How to cover the cellar. Building a cellar in the country with your own hands. Construction of the aboveground part

Today, it is important to make a cellar with your own hands (including from concrete and blocks).

Indeed, why hire people, spend extra money, when you can do all the work yourself.

A cellar is a room in which fruits, vegetables and preserves are usually stored, in winter period, but food can be stored there all year round.

The most important thing is to maintain one temperature regime in the room: the temperature should be no higher than 4 degrees Celsius, then thanks to this microclimate, vegetables and fruits can be stored for a long time without losing their presentation.

If you have your own vegetable garden or summer cottage, then you cannot do without storage.

Preparatory work

Before proceeding with the construction of the cellar, it is first necessary to study the relief.

Then, in the studied area, the driest place should be chosen, not forgetting to take into account the level of groundwater rise and structural features soil.

Also, do not forget about the depth of soil freezing, which is influenced by the previous factors.

It is advisable to build a storage facility with your own hands on a hill, this makes it possible to simplify waterproofing work.

The building should be positioned so that the groundwater does not reach the bottom of the cellar by at least 50 cm.

If this is not possible, and you are forced to build a vegetable storehouse in a lowland with highly moistened soil, then you cannot do without a sand and gravel layer (pillow), which is poured onto the floor.

He will be able to protect the structure from erosion by groundwater.

The height of the groundwater must be determined in the spring or autumn, when the level rises as high as possible.

Where groundwater is close to the surface, you can observe the growth of lush green grass. In those places, plants that love moisture are sure to grow: horsetail, reeds, sedge.

It should not be forgotten that places with high humidity are very fond of mosquitoes and midges, which can also become a kind of guideline in choosing a place for construction.

Varieties of cellars

There are quite a few varieties of cellars, most often they prefer when building:

• earthen cellar;
• i will store it under the house;
• stone cellar;
• blocked cellar;
• ground cellar.

They all differ in appearance, internal structure and the materials used.

One structure is built of concrete, for another they use stone, the third is built from blocks, you can also build a brick cellar with your own hands, and so on. The floor, walls and roof also have different structures.

Therefore, let's take a closer look at the structure of each of them.

An earthen structure perfectly preserves food and protects it from rotting and drying out.

The pit is dug so that during the construction of the walls it could be placed slightly at an angle, which makes it possible to avoid destruction of the soil.

If the pit is planned on a sandy area, then sheathing and reinforcement from wooden boards or wattle fence is needed for the walls.

Thanks to sheathing, you can increase the operating time and create optimal conditions for the long-term preservation of workpieces.

The advantage of the design is that the cladding can be made collapsible, which makes it possible to modernize the structure.

An earthen building is mainly done in the country as one of the budget options. It has a small area and a height of about 2 meters.

If the level groundwater lies close to the surface, it is better to make the height of the room even smaller.

But this does not in the least affect its positive characteristics and you can use such a design all year round.

In the photo above, you can see an image of such a storage.

We build an earthen cellar

Let's study step by step how to build a cellar in the country with our own hands:

• For the base, we use crushed stone (it must be tamped) and spill it with hot bitumen. It reliably protects the surface and prevents moisture from penetrating into the base;
• We make the floor of clay, about 10 cm thick, with an admixture of sifted rubble from bricks (as an option, the floor is made of concrete);
• The ceiling can be created from poles. We coat them with clay mixed with pieces of straw, then put a layer of soil. In order for the thermal insulation to be good, the layer must be thick enough, at least 25-30 cm. The roof must be brought to the ground, therefore, the installation of a gable roof is mainly done. We take the most budgetary materials, croaker or ordinary branches. We form the ridge of the roof from thick cut boards and lay down roofing felt or roofing material in several layers;
• We insulate the floor using peat or dry leaves, which prevents the building from freezing in the harsh winter;
• We dig a groove around the structure to a depth of 40-50 cm to drain water.

As you can see, it is not at all difficult to build such a structure. Its main advantage is the simplicity of design and the use of budget materials.

The video below shows an overview of such a cellar.

The construction of such a cellar makes it possible to save useful area on the site.

In the photo below you can see an example of such a cellar.

Let's look at how to create a cellar under the house with your own hands. The excavation pit is not very large. Put a layer of crushed stone about 10 cm thick underneath, ram it, and then fill it with hot bitumen.

We build the walls from concrete with steel reinforcement.

Then we plaster the concrete coating using a cement-sand mortar and smooth it with a metal spatula (the combination of concrete and cement mortar will reliably protect the surface of the walls from water).

For waterproofing, we cover the basement and the upper parts of the walls of the cellar with roofing material in several layers.

We also make the floor concrete (as an option, the floor can be made of clay with an admixture of rubble or brick).

To enter the storage, we make a hole in the floor of the house and put a door in it (as a rule, the entrance is made in the kitchen). Your storage is now ready to use.

In the video below you can see how the construction of this structure is carried out step by step.

A cellar like this boasts many positive characteristics... It is strong, very reliable and durable.

The cellar, made of stone, perfectly preserves both fresh and canned food. As a rule, a stone structure is erected large sizes and the construction itself is quite complicated.

It is advisable to build it in an arid area, so that groundwater cannot reach the building when it spills.

The structure is erected using a very durable solution. A limestone is applied to the clay, and chaff and lime are added.

Before laying the flagstone, it must be taken outside and left there for at least six months to acclimatize.

The photo below shows the appearance of a stone cellar.

Stone cellar arrangement

Let's look at how to make a cellar with your own hands:

• The floor must be strong so that it can withstand heavy loads. Therefore, we make the floor using tightly knocked down clay with the addition of chopped straw, sand and gravel;
• From the outside, we cover the overlap with a solution of thick lime, on top of it we put clay on the overlap with a thick layer (about 6-8 cm), then put wood ash (layer thickness 8-10 cm) and cover everything with dry soil;
• Now you need to lay the vaulted roof. We put the roof on wooden formwork.

The staircase in such a cellar is made of stone blocks or bricks, with a wooden covering.

Pipes for ventilation in the stone cellar are not carried out, therefore, small holes are made in the entrance hatch for air circulation and maintaining the desired humidity level.

Now you know how to build a cellar with your own hands from stone. This construction is quite difficult and takes a lot of time, so you should think before deciding to build such a structure.

The video below shows a detailed construction of a stone cellar.

Blocked cellar

Most often, such a room is located on a site in a private house for the rational use of the usable area. It's pretty easy to make such a storage.

Such a building is considered budgetary and does not require a lot of time to create it. In the photo below you can see an example of such a cellar.

We cover the bottom of the prepared pit with a layer of rubble, ram it and pour hot bitumen. Alternatively, you can make a base from a mixture of cement, gravel and sand.

When the base dries up, we erect brick walls. We coat the outer and inner side walls with cement and sand.

After that, we apply a bituminous primer to the surface of the concrete and coat it on top with bitumen grease (we apply the grease several times).

We do the overlap using a thick slab or boards, also coating their ends with hot bitumen. We insulate the floor with clay with the addition of chopped straw.

We make the layer that we apply on the floor at least 40 cm and put a layer of soil on top.

We fill the floor with concrete. Alternatively, the floor can be made of brick by covering it with wood flooring.

It is quite possible to sow grass on the surface of a blocked storage so that it looks harmonious on a plot in a private house.

In the video below you can see an example of building a basement.

Ground cellar

The area of \u200b\u200bthe cellar located on the ground is usually small. It looks like a small room for storing food.

It is placed inside a hillock or embankment on the territory of the site. The above ground cellar has its advantages.

Firstly, it can be built on a territory with a high level groundwater; secondly, it can be built in summer (other types of similar structures are built mainly in spring or autumn).

Since we are building a cellar with our own hands, we need clear instructions that will reveal the whole process step by step.

Construction of a ground cellar

Let's look at how to properly organize the construction of a cellar with your own hands on the ground:

• To begin with, in a hillock or earthen embankment, we dig a hole to accommodate a future building;
• At the bottom we make a drainage pillow (about 10 cm thick), we take sand for this. The presence of such a pillow will protect the building from moisture and dampness;
• Apply crumpled clay about 15 cm thick on the surface of the pillow and lay a layer of red brick on it. We raise the walls of the same brick and coat them with a mixture of clay and limestone (clay and limestone protect brick walls from moisture). The upper edge of the walls may rise slightly above the surface of the embankment, but not more than 20-30 cm;
• Such a structure requires additional protection in winter, therefore, the floor is made of thick wooden blocks. We insulate the floor with moss, sawdust, dry leaves and expanded clay. You can also insulate the floor with a mixture of lime and sawdust in a ratio of 9: 1;
• We protect the outer side of the walls from the harmful effects of the external environment using roofing material, hardboard or Kraft paper;
• Doors must be made double (do not forget to install thermal insulation in the space between them);
• We also carry out a ventilation pipe, covering it from the outside with a fine mesh (so that insects cannot penetrate inside).

Helpful advice: when arranging such a building, it is better to make a ditch for water drainage at a distance of 1-2 m from the structure.

After the end of the harvest, the residents of private houses and summer cottages face the problem of storage space for their supplies. In a house or garage, the vegetables and fruits collected will not last long, so some decide to build a cellar with their own hands, where it will be convenient to place harvested crop, as well as jars of jam and pickles or other supplies prepared for the winter.

The best option would be to purchase a cottage with an already built cellar. But if it is not there, then you will need to hire a team of workers or build it yourself. There is no particular difficulty in the work, and you can completely cope on your own. The main thing is to equip the cellar in advance, namely before the harvest comes. Otherwise, many mistakes can be made due to haste.

A cellar is a structure buried in the ground, which is intended for storing food all year round.

The cellar can be dug separately from other structures and buildings, or placed under outbuildings or a house. The choice of the type of cellar design is related to its location, and the size of the needs of the owners.

First you need to figure out what a good, correct and solid cellar is. It is also necessary to understand what is meant when it comes to the cellar, so as not to confuse it, for example, with the basement and other utility buildings. To do this, you should understand the definitions of the following premises:

• basement is a room that is located below ground level. It can have many functions. The basement can also accommodate a sauna and boiler room, office or garage. You can also equip a cellar there.
• a cellar is a basement space that is used for some purpose, such as storing food at a specific combination of temperature and humidity.
• technical underground - it is also a basement where communication systems are located: wiring of the ventilation system, electrical panels, heating boilers etc.

A good cellar requires the following:

• relative humidity within 85-95%;
• low temperature about + 2-5 degrees;
• fresh clean air;
• blackout.

Of course, no one needs to prove the need for a cellar, since even in private houses it is impossible to provide long-term storage all the products prepared for the winter. It is the cellar that will keep food fresh and subject to relative coolness. After all, no refrigerator can accommodate as much as it can fit even in a small cellar. Therefore, the cellar should be erected, like any other building, with high quality, observing all the rules so that it will serve for many years.

The first step is to determine the place and method of building the cellar. In the generally accepted understanding, a cellar is a small hole that is dug in the ground and equipped accordingly. This means that it can be built in a private house, on the street, in a garage or on personal plot... You only need to pick up for this right place... If a decision is made to build a cellar in an open area, then you need to choose a higher place, since there will be constant dampness in the lowlands. In any case, in the place of the cellar, it is necessary to accurately determine the depth of the groundwater, otherwise the cellar can simply flood. Based on this condition, the depth is determined. Usually it is no higher than 2 meters. It is also necessary to take into account what the floor will be in the cellar, since this factor largely depends on the composition of the soil.

The recommended time for the construction of the cellar is summer seasonwhen groundwater is at its lowest point, as well as when the weather is favorable. This is important if you plan to build a cellar in an open area. With such construction, special attention is paid to the issue of waterproofing. Water should not penetrate through the walls and floor of the structure under any circumstances. In addition, it is extremely uncomfortable to have a constantly wet cellar, since under such conditions the safety of the products located there is a big question.

There are many types of cellars. They are all a bit similar, but they differ in their functional tasks. So, there are cellars for storing food, vegetables - a vegetable pit, in the form of free-standing structures, as well as cellars in houses - an underground.

Each of them is able to cope with its function well only if it is built, observing all the rules and requirements. The construction work of this type of premises is not so easy, but it always pays for itself in the future.

A wide variety of types of cellars differ in the degree of burial in the ground, in the materials used in construction and in their location as follows:

• according to the building materials used, they are stone, brick, wood, earth, metal and concrete;
• according to the degree of deepening, semi-buried, above-ground, buried, bulk, cellars on the slope differ;
• at the location they are free-standing, under the garage, summer kitchen, terrace, under the house and on the balcony.

When choosing a design for a vegetable storage, one should take into account the level of groundwater on a given plot of land, since the floor level in the cellar should be no less than half a meter higher than the level of groundwater, in other words, GWL. Thus, it follows that:

• with a groundwater level, which is located lower than 2.5 meters from the earth's surface, it is possible to deepen the walls by 2 meters;
• when the groundwater level is closer than 2.5 meters from the earth's surface, only partial burial is allowed (semi-underground or semi-buried cellars);
• when the groundwater level is half a meter, the deepening of the structure is impossible, and for such cases it is recommended to build a ground cellar;
• on a waterlogged low-lying area of \u200b\u200bland, it is required to arrange artificial sand and gravel bedding - artificial cushions by means of which the cellar is raised, thereby separating it from the groundwater.

Cellar on the balcony in apartment building quite simple to equip with your own hands. Is such a cellar wooden box required dimensions with a tight lid, inside lined with a heat insulator (mineral wool or foam). The temperature in the cellar is maintained by means of an incandescent light bulb switched on through a contact thermometer and a relay.

The easiest way is to equip a cellar under a house or other structure with your own hands during their construction. This will be less laborious and will allow you to do the job efficiently and quickly. In this case, the foundation can serve as the walls of the structure, and the ceiling of the basement can serve as the roof. This is often practiced when building garages.

The construction of all types of cellars is carried out according to classic pattern for the construction of basements.

A storage of this type is convenient in that its construction can be carried out slowly. At the same time, all the dirty work is carried out on the street, and dirt and dust do not get into the house.

If, due to the close passage of the ground, it is impossible to build a buried cellar, then a storage shed is built, which can perfectly replace a cellar, which has many advantages.

A Labaz is a land structure that can be built on any site, including lowlands. Although, of course, it is desirable to build it in dry areas.

The storage shed does not require deepening, although certain such structures are made slightly recessed. For such a cellar, you need to process the logs, for example, with bitumen.

It is important that the wood is protected from mold and moisture. If necessary, waterproofing can be carried out from below.

The store is performed in the following order:

1. The first step is to arrange the base of the storage shed.
2. Having completed the base, the structure itself is built. It doesn't have to be very high. Visually, it looks more like a hut or tent.
3. Logs for the storage are processed.
4. To protect the cellar, a crate is installed.
5. The issue of waterproofing from above is being resolved. For this, roofing material should be laid on the roof sheathing. This material can perfectly protect the food stored inside.
6. An embankment is made over the roof. Peat is used as a material, which is the best type of soil for such purposes.

It is interesting that in general the storage shed can merge with the terrain. It is enough to plant the embankment soil with grass or other plant seeds, and it will overgrow.

For ventilation in a cellar of this type, there are special boxes, in which ventilation can be regulated by means of a valve - a special mechanism. The dimensions for the storage are set individually by each owner. As a rule, on the sides they are no higher than 3.5 meters.

The advantage of semi-buried cellars is that they are less demanding on the ground compared to buried ones. To equip it, it will be enough to dig a pit, whose depth will be approximately one meter, and in some cases even 70-80 centimeters.

Arrange it as follows:

1. The base is made of brick or concrete. Cinder concrete is less commonly used for such purposes, since it is harmful and is used only after appropriate processing.
2. Particular attention should be paid to waterproofing the walls and bottom in the cellar. For this, roofing material can be used, as well as clay and other coating materials.
3. For a semi-buried cellar, an overlap is required, which is usually made from a slab.

Other types of cellars

There are many other types besides the three main ones. For example, you can make a standard ground cellar a little different if you make an embankment on top of it with peat. The same goes for recessed structures.

In order to put the construction of the cellar under the garage house, it is imperative to carry out soil studies so that later there are no problems. Although, considering that they were already carried out during the construction of the garage, this will not take much time. Even if research has not been carried out, the garage owner is, in one way or another, relatively aware of the depth at which the groundwater lies. Particular attention should be paid to ventilation in the structure. It is usually done with special pipes that serve as channels. One of the pipes enters the cellar fresh air, and with the help of another, the spent one is eliminated. Such a cellar can be made both under the house and under any other structure. The main thing is not to damage the foundation.

It is important that since the cellar under the garage is an underground building, it requires more serious walls and waterproofing. For certain cases, such structures are made in wet soils. In this case, the walls are made of cement and covered with a thick layer of insulation material. It should not be forgotten that the soil needs to be "dried" with sand. This allows the site to be separated, at least to some extent, from the groundwater.

During construction, it is imperative to carry out drainage systems, since moisture will still be present on the site and can penetrate into the cellar structure in the form of precipitation. Therefore, a drainage system and a moat are needed.

Start of construction of the cellar

Work begins with determining the level of groundwater, since taking this parameter into account is necessary to build a cellar with your own hands. The first step is to locate the lowest section and drill a well in it. Its standard depth is 2.5 meters. A pipe is buried into the hole made, making sure that there is water in it. If water appears in the pipe, it means that the groundwater passes higher optimal value... The most informative observations will come out in the spring and fall, since during these seasons the waters reach their maximum values.

The degree of heaving of the soil is considered an important value. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that moist soil freezes, which thaws in spring, destroying the density of the soil. The soil becomes porous from this. If the water rises by more than 2.5 meters, the problem is solved by installing a drainage system, which is a pipe laid underground. The pipe leads to drainage ditch water.

It is imperative to provide for a drainage slope, which is 5 centimeters for every 10 meters.

Material selection

When planning the construction of a cellar with your own hands, you should also think about the materials, for them correct selection several factors should be taken into account: the type of soil, which is determined by eye, and the level of groundwater, regarding which it is necessary to consult a gardening partnership. Using wood in the construction of a cellar, it is necessary to process the material with antiseptic compounds. Walls can be made of various materials: wood, red brick, concrete, rubble stone or asbestos-cement sheets. The thickness of the vertical partitions made of concrete is approximately 5 centimeters, while the thickness of a brick wall depends on the masonry technology and ranges from 12-25 centimeters. The thickness of the walls made of rubble stone reaches an average of 25 centimeters. If land is chosen as the material for the construction of the cellar, then it is recommended to pre-sheathe the structure inside with wood.It is highly not recommended to build a cellar from metal, as you may face the problem of maintaining the required temperature.

You should start building a cellar by determining a place for it. The best option would be to choose a dry area located on a hill. Since this area is previously protected from moisture, waterproofing is not required there. Rainwater and melt water will not accumulate near the walls of the store, but will drain down the slope, leaving the cellar and the products contained in it dry. The depth of the structure can vary according to the wishes of the owners, and the standard figure is 2.5-3 meters. It is necessary to place the future structure higher than the level of the upper aquifer, which is recorded in autumn or spring, that is, during its maximum rise.

In addition, you should decide what type of cellar you want to build: under a house or garage, or a separate structure. The option of a cellar, erected under any structure, is much preferable to a separate structure, since such a room does not take up extra territory. The sloped cellar has a convenient entrance, which is quite important in winter.

Study of the site for the construction of the cellar

Before self-construction of the cellar, it is necessary to determine at what depth the groundwater lies. This is especially true when a semi-buried or buried cellar is being built. One of the methods requires fresh raw egg, a glass cap and a piece of wool. This technique is very old, but, one way or another, quite accurate. It is necessary on the site where the construction of the cellar is planned, put a piece of wool, and on top - an egg, covering it all with a cap. The cap should be left overnight and in the morning to see the result.

It is believed that if dew is contained in the wool and the egg, then the groundwater runs very close, which means that it is not worth building a buried cellar in such a place. If the egg is dry, and there is dew on the wool, then the waters will pass quite far. If both the egg and the wool are dry, then this area is ideal for building a cellar, since there may be no water at all in such a place.

It should be noted that before the independent construction of the cellar, it is required to determine what type of soil belongs to. This factor is very important.

There are several types of soil:

• quicksand;
• peat;
• clay;
• loam;
• sandy;
• sandy loam.

Peat is one of the best types of soil for embankment, as it protects food well from spoilage, especially when it comes to potatoes and other vegetables.

Quicksand is a very heaving ground that can cause many inconveniences. It consists of fine-grained sand, loam and sandy loam. Typically, during construction on such an area, such soil is replaced by adding sand.

Sandy soil is perfect for making a foundation. Such soil is often used to reduce moisture and heaving.

Cellar construction stages

Below is a step-by-step description of the cellar construction process. According to the type of construction of the cellar, certain stages may differ or be absent altogether.

As already said, the best period the time for the construction of the cellar is summer, when the groundwater is at its lowest. This should be done in favorable weather without precipitation so that the pit does not flood with water. You will have to dig a lot, since the pit for the cellar needs to be deep enough to allow you to walk into the storage without bending over. The pit should be made of an oblong shape, regardless of what shape of the cellar was conceived, since a certain place is required for the device of gentle steps.

Traditional layout for a cellar

The pit is dug by 0.5 meters more than the size of the structure itself, so that it is convenient to carry out work. It is advisable to dig a hole yourself so as not to damage the natural soil layer. The overlap is laid on top of the dug pit. To do this, you can use floor slabs, logs or thick boards. If logs or planks are used, they must be covered with a putty of clay and chopped straw. When the putty is dry, it is necessary to cover it with a layer of earth, making holes in it in advance and inserting a ventilation pipe.

The general rules for digging a pit are as follows:

• the foundation is deepened at least 0.3 meters from the ground surface;
• the depth of the pit depends on the structure of the structure;
• the pit is made wider than the area of \u200b\u200bthe cellar under construction;
• to avoid shedding soil from the walls of the pit, they are built with formwork or made at a slight slope;
• the top layer of earth will subsequently be needed to decorate the building and embankment, so the land does not need to be carried far away.

It should be noted that the installation of the floor and foundation precedes the stage when the walls are being erected. And therefore, if you build a cellar, first placing the walls, and then making the floor, then this will lead to the fact that the floor will not tightly adjoin the walls, and the storage will be flooded from this.

There are the following options for the floor in the cellar - concrete and clay concrete. The latter are warmer, and concrete base colder, although much stronger. When choosing a method for installing a floor, one should focus on the proximity of the groundwater. If it passes close to the surface, then it is better to choose a concrete floor.

The sequence of flooring is as follows:

1. garbage is removed from the pit;
2. the land surface at the bottom of the pit is leveled and compacted;
3. when installing an adobe floor, lay out the base with a layer of crushed stone, which is mixed with clay at least 10-12 centimeters thick. Clay with crushed stone is properly compacted. When the first layer of crushed stone dries up, a second layer of the same 6-8 centimeters thick is laid. After the floor has dried, the cracks formed are closed with a lime-clay mortar;
4. when installing a concrete floor, you must first prepare the base. Then, the underlying layer is made of gravel or crushed stone. After that, the base is leveled and compacted. The floor is flooded cement mortar in proportions 1: 5. After 3-4 days, when the solution hardens, the final pouring is performed with a more liquid solution to eliminate all flaws.

The walls in the cellar are monolithic concrete or made of separate parts: brick, stone, wood, concrete, individual blocks of concrete, etc. In some cases, for example, in dense ground, the walls may not be installed at all.

Walls of a monolithic type can better resist moisture, and if walls are made of separate elements, then special attention should be paid to the tightness of the joints of the floor and walls.

Pay attention to the following:

• if the groundwater runs high, then in order to build a buried cellar, it is necessary to perform a "concrete bath". First of all, the floor is poured, then they are placed on it monolithic wall, connecting the floor to the walls with the help of reinforcement. However, due to the construction of such a concrete bath, the construction cost will double.
• if during the digging of the pit, a floater or swamp is found, then this is a negative factor. In this case, the required wall depth should be performed lower than such a "wet place". It is necessary to support the wall on a solid foundation, otherwise the whole structure can crack at best, and at worst - shift. It is better not to build a cellar in such soil at all, as it is quite risky.

The stairs should be wide enough to allow one person to enter and climb from there. The minimum width is 35-40 centimeters, and, therefore, a staircase 60 centimeters wide will calmly allow you to do this without the risk of losing balance and without any discomfort. In addition, if it is planned to transfer bulky cargo to and from the cellar, then it would be preferable to construct a staircase, the width of which will be 80-90 centimeters, and this will make it possible to go down the stairs together.

The slope allowed for a ladder is 75 degrees, then such a ladder will be very steep, and it will not be possible to go down it alone with busy hands or together. To safely and comfortably carry household utensils and supplies, the stair slope is limited to 45 degrees.

The height comfortable for the riser, that is, the vertical part of the step, is 15-25 centimeters, for the tread, that is, the horizontal surface is 25-35 centimeters. But in the case of a cellar, excessive comfort can lead to a decrease in usable storage space, which is already small. Therefore, it is possible that you will have to do with a more compact ladder structure.

Concrete, wood, metal are used as materials for the staircase. Since the cellar is a room with a high degree of humidity, then metal stairs should be protected with primer or enamel, and wooden stairs are soaked with an antiseptic at least twice.

It is necessary that the overlap matches the entire structure of the cellar. Overlapping can be made from the following materials:

• From wood, initially making beams, and then covering them with beams or boards. To prevent rotting, all wood elements are covered with an antiseptic. Overlapping from above keeps warm insulating material, for example, clay, and dry earth is poured on top. The insulation layer must be at least 30 centimeters thick. Wooden floors often have to be changed and repaired.
• From concrete slabs. With concrete or reinforced concrete floor special attention is paid to sealing the joints.
• From slate, under which a solid base is laid. Floor seams when using slate are sealed with a cement mortar, and the bulk soil is properly compacted.

Cellar waterproofing

A dry cellar is a guarantee of the safety of the crop. It is necessary to protect the vegetable store from seasonal melt and groundwater and atmospheric precipitation.

Most often, roofing material or bitumen is used for waterproofing. In this case, the standard waterproofing scheme is applied. Thus, the outer wall of the underground building is covered with bitumen in two layers, and a layer of roofing material is laid on top. A drainage layer of gravel and sand is laid outside. A drainage pipe is laid under the drainage layer to drain water. But bitumen does not have a very long service life, and over time, after 2-3 years, it begins to crack. Therefore, it is recommended to apply more modern materials for waterproofing. More modern waterproofing materials include:

• drainage material Enkadrain, produced in two types: drainage-insulating and simply drainage. The thickness of the material is 2 centimeters. It consists of strong and rigid polyester twisted threads that are held together at the intersection points. When using the variant with drainage-insulating material, a layer of filtering geotextile is also added.
• Materials based on bentonite clay are also used today as waterproofing. Such materials have a high degree of absorption as well as a binding capacity. Concrete, when ground moisture enters it, swells and then solidifies, and the bentonite clay becomes waterproof.
• Polymeric geomembranes, which gets its name from the word "geo", which means earth. They are mostly imported. Such material is used when installing pressure head waterproofing. The material is able to withstand high hydrostatic water pressure on the entire internal volume of the basement or cellar: on the floor from the ground and on the sides to the walls. Geomembranes, in contrast to bitumen, have a significantly longer service life. The connection of geomembranes is performed using technical hair dryers.
• On the construction market, the material also presents analogues of domestic waterproofing, for example, "Gidroplast". You can also use other newest compounds for waterproofing, such as "WaterStop" and "Gidroplomba" brand "Glims". The VodoStop material perfectly seals floors and interior walls cellars, and "Hydrplomb" seals leaks and cracks.

Thanks to natural ventilation in the cellar, it will be possible to maintain the necessary temperature and humidity conditions in it, saving it from excessive moisture and dampness. For the device in the cellar of natural ventilation, the following work is performed:

1. two ventilation pipes are installed: exhaust and supply;
2. in order to better air exchange, ventilation pipes are located on two levels, and, if possible, in different places, in order to avoid the suction of fresh air;
3. the exhaust ventilation pipe is located at the top, namely, under the very ceiling in the cellar;
4. the ventilation supply pipe is located, on the contrary, at the bottom, namely at a height of 50-6 centimeters from the floor;

Do-it-yourself construction of a cellar means protecting its upper part. You can build a gable roof made of boards over the structure. It should be larger than the cellar in order to overlap the pit on each side by 40-5 centimeters. This will be able to protect the structure of the cellar from water flowing inside during rain. It is worth insulating the cellar door without fail, for example, with foam rubber in several layers, and upholstery it with oilcloth or leatherette. It is important that the roof prevents the accumulation of precipitation, and the door protects from heat and frost.

Carrying out electrical wiring in the cellar

It is customary to conduct insulated external wiring in the cellar. It is necessary to use wiring with copper conductors and double insulation. It is better in this case to seek help from consultants to find out which wire is suitable for use.

Cellar electricity is important aspect, which ensures the comfort and safety of using the storage room. It is recommended to cover the bulbs with protective caps. The luminaires should be placed in a dry place, using only moisture-proof materials. It will be best if the light bulb is attached in the vestibule, as this is considered the safest. The switches should be located at the entrance at a height of one and a half meters.

It is forbidden to install sockets in the cellar.

Interior decoration of the cellar

Convenient to perform interior decoration walls to flooring. Finishing can be different: whitewash, plaster or flat asbestos-cement slate on a wooden crate. The bottom of the concrete layer is covered with roofing material on hot bitumen in two layers with an overlap on the walls up to 30 centimeters. A screed is made over the roofing material and the tiles are laid.

Like all rooms intended for storing food, it is necessary to keep the cellar clean. Airing and drying is a mandatory procedure in the summer season. The storage of such flammable substances as kerosene, gasoline and others is not allowed in the cellar. It's not just the rules fire safety, as well as the fact that the pungent smells of kerosene and gasoline are well absorbed by the products in the cellar, and this will render the products unusable.

In the well-equipped cellar, there will be all the optimal conditions for storing homemade products. In the middle of summer, many gardeners begin preparing for the harvest. For these purposes, cellars and other storage facilities are ventilated and dried. But it is not always enough to open the hatch in the cellar and the ventilation pipes for thorough drying, since the air in the building is cold and heavy, and because of this, natural draft is not created. For drying, as a rule, a stove-stove is installed and the walls are heated. There is an easier way to create the traction necessary for drying, namely with the help of an ordinary candle.

It is not difficult to build a solid storage facility on your own if you perform each stage efficiently and responsibly.

A buried cellar is built below ground level. This design is good in that it does not take up the free space of your land plot.

Such a cellar does not freeze even during the most severe winter cold weather. That is why it is very important to know how to close the cellar correctly so that it becomes a reliable storehouse of food, seals and other things.

When the basement pit is flooded, and its floor and walls are equipped, it's time to think about how to overlap the cellar? What materials are used for this and what is the price of these materials?

To understand how much the overlap will cost you, you need to figure out what types of overlaps exist.

Monolithic slab

One option for overlapping is to use monolithic slab... Such a slab for the cellar is made using a reinforcing cage and concrete ().

The instruction for creating a concrete monolithic slab consists of the following steps:

• The overlap must have such parameters that, when installed, it is located on the walls of the room. These very walls will serve as a support.
• It is necessary to install special support beams for the formwork. They will allow you to maintain the integrity of the structure during the pouring of concrete and during its hardening.
• Before pouring, formwork boards must be well sealed to avoid leakage of mortar during pouring.
• Only after the complete installation of the formwork has been completed, you should start knitting the frame of the reinforcing mesh. During the construction of the reinforcing mesh, it is important to observe the correct distance between the rods, which should be about 20 cm. The resulting iron frame should protrude 4 cm along the edges of the slab on each side.
• After the mesh is ready, you can proceed directly to concreting. The height of a monolithic slab should be about 20 cm.
• The concrete should be poured evenly and continuously, until the end of the formation of the entire product.
• To avoid the formation of internal cavities, the liquid solution should be subjected to a vibration process. This is done with the help of special equipment or ordinary timber.

Tip: One layer of reinforcement mesh will be enough, but for greater structural reliability, it is better to make double reinforcement.

After the pouring process is over, the concrete should be allowed to harden and dry. This process usually takes about a month.

When asked what is the best way to cover the cellar, many professionals will answer that it is a monolithic concrete slab, because such a solution is the most reliable, practical and highly durable. The surface of this floor can be used as a foundation for the construction of various buildings.

Precast monolithic slabs

With the help of precast monolithic slabs, you can also create a ceiling in the cellar. But when constructing such a structure, it is imperative to take into account the need to use a crane during the construction process ().

Installation of prefabricated monolithic floors is carried out using a crane. This process takes a little time.

But this technology has one sad drawback. Plates are made standard sizes, and in a particular case may simply not fit.

The greatest length of the precast monolithic slab is 9-12m. Before starting the installation with the help of these products, you need to make sure that the parameters of the structure are suitable.

Note! The basement width should not exceed the width of the slab to be mounted.

If all the parameters converge, the installation is performed using the crane.

• Precast monolithic slabs are connected to each other using steel beams.
• The hollow parts of such connections are filled thermal insulation material... Thermal insulation allows you to hold warm air indoors.
• After insulation, the joints are filled with concrete;
• A layer of waterproofing (roofing felt on bitumen mastic) is laid on top of the finished floor.

Precast monolithic slabs are considered the best materialto overlap the garage cellar. This design has the shortest construction time and the price of the material is not high.

Overlap made of wood

You can overlap the cellar with your own hands using wooden beams.

For this, the following instructions must be followed:

• Install wooden beams on the surface of the basement walls.
• Attach to the side of the beams small size bars for creating support for roll-up boards.
• Lay the wooden reel with self-tapping screws.
• Create a vapor barrier, which is covered from above with a layer of thermal insulation.
• Sew plywood onto the resulting structure. Plywood is treated with specialized antiseptics.
• Coat the structure with mastic or cover it with roofing material and cover it with earth on top, if no structure is planned to be erected above the basement.

Note! Wood as a material for construction has one very significant drawback - wood lends itself to decay.

Slab with load-bearing beams

How to properly cover the cellar using the construction of load-bearing beams? For this purpose the best way regular railroad tracks will do.

You can buy such rails at the scrap metal collection point. You can also order similar steel products in specialized workshops.

In order to install beams in the walls of your basement, special beds must be provided, which are created to securely fix the steel structure. Steel beams should be firmly fixed in the walls and not pop out when any load is applied. For steel beams, the walls become a kind of foundation.

Instruction for creating a floor load-bearing beams reads:

• Iron reinforcement rods are laid between the steel beams and fastened to the beams with a knitting wire.
• After creating a reinforcing mesh between the beams, they begin to create a wooden formwork. A layer of waterproofing is laid on the formwork.
• Under the formwork, frames are installed to hold the concrete mass.
• When the frame is ready, they begin to pour the structure with concrete.
• Concrete can be prepared by yourself, or you can order ready-made from a construction company.
• The filling is carried out continuously and evenly.
• The resulting overlap for the cellar must be insulated. Any one is suitable for insulation insulation material, for example roofing material.

Basement ceiling insulation

Parameters such as temperature and humidity basement directly depend on how the ceiling insulation was carried out.

A real owner knows how to grow a rich harvest in the country, which pleases households and guests. However, in winter, difficulties may arise with the safety of the fruit. Heed the advice in the article and you'll have fresh fruits and vegetables on your table all year round. By choosing the right place for building a cellar with your own hands, and observing the technological process, you will save yourself from troubles during operation. In appearance simple construction the cellar has its own construction secrets, which must be taken into account, especially if your site has a sufficiently high level of groundwater.

We measure the level of groundwater

The first step is to find out the level of occurrence of groundwater, their temperature, the content of dissolved salts in the water and the frequency of rise. Hydrogeological studies can be carried out on their own, without involving expensive specialists.

Drilling soil to determine the water level

In the spring, when the water table reaches its peak, exploration is done with a drill. The drill must be more than 2000 mm in length. This is considered to be the standard depth for laying a cellar. If the excavated soil is dry at this depth, you can say that you are very lucky. Make several of these holes in the place where you intend to build a cellar, and wait a day. If the groundwater is close, then it will certainly appear in the drilled hole.

If water appears in the hole, you need to measure the height of the water column. To do this, take any suitable rod, lower it into the hole and measure the distance from the end of the rod to the wet line with a tape measure. The water column level can change during the day, so measurements should be taken over several days. We take the highest mark as the basis.

Ground water level

You need to make sure that this is the groundwater level, and not the top water. The upper waterway may be at a level of 5 m underground, at this depth there may be soils through which melt or rainwater does not seep. It is necessary to measure the distance to water in nearby wells. If the distance to the water in the well is greater than in the drill hole, then this is a top water. Ring drainage will help here. But if this is an aquifer, then everything is much more complicated.

Geodetic rules will help to more accurately determine the situation with groundwater at the site:

• upper water is a frequent companion of clay or loamy soils;
• excess moisture occurs during prolonged rains and when the water level in lakes and rivers rises;
• groundwater has well-defined boundaries, although water levels may vary;
• groundwater is always constant, and the top water is insidious and unpredictable.

Ring drainage device

With a close occurrence of soil waters, excavation is complicated by the fact that the soil becomes heavy and viscous. The first step is to lower the height of the groundwater table below the bottom of the pit at least to half a meter.

Drainage device for country cellar

Council. Drainage system will take away a huge part of the water and prevent it from quickly seeping into the cellar. The protection of the structure will be provided by waterproofing the cellar.

Internal drainage device

If you have a small landscaped area and do not want to ruin everything for the construction of a cellar, then the device of internal drainage is a way out of such a difficult situation. This method is suitable for a free-standing cellar, since the internal system collects water that has already entered the basement.

Cellar-caisson device

This method justifies itself with a close occurrence of groundwater. The only drawback is the high cost of the caisson. It can be a stainless steel or plastic box. The metal box looks like a trough with sides. Fasteners are provided on the sides, for which the caisson can be removed or lowered.

Council. When erecting walls and floors, decide in advance where the ventilation pipes and electrical wiring will be located so that later you do not have to drill additional holes in the walls.

Installation of a monolithic concrete cellar

It is possible to arrange a waterproof concrete cellar, both semi-buried and completely buried in the ground, as follows.

When the water level drops, we dig a pit under the cellar. If the depth of the pit is more than two meters, then be sure to mount the formwork in order to avoid unforeseen ground falls.

You can build a hydraulic lock from concrete in a slightly different way:

• a pit is dug, the bottom is leveled and a pillow is made of sand and crushed stone with mandatory compaction;
• formwork is made and walls with a thickness of 10 cm and a floor are cast from concrete;

Concrete formwork

• after 14 days, the entire surface of the concrete is carefully coated with hot bitumen and the waterproofing is glued in two layers: along and across;
• the formwork is erected again, the mortar with a thickness of 8 cm is reinforced and poured.

Council. Add special hydrophobic additives to the concrete solution, which will make the composition water-repellent.

Semi-buried cellar

If the groundwater level is very high, and there is little money for building a cellar with your own hands, then it is better to build a semi-buried cellar.

Semi-buried cellar at their summer cottage

Do-it-yourself floor slab

You can buy a factory floor slab, or you can do it yourself. The slab will rest on the walls of the cellar.

We make wooden formwork. We place the I-beam and lay it asbestos cement sheets... We put a layer of rubble on top of them and put a reinforcing mesh made of wire with a diameter of 10 mm on the I-beam and walls. We tie the wire so that we get 10 x 10 cm cells. Pour it with concrete and, after complete hardening, waterproof it.

Creating a concrete slab above the cellar

Ventilation device

High-quality ventilation will prevent mold, root decay and ensure optimal humidity in the cellar. Otherwise, only a souvenir photo will remain from the harvest.

You will need two plastic or galvanized pipes with a diameter of 15 cm. One pipe will provide the air flow, and the second - the exhaust. Extraction occurs naturally with a difference in air temperature between the cellar and the street. The pipes are placed in different corners of the cellar.

Cellar ventilation

The exhaust pipe is installed under the ceiling of the cellar, the upper end is located 50 cm above the roof level. The supply pipe is mounted 10-15 cm above the floor level, the upper end is located 30 cm above the ground level. The pipes are fitted with valves that regulate the flow of air and nets to prevent rodents from entering the room from the street side.

For large cellars, the cross-section of pipes is calculated using the formula, it is possible that even forced ventilation will be needed.

Additional waterproofing

For internal waterproofing of the walls and floor of the cellar, special penetrating compounds are used; it is better to apply them on slightly damp concrete. Penetrating waterproofing contains substances that enter into chemical reaction with water and multiply on a concrete base like crystals. These "build-ups" seal capillaries, pores and microscopic damage, protecting the concrete from water half a meter deep. They are not afraid of any mechanical influences. Chips and scratches do not affect the tightness of surfaces treated with such penetrating compounds.

Cellar walls after applying waterproofing liquid rubber

Lighting

The wiring in the cellar is done externally. The wires must be placed in cable ducts. Experts recommend using double-insulated copper wiring for the cellar. The switch is placed in a dry location, usually at the entrance. The sockets in the cellar must not be installed categorically. The luminaire must have a waterproof cover with a degree of protection against moisture of at least IP44. If the basement is damp, then the lighting must be safe. Install a 220/12 Volt step-down transformer and a 10 mA RCD. With a low ceiling, it is more expedient to place the plafond on the cellar wall.

Cellar construction: video

Cellar in the country: photo

Cellar - important element any suburban area, it is indispensable for storing vegetables, fruits and preservation. The article contains information on how to build a cellar in the country with your own hands: a step-by-step description will help take into account a lot of nuances, starting from the right choice places and ending with the installation of waterproofing, etc. The external arrangement of the building is also of great importance, and the construction of shelving and boxes will help to efficiently use the space.

Do not confuse a cellar and a basement. Do-it-yourself construction of a cellar in the country can be reduced to a simple digging of a hole and its minimal arrangement. The choice of the type of construction depends on many parameters, for example, on its intended purpose, on the climatic conditions of the region, financial capabilities, etc. Also, when choosing the type and materials for building a cellar in the country with your own hands, you need to take into account its location.

Separately standing building it is easier to build than, for example, to build a cellar under the house, but this option will require more materials, and hence finance. Make storage under residential building or an outbuilding will be cheaper, but this option is limited in space.

One of the most popular options is the glacier cellar. It copes well with the function of long-term storage of products even in the hot season and is especially in demand in the southern regions. It is rather difficult and expensive to build this type of cellar in a private house with your own hands, but the result is distinguished by high performance characteristics, durability and reliability.

Another good option for this building is a two-section storage. As a rule, this type is used when it is necessary to avoid mixing the smells of various vegetables and fruits, which are simultaneously stored in the cellar. To build such a storage you need less materialsthan for a glacier.

A separate type of cellar is wine. It is used to store wine products, has its own design features and nuances that must be taken into account in order to carry out the correct construction of the cellar. As a rule, such storage can store not only wine, but also various preserves.

The nuances of arranging a cellar with your own hands with a high level of groundwater

When choosing a location for a storage facility, it is very important to take into account factors such as total soil moisture and groundwater level. The lower it is, the easier it will be to build a structure, and also less often repairs are needed. If we are talking about a freestanding building, then you should choose the highest place on your site. It is best to determine the groundwater level when it is at its maximum, that is, in spring or autumn. If there is a well or a well on the site, then you can determine the maximum elevation by them, otherwise you will have to drill the well separately.

It will be somewhat more difficult to build a cellar if groundwater is close. How to do it as efficiently as possible? First of all, it is necessary to pay great attention to the waterproofing of the structure. Also at high soil moisture for better waterproofing cellars from groundwater, it is worth using building materials that are characterized by increased resistance to water. In this case, you should not use wood or plywood, but rather give preference to concrete and brick.

Helpful advice! You can check the groundwater level by folk signs... To do this, leave a piece of wool at the construction site and egg, and cover them with a clay pot on top. If there is dew on both the wool and the egg in the morning, then the groundwater is close, and if only on the wool it is far away.

Recommendations for building a cellar with your own hands: how to do it as efficiently as possible

Regardless of what type of construction you choose or what materials you are going to use, there are a number of general recommendationswhich should be followed when step by step construction do it yourself cellars:

• if you are going to use wooden elements, then they must be pre-treated with a special impregnation in order to protect them from the harmful effects of moisture;
• the construction of the cellar is best started in the summer, then the groundwater level is at the lower mark. In this case, the soil will be the driest, and the risk of flooding the structure is minimal;
• to ensure efficient storage of food, it is very important to consider a ventilation system;
• if you want the structure to maintain the desired temperature, it is recommended to make two doors separated by a vestibule when building a cellar with your own hands;

• special attention should also be paid to thermal insulation, then it will be ensured optimum temperature in the cellar at any time of the year;
• the choice of tools and materials for construction is very important, so it is worthwhile to familiarize yourself in advance with the advantages and disadvantages of various types. The construction itself must be carried out in a clearly recommended order.

Features of the use of various materials

Most often, materials such as brick or concrete blocks... They best tolerate high humidity and low temperatures, and are also characterized by durability, reliability and relatively low cost. When building a brick cellar with your own hands, it is worth considering the features of the operational characteristics of each of the varieties of this material:

• cinder block or foam brick is characterized by increased fragility, therefore, these varieties are not recommended for use in the construction of underground storage;
• silicate brick is more durable, but reacts very poorly to high humidity. This means that a building made of it cannot boast a long service life;

• red brick is ideal option for a cellar in a private house. How to make a building out of this material as efficient as possible, you can learn from numerous step-by-step instructions from specialists.

If you decide to use concrete blocks in the construction, then you will definitely need specialized construction equipment, since they are characterized by high weight. The cellar of them will last a long time and keep the temperature well.

Also, when building a cellar in a house with your own hands, you can use a brick that has already been in use, if its condition allows it. And in the event that you are just going to sheathe an earthen hole with wooden boards, they must be carefully treated with antiseptics to prevent decay.

Note! The use of metal-reinforced concrete slabs is also possible. But in this case, it will be quite difficult to maintain the desired temperature, so this material should not be used for the building in which you are going to store food.

Do-it-yourself cellar in the country: a step-by-step guide for construction

Strict adherence to the sequence of actions is the key to the correct cellar. How to make the construction as efficient as possible with a minimum of time and effort? For this assembly work must be performed in a specific order.

Arrangement of the pit

The sod is removed from the selected area, after which the land is leveled and the marking is performed. In many photos of the cellar with your own hands, you can see that specialized construction equipment is often used to equip the pit, but if this is not possible, then you can use shovels and spades. Job advantage hand tool is that it allows you to preserve the structure of the soil. If the soil in the selected area is loose, then the walls of the pit should be sloped to avoid crumbling.

The dimensions of the cellar depend solely on your needs, but remember that the size of the pit should be 0.5 m larger than the size of the structure itself. In the process of how you build a cellar with your own hands, dug fertile land can be distributed over summer cottage... The evenness of the bottom after the end of the work must be measured with a level and corrected, if necessary.

Construction of the foundation

Although this stage can be dispensed with (just filling the bottom of the pit with rubble or filling it with bitumen), the arrangement of the foundation will increase the level of waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater. How to make the foundation as effective as possible, but not very expensive? To do this, you can use a reinforcing frame, on top of which a concrete mixture is poured. The recommended foundation height is approx. 40 cm. Installation of the foundation is a prerequisite when building a cellar in the country with your own hands, if the groundwater is close. How to make the foundation correctly - thematic videos on the Internet will tell you.

Walling

If you use a brick to build a cellar under the house with your own hands, then you will need a row specialized tools... These include the trowel, construction cord, mason's hammer, building level and a bucket for mortar. For greater efficiency of work, you should use the help of another person.

As a mortar connecting bricks, you can use a mixture of clay with sand or cement. When building an underground or above-ground cellar with your own hands, the laying should be started from the corners, and the first row is laid without using mortar in order to more accurately plan the position of the wall. The bricks of the next rows must be sunk into the mortar until the thickness of the seam is approximately 12 mm.

Helpful advice! Be sure to use a building level and a plumb line when laying walls. With the help of the first, it is checked how evenly the brick is laid, and with the help of the second, the correctness of the angles.

DIY installation of the cellar ceiling

When constructing a ceiling, it is best to use wooden planks. If the structure is being built under the house, then beams can be used as an overlap, and the ceiling of the ground cellar in the country house is made step by step from PKZh slabs or slate. In this case, the surface can be flat or gable.

The thermal insulation of the ceiling is done according to the same principle as the thermal insulation of a conventional roof - the gap between wooden beams and roofing material filled with a layer of thermal insulation.

Types and features of floor installation in the cellar

There are many different options for arranging the floor in the cellar, which one is better depends on your preferences, the purpose of the building, the characteristics of the soil and other factors. You should also familiarize yourself with the specifics of each method in advance, this will help you quickly and efficiently build a cellar with your own hands. Both video and photo instructions can greatly facilitate the installation process.

Earthen floor - the simplest and cheapest option. There is a misconception that the correct floor in the cellar should only be earthen, but this is not the case. Even well-compacted soil will not protect the room from dampness and mold.

If you nevertheless decide to make a ground floor in the cellar, then the base must be carefully leveled and tamped, after which a layer of gravel about 10 cm thick is filled in. The advantage of this option is the zero installation cost, but there are much more disadvantages. These include high risk flooding of the room and a high probability that metal elements will rust, and wooden ones will rot.

Concrete floor - a good option to protect the premises from high-lying groundwater. Concrete screed can act not only as a floor covering, but also as a base for the installation of other materials.

For the construction of a concrete floor, it is very important to level the surface, after which a cushion of rubble and sand 15-20 cm thick is mounted. The sand must be thoroughly moistened and tamped, and poured with bitumen on top. In order for the concrete base to be as strong as possible, a metal grate can be installed on top of the bitumen layer. After that, you can start pouring concrete.

You can install a layer of waterproofing both on a sand cushion and on top of concrete. In the second case, another concrete layer must be poured from above.

Clay floor - a reliable, but very laborious option in terms of installation. It requires a lot of high quality material, so it is rarely used. Clay is considered one of the most eco-friendly materials... It is laid on a base of crushed stone 10-15 cm thick, which can be impregnated with bitumen. Under the clay, it is worth installing a layer of waterproofing made of roofing material or other material, and cracks that may form after drying are sealed with a clay-lime mixture.

Brick covering - strong, durable and attractive in appearance. In addition, the material is quite cheap and easy to install. The brick floor is laid on a cushion of fine crushed stone or gravel, a clay mortar is poured on top. The bricks are slightly recessed into the solution close to each other. Also, cement mortar can be hammered into the joints between the bricks with a stiff brush.

Wooden floor - it is used in above-ground versions of the cellar or where groundwater is located very deep. Before installation, the tree must be treated with special impregnations to extend its service life. Wooden boards are mounted on top of logs from a bar, which, in turn, are laid on a base of crushed stone and clay. It is best to fasten the boards with self-tapping screws, but you can also just nail it down.

Note! For each of the materials, you will need a separate set of tools, the acquisition of which is better to attend to in advance.

Design and installation of ventilation systems

If you are building an above-ground structure, then the flow of air into the cellar can be carried out naturally through small holes. For an underground structure, ventilation must be supply and exhaust. The outlet of the chimney should be located near the ceiling and the suction pipe near the floor. In many photos of the cellar in the country house, you can see with your own hands that the ventilation outlets are equipped with special curtains, this allows you to more accurately control the temperature in the room.

Installation of stairs and doors

If the cellar is being built under the house or, if necessary, to save space, it is worth making an almost vertical staircase to the cellar with your own hands. How to make it as safe as possible for descent? Handrails are recommended. Do-it-yourself photos of the stairs to the cellar show that it can be built from wooden boards fixed directly in the ground, as well as from bricks or other materials.

Doors are mounted in ground versions of the design, in other cases a hatch is used. Making a hatch in the cellar with your own hands is quite simple.

Manhole manufacturing

If the cellar is located under a house or outbuilding, then a hatch is used as an entrance partition. You can buy a cellar hatch, or you can make it yourself. The second option will allow you to get a design that exactly matches your needs. Self-assembly includes the following steps:

• a place for the future entrance is selected. It is very important that access to it is as simple as possible and not cluttered with shelves, drawers and other items;
• the dimensions of the hatch are determined. It all depends on your needs, but its parameters should not be less than 75x75 cm. In order for the room to be airtight, side faces the hatch must be sheathed with a seal;
• a hatch cover for the cellar is made. How to make it light and durable? For this, it is best to use wood planks impregnated with linseed oil. They are interconnected by slats, and a sheet of plywood is nailed on one side of the cover. If we are talking about a cellar in a residential building, then the hatch cover can be sheathed on top with the same floor covering as the floor around it. It should be borne in mind that if it is planned to equip a hatch for a cellar under a tile, its structure must be made of sufficiently strong materials that can withstand all ceramics. If you prefer to use steel, then for the lid you need a sheet with a thickness of at least 3 mm, which is welded onto a metal frame;

• the handle is attached. The best option would be a special hidden or folding design. If the cellar is located in a non-residential area or there is a need to save money, then you can use a regular door handle;
• hinges are screwed. It can be ordinary door hinges or automobiles with springs. The latter option will make it easier to open the lid and fix it in any position.

There are many answers to the question of how to make a hatch in a cellar with your own hands, so it is worth choosing the option that is most suitable in your particular case.

Wiring and lighting

Due to the fact that the design of the cellar provides for high humidity, the wiring in it must be reliably insulated. The best option for wiring are copper wires with a double layer of insulation. Light bulbs should be placed in the driest places and additionally equipped with protective caps. It is strictly forbidden to make sockets when building a cellar. How to make the wiring as safe as possible, you can watch the training videos from specialists.

Installation of waterproofing in the cellar

As already mentioned, insulation from moisture is a very important point in the construction of a cellar in the country with your own hands. How to make waterproofing the most effective - there are many options, and the choice of the optimal one depends on the level of soil moisture and design features the buildings.

Waterproofing can be external or internal. The external one is done at the construction stage, while the walls are sheathed with insulating materials from the outside, and gutters, drainage wells and other structures are also mounted. Internal insulation is done after the cellar is built. In this case, before using insulating materials, groundwater should be diverted, otherwise the work will be ineffective.

Types of materials used for internal waterproofing

If you made a cellar in the country house with your own hands from waterproof concrete, then you are unlikely to need additional sheathing with insulating material. But for a brick structure, you can use the following waterproofing options:

• mastic or bitumen - used in cases where the water table is below floor level. The solution is heated and applied in a thin layer to the walls, resulting in a reliable waterproof film;

• - the most expensive, but also the most effective option... It is good because it increases not only the level of resistance of walls to moisture, but also their frost resistance. Also, penetrating waterproofing reliably closes all cracks and micropores, is characterized by a long service life and is quickly installed;
• cement-based polymer mortar - is one of the most reliable and easy-to-apply waterproofing materials. It fits snugly to the walls and reliably protects them from mechanical damage;
• membrane-type moisture insulation - consists of various polymers, among which bitumen-based liquid rubber is very popular.

Note! It is very important to have effective ventilation for reliable waterproofing of the cellar in the country with your own hands. How to build a ventilation system so that excess moisture does not condense in the storage? For this, the installation of a supply and exhaust system is best suited.

Waterproofing installation procedure

Numerous photos of a cellar in a private house show that waterproofing can be hidden under decorative wall panels. This is not a prerequisite, but only affects the appearance of the walls. The nuances of installing a waterproofing layer depend on the type of material selected.

Do-it-yourself waterproofing using bitumen or mastic for the walls of the cellar under the house, as a rule, will not be difficult. For this, the walls must first be plastered, and the waterproofing itself is best applied in two layers. Before the final drying of the coating, it is recommended to sprinkle it with fine dry sand.

Before installing penetrating moisture insulation, the surface of the walls must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt and dust, and then moistened with water. After applying a layer of insulation for several days, it must also be constantly moistened. Concrete walls are brushed with a wire brush before installing the penetrating waterproofing.

To apply liquid rubber, the walls must be leveled and cleaned. After that, the surface is primed and applied to it with a brush, spatula or roller waterproofing material. Decoration Materials can be mounted directly on a layer of liquid rubber after it has dried. In the photo of wine cellars, for example, it can be seen that the walls are sheathed with wood panels.

The cement-polymer mixture is applied to well-damp walls with a notched trowel or brush. It is best to do this in several layers.

DIY installation of shelves in the cellar: photo and instructions

Shelves and racks are integral elements of any cellar and basement. There are several types of cellar racks, which you can buy in specialized stores, but it is much easier and more economical to make them yourself. The most popular options are as follows:

• wooden shelving is one of the most common answers to the question of what to make a shelf in a cellar. The material is environmentally friendly and easy to use, and for shelving it is best to use a beam with a section of 100x100 mm and boards with a thickness of 3-4 cm. The installation scheme is very simple - racks are made from a beam, in which nests are cut to fix the shelves. In order for the shelves made of wood to last longer, they are impregnated with special compounds;

• concrete shelving is a good option if you want to know how to make your cellar shelves as durable and moisture resistant as possible. To create concrete shelves, you can use reinforced concrete slabs or niches in the walls, which are poured with a concrete screed;
• steel corner shelves - are used in rooms with low humidity levels, otherwise structures can very quickly begin to rust. In order to make a shelf in the cellar for cans, as a rule, a welding machine is used, but you can get by with simple screws. First, frames are made from metal rails, then shelves are attached to them;
• plastic racks are one of the most economical and simple options, which is distinguished by its attractive appearance and resistance to moisture. However, plastic does not tolerate low temperatures rather poorly, therefore it cannot boast of durability.

Helpful advice! When wondering how to make a shelf in a cellar with your own hands, and what material to choose for this, take into account the level of humidity in the room, and average weight cans and boxes that will be stored on racks. Concrete perfectly withstands even a very heavy load, but plastic cannot boast of this.

Boxes for potatoes can be made from the same materials in the cellar. As a rule, they are equipped with removable covers, which are installed if necessary. Regardless of what material you choose, in the warm season, it is recommended to take shelves and drawers outside to dry. This will help to avoid the growth of mold and the growth of pathogens.

When the construction and interior arrangement of the cellar is completed, you can think about exterior decoration ground structure. Its version depends solely on your preferences - you can simply fill an earthen hill, or you can decorate it with turf or ornamental grass, turning it into an element of landscape design. Use video and photo instructions in the process of building a cellar with your own hands, which will help to take into account all the nuances and equip a practical and functional room.