too: bring the next category for yourself from abroad. Also get here unsuccessful attempts buy cheap cuisine, for example, in Ikea.
5) Category "fancy" (if it is sold - "elite"). Price: from 600 to infinity. Facades - enamel, solid wood, rare wood veneer, stainless steel, a natural stone, glass, other unusual materials. Table top: artificial stone, natural stone, stainless steel, all sorts of strange materials. The fittings and filling are Germans. Electric drives and opening from the remote control. Filling - all sorts of new and amusing bells and whistles wherever possible, until you get bored. Tasks: to make it great (as well as convenient and beautiful, if the client does not interfere. If the client insists on "inconvenient and ugly" because he likes it so much - the designers, as a rule, concede: they have two such kitchens, and the month is done).
You can furnish your kitchen for 20 thousand and for a million rubles. Where does this difference come from? What do you get for this or that amount? Let's try to highlight the price categories and study each of them.
Counting materials to perform renovation works many are accustomed to producing in square meters, which at first glance is quite logical - this is the way the actual finishing area is determined. However, during a shopping trip, a paper-based calculation may be useless, since the price is usually quoted not per square meter, but per linear meter. "How much is this?" - asks an inexperienced buyer, and it's good if he hears a clear and intelligible answer from the seller. In order not to be in a stupor and not start "on the knee" to recount the amount necessary material, it is better to prepare in advance, having clearly understood the terminology and its practical application.
Not only sellers use this term building stores but also the foremen of the repair crews when they bill for materials and work done. Therefore, it is advisable to be able to independently perform calculations in order to be able to check the correctness of the estimate provided.
Ability to measure and calculate correctly expendable materials – important aspect repair activities
Reference terminology
A running meter is a conventional unit of measurement for long objects, which corresponds to a piece or segment 1 meter long. The most common molded products include the following materials:
- wallpaper;
- carpet;
- the cloth;
- plinth;
- pipe;
- electrical cable;
- corrugated board;
- wooden planks etc.
With the help of linear meters, only the length of the product is determined, while other parameters (width, diameter, section) are already included in the price. For example, the same linoleum model can have different widths (from 1.5 m to 5 m), respectively, each product will have its own price per 1 running meter. m.
The cost of the molded material is formed taking into account its overall dimensions
Calculation examples
Let's assume that the room has a size of 4x5 m, that is, its area is 20 m². It is necessary to build on this figure when making a calculation. To find out the length, you need to divide the known area by the width. That is, if the choice fell on a roll of linoleum 2.5 m wide, then you will need to purchase 8 running meters. m of such material: 20 ÷ 2.5 = 8.
Example # 2. How much corrugated board is needed to fence the site.
Initially, you need to decide on the width of the sheet of corrugated board, which, together with aerial part the foundation will be the height of the fence. Then everything is extremely simple - the perimeter of the site is measured and the corresponding molding is purchased.
Example No. 3. Determine the size of your kitchen countertop.
Standard depth kitchen countertops is 0.6 m, and its length depends solely on the size of the kitchen and the number of items furniture set... If you need to close two cabinets (0.6 m wide), a built-in stove (0.5 m) and a double sink (0.8 m), you will need 2.5 running meters. m countertops.
If the depth of the countertop is usually standard, then its thickness, depending on the material used, varies from 18 to 60 mm.
Is it possible to calculate the cost of a kitchen by the number of running meters
Furniture sellers, in particular kitchen sets, often use the term "running meter" when calculating the price of an order. However, in this case, this value is very arbitrary, since for an approximate calculation of the cost of the product is taken standard equipment which includes:
- chipboard table top;
- minimal "filling" of cabinets;
- ordinary swing doors;
- fittings of average quality.
If the customer wishes to use a more expensive countertop, for example, made of stone, add big wardrobe with a roll-out mesh, install a closer on each door, then the price can increase several times. Therefore, such a concept as a running meter of a kitchen can only be used for initial, very approximate calculations.
The price calculated taking into account the moldings and the actual cost of the kitchen may differ significantly
Calculation of apartment renovation: how builders determine their salary
Often, a dispute between customers and builders arises against the background of a misunderstanding related to the final price for repairs. The overwhelming majority of repair crews make an estimate for the implementation different types finishing based not on square meters, but on linear meters. As a result, the amount of the treated surface indicated in the estimate comes out an order of magnitude more real area premises.
Why does this happen? The fact is that builders can assign 1 lin. m to an object, the length of which is significantly less than 1 m. For example, when finishing a multi-level ceiling, each end is counted as 1 running meter. m, even if its actual area is insignificant.
Some customers are sure that it is absolutely wrong to count running meters in this way, recommending builders to calculate according to the square of the finish. However, here it should be understood that it is much easier to process a flat surface without any transitions than the same tiered ceiling, where each transition, albeit a 10-centimeter, requires separate finishing, and hence a separate payment.
If the plane that is being finished is less than 1 m, it is still counted as 1 linear. m
As already noted, a running meter is a conditional value, which becomes even more conditional if we are not talking about materials, but about the work performed. Therefore, you should not be surprised at the provided repair estimate and consider the builders to be scammers. In the case of contacting professionals, you can be sure that the cost of each work has a real justification.
Anyone who does not deal with sewing or furniture production, often asks the question: "How much is 1 running meter?" In fact, this is the same unit of measurement that everyone is used to facing every day. Most often, such a measure is used for orientation in the length of materials, most often fabrics.
Measurement method by running meter
How much is a running meter? In order to answer this question, you should know that such a measure has the same 100 cm. The only thing is that if it is used to count the fabric, then only the length is taken into account, while the width is not taken into account.
By the way, the same goes for buying pipes or electric cable... The direct length of the product is taken into account, without taking into account the diameter or section. The same system can be applied to building materials such as linoleum or skirting boards. That is, a running meter is used when other indicators do not matter, for example, for rolls.
But here you can often find on the price tags that the same seal or insulation has a cost per 1 square meter, not a running meter. How much then comes out? Let's consider the difference between them.
A few words about the square measure
A square meter is called an area, for example, of a land plot, a room, building and other materials measuring 100 x 100 cm.If the area has different numerical values of the sides, then the length and width indicators are multiplied by each other and a measurement is obtained, which is indicated by square meters.
This measurement system is most often used specifically for living space, since rooms rarely have equal sides. Purchase facing material for the floor or ceiling, and for the walls too, is calculated from square meters.
What is the difference between a running meter and a square meter?
Square meter and running meter - how many are in centimeters? In fact, the common point in such measurements is only the length, which is 100 cm, and then there are the differences. The fact is that the square value is intended to calculate the area, while the linear one affects only the length, without taking into account the rest of the material.
You can convert one unit to another only if there is a width value. Then, for example, if the fabric has a length of 1 linear meter (how many is in centimeters? - 100), and the width is 2 meters, then these two numbers must be multiplied together. The result is the area of such a piece of matter.
Measurement for kitchens
As for the kitchen, this system is also used here. How much is a running meter of a kitchen? And what can you measure there? In this case, the measure is applicable not to the area of the room itself, but to the furniture set.
In this case, all the elements that are located along the walls are taken into account, for example, a table or shelf, a cutting surface or a curbstone, and other modules. The price is indicated with the calculation for the entire set, with how much space it will take up in running meters. But there may be the cost of a single unit, then in this case the figure is multiplied by the number of elements in the headset, and the final cost is obtained.
It is worth mentioning right away that not all sellers indicate the full price. Therefore, you should immediately clarify whether furniture fittings at the indicated cost, otherwise you may not calculate your finances.
Measure for tubular materials
A running meter of a pipe - how much is it? IN this option the weight of products is often used, therefore the price tag has appropriate designations. In fact, few are interested in why such a measurement system is used.
Depending on the purpose, each pipe can have its own section and wall thickness, moreover, the material itself is different. But if you take two identical pipes with the same circumference, one meter long, but with different wall thicknesses, it turns out that they will weigh differently. Usually the weight category is assigned according to GOST. But seldom does the seller have such documents.
It is logical that the question arises: “For pipes, a running meter is how much? Will this information help you calculate your weight? " There is a formula for this:
The thickness of its walls is subtracted from the diameter of the product, then this value is multiplied again by the thickness of the walls, and then by 0.025 kg, as a result, the mass of 1 running meter will become known.
For calculations linear measurements are produced in millimeters.
Rebar measuring system
The fittings are used to create more reliable design especially regarding country houses... It is also calculated using the running system.
To do this, all the necessary rods are measured in length (if they are different) and the resulting sum is multiplied by the mass of 1 running meter. To determine this value, there is a special table that will allow you to calculate in which percentage the building will be reinforced. For self-calculations, the formula is used: 1 mx (0.785 x diameter x diameter) = volume of reinforcement. The numbers represent the geometric area of the circle. The diameter is taken in meters. The resulting value must then be multiplied by the specific gravity of the reinforcement, which is 7850 kg / m 3.