What is the standard for heating in Gcal per sq. m
- In accordance with the "Rules for the provision of communal services to citizens", approved by the RF Government Resolution 307 of May 23, 2006, the air temperature in residential premises must be at least +18 degrees Celsius, in corner rooms at least +20 degrees. These are the "basic parameters". But the climatic conditions in Russia are so diverse that the regions have the right to change the "main standard" in one direction or another. Bathroom +25; lobby, staircase +16; elevator room +5; basement +4; attic +4. The air temperature is measured on the inner wall of each room at a distance of one meter from the outer wall and 1.5 meters from the floor. But only after the start heating season... There are no standards for the off-season. Temperature hot water must be provided year-round not lower than +50 and not higher than +70 degrees (according to the sanitary norms and rules of SNiP 2.04.01-85 * "Residential buildings"). This temperature is measured directly at the open tap by immersing a water thermometer in a glass under the jets to a special mark. The reference temperature may be higher, but not more than 4 degrees. If these requirements are not met in your apartment, then for every hour of deviation in the air temperature in the apartment, the monthly payment for heat is reduced by 0.15%. If the batteries do not heat well or water of a lower temperature flows from the tap, the tenant can write a statement to his DEZ with a request to check them. For this, a technician-caretaker or engineer of the local DES usually comes. After checking the batteries or the plumbing system, the utilities draw up an act in two copies, one of which remains with the owner of the apartment. If the tenant's complaints are confirmed, the utilities are obliged to fix everything, on average, within one to seven days, depending on the complexity of the work. During the time of non-compliance with the water standards, the rent is recalculated at the request of the tenant in the district settlement center, if the hot water temperature did not reach the norm more than 3 (during the day) and more than 5 (at night) degrees. Air temperature deviations in rooms are generally not allowed according to the standards. That is, the batteries must necessarily heat the apartment to the degrees specified in the sanitary standards. If this does not happen, then the rent is reduced individually for each "affected" apartment, depending on its footage. Heating must be uninterrupted and round the clock during the entire heating period. The permissible duration of a break in heating is no more than 24 hours (in total) within one month; no more than 16 hours at a time - at an air temperature in residential premises from 12 to 22 degrees. No more than 8 hours at a time at a room temperature of 10 to 12 degrees, no more than 4 hours at a room temperature of 8 to 10 degrees. For every hour exceeding the specified standards, the monthly heating fee is reduced by 0.15%.
- There is no standard as such! The standards for the consumption of heating services in the absence of devices are approved by the City Administration.
But there are minimum and maximum parameters - from 0.008 to 0.032 Gcal / sq. m. total area per month.
Any owner of a city apartment at least once was surprised at the figures in the heating receipt. It is often not clear on what basis heating bills are charged for us and why the residents of the neighboring house often pay much less. However, the figures are not taken out of nowhere: there is a standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating, and it is on this basis that the total amounts are formed, taking into account the approved tariffs. How do you understand this complex system?
Where do the standards come from?
The norms for heating residential premises, as well as the norms for the consumption of any utility service, be it heating, water supply, etc., are relatively constant values. They are adopted by the local authorized body with the participation of resource supplying organizations and remain unchanged for three years.
To put it more simply, the company supplying heat to this region submits documents to the local authorities justifying the new standards. During the discussion, they are accepted or rejected at meetings of the city council. After that, the consumed heat is recalculated, and the tariffs are approved by which consumers will pay.
The norms for the consumption of thermal energy for heating are calculated based on the climatic conditions of the region, the type of house, the material of the walls and roof, the deterioration of utilities and other indicators. The result is the amount of energy that has to be spent on heating 1 square of living space in this building. This is the standard.
The generally accepted unit of measurement is Gcal / sq. m - gigacalorie per square meter... The main parameter is the average ambient temperature in cold period... In theory, this means that if the winter was warm, then you will have to pay less for heating. However, in practice, this usually does not work.
What should be the normal temperature in the apartment?
The standards for heating an apartment are calculated taking into account the fact that a comfortable temperature must be maintained in the living room. Its approximate values:
- In the living room, the optimum temperature is from 20 to 22 degrees;
- Kitchen - temperature from 19 to 21 degrees;
- Bathroom - from 24 to 26 degrees;
- Toilet - temperature from 19 to 21 degrees;
- The corridor - from 18 to 20 degrees.
If in winter time in your apartment the temperature is lower than the specified values, which means that your house receives less heat than the heating standards prescribe. As a rule, worn-out urban heating systems are to blame in such situations, when precious energy is wasted into the air. However, the heating rate in the apartment is not met, and you have the right to complain and demand a recalculation.
Creating a heating system in your own house or even in a city apartment is an extremely responsible occupation. It would be completely unreasonable to acquire boiler equipment, as they say, "by eye", that is, without taking into account all the features of housing. In this, it is quite possible that you will go to two extremes: either the boiler power will not be enough - the equipment will work "to its fullest", without pauses, but will not give the expected result, or, on the contrary, an unnecessarily expensive device will be acquired, the capabilities of which will remain completely unclaimed.
But that's not all. It is not enough to correctly purchase the necessary heating boiler - it is very important to optimally select and correctly arrange heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or "warm floors". And again, relying only on your intuition or the "good advice" of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, you cannot do without certain calculations.
Of course, ideally, such heat engineering calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Is it really not interesting to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how the calculation of heating by the area of \u200b\u200bthe room is carried out, taking into account many important nuances... By analogy, it will be possible to perform, embedded in this page, will help perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely "sinless", however, it still allows you to get the result with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.
The simplest calculation techniques
In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions in the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related to each other, and their division is rather arbitrary.
- The first is to maintain optimal level air temperature in the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level can vary somewhat along the height, but this difference should not be significant. An average indicator of +20 ° C is considered quite comfortable conditions - it is this temperature that is usually taken as the initial one in heat engineering calculations.
In other words, the heating system must be capable of heating a certain volume of air.
If we are to approach with complete accuracy, then standards for the required microclimate have been established for individual rooms in residential buildings - they are determined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:
| Purpose of the room | Air temperature, ° С | Relative humidity,% | Air speed, m / s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | permissible | optimal | permissible, max | optimal, max | permissible, max | |
| For the cold season | ||||||
| Living room | 20 ÷ 22 | 18 ÷ 24 (20 ÷ 24) | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| The same, but for living rooms in regions with minimum temperatures from - 31 ° С and below | 21 ÷ 23 | 20 ÷ 24 (22 ÷ 24) | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Kitchen | 19 ÷ 21 | 18 ÷ 26 | N / N | N / N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Restroom | 19 ÷ 21 | 18 ÷ 26 | N / N | N / N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Bathroom, combined bathroom | 24 ÷ 26 | 18 ÷ 26 | N / N | N / N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Recreation and study facilities | 20 ÷ 22 | 18 ÷ 24 | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Interroom corridor | 18 ÷ 20 | 16 ÷ 22 | 45 ÷ 30 | 60 | N / N | N / N |
| Lobby, staircase | 16 ÷ 18 | 14 ÷ 20 | N / N | N / N | N / N | N / N |
| Pantry | 16 ÷ 18 | 12 ÷ 22 | N / N | N / N | N / N | N / N |
| For the warm season (The standard is only for residential premises. For the rest - not standardized) | ||||||
| Living room | 22 ÷ 25 | 20 ÷ 28 | 60 ÷ 30 | 65 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
- The second is to compensate for heat losses through the building structure elements.
The main "enemy" of the heating system is heat loss through building structures
Alas, heat loss is the most serious rival of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation, it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks go in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:
| Building structure element | Approximate value of heat loss |
|---|---|
| Foundation, floors on the ground or above unheated basement (basement) rooms | from 5 to 10% |
| Cold bridges through poorly insulated joints building structures | from 5 to 10% |
| Entry points engineering communications (sewerage, water supply, gas pipes, electric cables, etc.) | up to 5% |
| External walls, depending on the degree of insulation | from 20 to 30% |
| Poor quality windows and external doors | about 20 ÷ 25%, of which about 10% - through unsealed joints between the boxes and the wall, and due to ventilation |
| Roof | up to 20% |
| Ventilation and chimney | up to 25 ÷ 30% |
Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only correspond to the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed among the premises, in accordance with their area and a number of others. important factors.
Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction "from small to large". Simply put, the required amount of heat energy for each heated room is calculated, the obtained values \u200b\u200bare summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler is needed. And the values \u200b\u200bfor each room will be the starting point for calculating the required number of radiators.
The most simplified and most often used method in a non-professional environment is to accept the rate of 100 W of thermal energy for each square meter of area:
The most primitive way of calculating is the ratio of 100 W / m²
Q = S × 100
Q - necessary thermal power for the room;
S - room area (m2);
100 - specific power per unit area (W / m²).
For example, room 3.2 × 5.5 m
S \u003d 3.2 × 5.5 \u003d 17.6 m²
Q \u003d 17.6 × 100 \u003d 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW
The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It should be noted right away that it is conditionally applicable only with a standard ceiling height - about 2.7 m (permissible - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will become more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.
It is clear that in this case the value of the specific power is calculated per cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W / m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W / m³ - in brick or made of other materials.
Q = S × h × 41 (or 34)
h - ceiling height (m);
41 or 34 - specific power per unit volume (W / m³).
For example, the same room in panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:
Q \u003d 17.6 x 3.2 x 41 \u003d 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW
The result is more accurate, since it already takes into account not only all the linear dimensions of the room, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.
But nevertheless, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are "outside the brackets". How to perform calculations more approximate to real conditions - in the next section of the publication.
You may be interested in information about what are
Calculating the required thermal power, taking into account the characteristics of the premises
The calculation algorithms discussed above can be useful for the initial "estimation", but you should still rely on them completely with great care. Even to a person who does not understand anything in building heating engineering, the indicated averaged values \u200b\u200bmay seem doubtful - they cannot be equal, say, for Krasnodar Territory and for the Arkhangelsk region. In addition, a room is a room of strife: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external wallski, and the other is protected from heat loss by other rooms on three sides. In addition, a room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - just such features are visible even with the “naked eye”.
In a word, there are a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each particular room, and it is better not to be lazy, but to carry out a more careful calculation. Believe me, according to the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult to do.
General principles and calculation formula
The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But only the formula itself "overgrows" with a considerable number of various correction factors.
Q \u003d (S × 100) × a × b × c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m
The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken completely arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and have no relation to any standard values \u200b\u200baccepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.
- "A" is a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.
Obviously, the more external walls in the room, the larger the area through which there is heat losses... In addition, having two or more outer walls also means corners - extremely vulnerabilities from the point of view of the formation of "cold bridges". The a factor will correct for this specific feature of the room.
The coefficient is taken equal to:
- external walls no (interior room): a \u003d 0.8;
- outer wall alone: a \u003d 1.0;
- external walls two: a \u003d 1.2;
- external walls three: a \u003d 1.4.
- "B" - coefficient that takes into account the location of the outer walls of the room relative to the cardinal points.
You may be interested in information about what are
Even on the coldest winter days solar energy still affects the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the south-facing side of the house receives some heat from the sun's rays, and the heat loss through it is lower.
But the walls and windows facing north never "see" the Sun. East End at home, although it "grabs" the morning sun's rays, it still does not receive any effective heating from them.
Based on this, we enter the coefficient "b":
- the outer walls of the room are facing North or East: b \u003d 1.1;
- the outer walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b \u003d 1.0.
- "C" - coefficient that takes into account the location of the premises relative to the winter "wind rose"
Perhaps this amendment is not so mandatory for houses located in sheltered areas. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds are able to make their own "hard adjustments" in the heat balance of the building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, "exposed" to the wind, will lose significantly more body, compared to the opposite leeward side.
Based on the results of long-term meteorological observations in any region, a so-called "wind rose" is drawn up - a graphical diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer seasons. This information can be obtained from the local hydrometeorological service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know perfectly well where the winds mainly blow from in winter, and from which side of the house they usually sweep the deepest snowdrifts.
If there is a desire to carry out calculations with a higher accuracy, then you can include in the formula and the correction factor "c", taking it equal:
- windward side of the house: c \u003d 1.2;
- leeward walls of the house: c \u003d 1.0;
- wall parallel to the wind direction: c \u003d 1.1.
- "D" - a correction factor that takes into account the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the region where the house was built
Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all building structures of the building will very much depend on the level of winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer readings "dance" in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the lowest temperatures characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is typical of January). For example, below is a schematic map of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values \u200b\u200bare shown in colors.
Usually, this value is easy to clarify in the regional meteorological service, but you can, in principle, be guided by your own observations.
So, the coefficient "d", taking into account the peculiarities of the climate of the region, for our calculation in we take equal:
- from - 35 ° С and below: d \u003d 1.5;
- from - 30 ° С to - 34 ° С: d \u003d 1.3;
- from - 25 ° С to - 29 ° С: d \u003d 1.2;
- from - 20 ° С to - 24 ° С: d \u003d 1.1;
- from - 15 ° С to - 19 ° С: d \u003d 1.0;
- from - 10 ° С to - 14 ° С: d \u003d 0.9;
- not colder - 10 ° С: d \u003d 0.7.
- "E" is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of insulation of external walls.
The total value of the building's heat loss is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. Walls are one of the "leaders" in terms of heat loss. Therefore, the value of the thermal power required to maintain comfortable conditions living indoors depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.
The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:
- external walls are not insulated: e \u003d 1.27;
- medium degree of insulation - walls in two bricks or their surface thermal insulation is provided by other heaters: e \u003d 1.0;
- the insulation was carried out qualitatively, on the basis of the performed heat engineering calculations: e \u003d 0.85.
Below in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.
- coefficient "f" - correction for the height of ceilings
Ceilings, especially in private homes, can vary in height. Consequently, the heat output for heating one or another room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.
It is not a big mistake to accept the following values \u200b\u200bof the correction factor "f":
- ceiling heights up to 2.7 m: f \u003d 1.0;
- flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f \u003d 1.05;
- ceiling heights from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f \u003d 1.1;
- ceiling heights from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f \u003d 1.15;
- ceiling height over 4.1 m: f \u003d 1.2.
- « g "- coefficient that takes into account the type of floor or room located under the floor.
As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. This means that it is necessary to make some adjustments in the calculation for this feature of a particular room. The correction factor "g" can be taken equal to:
- cold floor on the ground or above unheated room (for example, basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;
- insulated floor on the ground or over an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;
- a heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .
- « h "- coefficient that takes into account the type of room located above.
The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat losses are inevitable, which will require an increase in the required thermal power. Let's introduce the coefficient "h", taking into account this feature of the calculated room:
- there is a "cold" attic on top: h = 1,0 ;
- on top there is an insulated attic or other insulated room: h = 0,9 ;
- any heated room is located on top: h = 0,8 .
- « i "- coefficient that takes into account the peculiarities of the design
Windows are one of the "main routes" of heat leaks. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window structure itself. Old wooden frames, which were previously commonly installed in all houses, are significantly inferior in terms of their thermal insulation to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows.
It is clear without words that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows differ significantly.
But there is no complete uniformity between PVZH windows. For example, a double-glazed unit (with three panes) will be much warmer than a single-chamber one.
Hence, it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient "i", taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:
- standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;
- modern window systems with a single-chamber glass unit: i = 1,0 ;
- modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .
- « j "- correction factor for the total area of \u200b\u200bthe glazing of the room
Whatever high quality windows neither were, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it is quite clear that there is no way to compare a small window with panoramic glazing almost the entire wall.
First, you need to find the ratio of the areas of all windows in the room and the room itself:
x \u003d ∑SoK /Sp
∑ SoK- total area of \u200b\u200bwindows in the room;
Sp- the area of \u200b\u200bthe room.
The correction factor "j" is determined depending on the obtained value:
- x \u003d 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;
- x \u003d 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;
- x \u003d 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;
- x \u003d 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;
- x \u003d 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;
- « k "- coefficient giving a correction for the presence of an entrance door
A door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional "loophole" for the cold
Door to the street or to open balcony is able to make its own adjustments to the thermal balance of the room - each opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable amount of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient "k", which we will take equal to:
- no door: k = 1,0 ;
- one door to the street or balcony: k = 1,3 ;
- two doors to the street or balcony: k = 1,7 .
- « l "- possible amendments to the heating radiator connection diagram
Perhaps to some it will seem like an insignificant trifle, but still - why not immediately take into account the planned scheme for connecting heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and hence participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably when different types tie-in pipes supply and "return".
| Illustration | Radiator insert type | The value of the coefficient "l" |
|---|---|---|
 | Diagonal connection: supply from above, "return" from below | l \u003d 1.0 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from above, "return" from below | l \u003d 1.03 |
 | Two-way connection: both supply and "return" from below | l \u003d 1.13 |
 | Diagonal connection: supply from below, "return" from above | l \u003d 1.25 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from below, "return" from above | l \u003d 1.28 |
 | One-way connection, and supply, and "return" from below | l \u003d 1.28 |
- « m "- correction factor for the features of the installation site of heating radiators
And finally, the last coefficient, which is also associated with the peculiarities of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly, is not obstructed by anything from above and from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is not always possible - more often radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit the heating priors into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the heat output.
If there are certain "plans" how and where the radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when carrying out calculations by introducing a special coefficient "m":
| Illustration | Features of installing radiators | The value of the coefficient "m" |
|---|---|---|
| The radiator is located on the wall openly or does not overlap from above with a window sill | m \u003d 0.9 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a window sill or shelf | m \u003d 1.0 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a protruding wall niche | m \u003d 1.07 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a window sill (niche), and from the front - by a decorative screen | m \u003d 1.12 | |
| The radiator is completely enclosed in a decorative casing | m \u003d 1.2 |
So, there is clarity with the calculation formula. Surely, some of the readers will immediately grab their heads - they say, it is too difficult and cumbersome. However, if the matter is approached in a systematic, orderly manner, then there is no difficulty at all.
Any good landlord must have a detailed graphic plan of their "possessions" with their dimensions, and usually - oriented to the cardinal points. Climatic features the region is easy to clarify. It remains only to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure, to clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - "vertical neighborhood" above and below, location entrance doors, the prospective or already existing scheme for installing heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.
It is recommended to immediately draw up a worksheet where you enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will help to carry out the built-in calculator, in which all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above are already "laid down".
If some data could not be obtained, then you can, of course, not take them into account, but in this case the calculator "by default" will calculate the result taking into account the least favorable conditions.
You can consider an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).
Region with the level of minimum temperatures in the range of -20 ÷ 25 ° С. Prevailing winter winds \u003d northeastern. The house is one-storey, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators has been chosen, which will be installed under the windowsills.
We create a table of something like this:
| The room, its area, ceiling height. Floor insulation and "neighborhood" above and below | The number of external walls and their main location relative to the cardinal points and the "wind rose". The degree of wall insulation | Number, type and size of windows | The presence of entrance doors (to the street or to the balcony) | Required heat output (including 10% reserve) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area 78.5 m² | 10.87 kW ≈ 11 kW | |||
| 1. Hallway. 3.18 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Covered floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic. | One, South, medium insulation. Leeward side | No | One | 0.52 kW |
| 2. Hall. 6.2 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | No | No | No | 0.62 kW |
| 3. Kitchen-dining room. 14.9 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Svehu - insulated attic | Two. South, west. Average degree of insulation. Leeward side | Two, single-chamber glass unit, 1200 × 900 mm | No | 2.22kw |
| 4. Children's room. 18.3 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North - West. High degree insulation. Windward | Two, double-glazed windows, 1400 × 1000 mm | No | 2.6 kW |
| 5. Bedroom. 13.8 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North, East. High degree of insulation. Windward side | Single, double-glazed window, 1400 × 1000 mm | No | 1.73 kW |
| 6. Living room. 18.0 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor. Above - insulated attic | Two, East, South. High degree of insulation. Parallel to wind direction | Four, double-glazed windows, 1500 × 1200 mm | No | 2.59 kW |
| 7. Bathroom is combined. 4.12 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic. | One, North. High degree of insulation. Windward side | One thing. Wooden frame with double glazing. 400 × 500 mm | No | 0.59 kW |
| TOTAL: |
Then, using the calculator below, we calculate for each room (already taking into account 10% of the reserve). This shouldn't take long with the recommended app. After that, it remains to sum up the obtained values \u200b\u200bfor each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.
The result for each room, by the way, will help to correctly choose the required number of heating radiators - all that remains is to divide by the specific heat output of one section and round it up.
When planning overhaul in your house or apartment, as well as when planning the construction of a new house, it is necessary to calculate the power of heating radiators. This will allow you to determine the number of radiators that can provide heat to your home in the most severe frosts. To carry out the calculations, it is necessary to find out the necessary parameters, such as the size of the premises and the power of the radiator, declared by the manufacturer in the attached technical documentation. The shape of the radiator, the material from which it is made, and the level of heat transfer are not taken into account in these calculations. Often the number of radiators is equal to the number of window openings in the room, therefore, the calculated power is divided by the total number of window openings, so you can determine the size of one radiator.
It should be remembered that there is no need to make a calculation for the entire apartment, because each room has its own heating system and requires an individual approach. So if you have a corner room, then about twenty percent more must be added to the resulting power value. The same amount should be added if your heating system is intermittent or has other efficiency disadvantages.
The calculation of the power of heating radiators can be carried out in three ways:
Standard calculation of heating radiators
According to building codes and other rules, you need to spend 100W of power from your radiator per 1 square meter of living space. In this case necessary calculations are produced using the formula:
C * 100 / P \u003d K, where
K is the power of one section of your radiator battery, according to the declared in its characteristics;
C is the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. It is equal to the product of the length of the room and its width.
For example, a room is 4 meters long and 3.5 meters wide. In this case, its area is: 4 * 3.5 \u003d 14 square meters.
The power of one section of the battery you have chosen is declared by the manufacturer at 160 watts. We get:
14 * 100/160 \u003d 8.75. the resulting figure must be rounded off and it turns out that such a room will require 9 heating radiator sections. If this is a corner room, then 9 * 1.2 \u003d 10.8, rounded to 11. And if your heating system is not efficient enough, then again add 20 percent of the original number: 9 * 20/100 \u003d 1.8 is rounded to 2.
Total: 11 + 2 \u003d 13. For corner room an area of \u200b\u200b14 square meters, if the heating system works with short-term interruptions, you will need to purchase 13 sections of batteries.
Rough calculation - how many battery sections per square meter
It is based on the fact that heating radiators have certain dimensions during serial production. If the room has a ceiling height of 2.5 meters, then only one radiator section is required for an area of \u200b\u200b1.8 square meters.
Counting the number of radiator sections for a room with an area of \u200b\u200b14 square meters is:
14 / 1.8 \u003d 7.8, rounded up to 8. So for a room with a ceiling height of 2.5m, eight radiator sections are needed. It should be borne in mind that this method is not suitable if heater low power (less than 60W) due to large error.
Volumetric or for non-standard premises
This calculation is used for rooms with high or very low ceilings... Here, the calculation is based on the data that 41W is required to heat one meter of a cubic room. For this, the formula is applied:
K \u003d O * 41, where:
TO- required amount radiator sections,
O is the volume of the room, it is equal to the product of the height and the width and the length of the room.
If the room has a height of 3.0m; length - 4.0m and width - 3.5m, then the volume of the room is:
3.0 * 4.0 * 3.5 \u003d 42 cubic meters.
The total heat demand for a given room is calculated:
42 * 41 \u003d 1722W, given that one hundred power of one section is 160W, you can calculate the required number by dividing the total power requirement by the power of one section: 1722/160 \u003d 10.8, rounded up to 11 sections.
If radiators are selected that are not divided into sections, the total number must be divided by the capacity of one radiator.
It is better to round the obtained data upwards, since manufacturers sometimes overestimate the declared power.
aquagroup.ru
Calculation of the number of heating radiator sections - why you need to know it
At first glance, it is easy to calculate how many radiator sections to install in a given room. The larger the room, the more sections the radiator should consist of. But in practice, how warm it will be in a particular room depends on more than a dozen factors. Taking them into account, you can calculate the required amount of heat from radiators much more accurately.
General information
The heat dissipation of one section of the radiator is indicated in the technical characteristics of products from any manufacturer. The number of radiators in a room usually corresponds to the number of windows. Most often, radiators are located under the windows. Their dimensions depend on the area of \u200b\u200bthe free wall between the window and the floor. It should be borne in mind that the radiator must be lowered at least 10 cm from the window sill. And the distance between the floor and the lower line of the radiator must be at least 6 cm. These parameters determine the height of the device.Heat transfer of one section cast iron radiator - 140 watts, more modern metal - from 170 and above.
You can calculate the number of sections of heating radiators, leaving the area of \u200b\u200bthe room or its volume.
According to the norms, it is believed that heating one square meter of a room requires 100 watts of thermal energy. If we proceed from the volume, then the amount of heat per 1 cubic meter will be at least 41 watts.
But none of these methods will be accurate if you do not take into account the characteristics of a particular room, the number and size of windows, the material of the walls, and much more. Therefore, calculating the radiator sections using the standard formula, we will add the coefficients created by one condition or another.
Room area - calculation of the number of heating radiator sections
This calculation is usually applied to premises located in standard panel residential buildings with a ceiling height of up to 2.6 meters.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe room is multiplied by 100 (the amount of heat for 1m2) and is divided by the heat transfer of one radiator section indicated by the manufacturer. For example: the area of \u200b\u200bthe room is 22 m2, the heat transfer of one section of the radiator is 170 watts.
22X100 / 170 \u003d 12.9
This room needs 13 radiator sections.
If one section of the radiator has 190 watts of heat transfer, then we get 22X100 / 180 \u003d 11.57, that is, you can limit yourself to 12 sections.
You need to add 20% to the calculations if the room has a balcony or is located at the end of the house. A battery installed in a niche will reduce heat transfer by another 15%. But the kitchen will be 10-15% warmer.
We make calculations on the volume of the room
For a panel house with standard height ceilings, as already mentioned above, the heat is calculated from the need for 41 watts per 1m3. But if the house is new, brick, double-glazed windows are installed in it, and the outer walls are insulated, then you need 34 watts per 1m3.
The formula for calculating the number of radiator sections looks like this: the volume (area multiplied by the ceiling height) is multiplied by 41 or 34 (depending on the type of house) and divided by the heat transfer of one radiator section specified in the manufacturer's passport.
For instance:
Room area 18 m2, ceiling height 2, 6 m. The house is a typical panel building. Heat dissipation of one radiator section - 170 watts.
18X2.6X41 / 170 \u003d 11.2. So, we need 11 radiator sections. This is provided that the room is not corner and there is no balcony in it, otherwise it is better to install 12 sections.
We will calculate as accurately as possible
And here is the formula by which you can calculate the number of radiator sections as accurately as possible:
The area of \u200b\u200bthe room is multiplied by 100 watts and by the coefficients q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7 and divided by the heat transfer of one section of the radiator.
More about these odds:
q1 - type of glazing: with triple glazing, the coefficient will be 0.85, with double glazing - 1 and with ordinary glazing - 1.27.
q2 - wall insulation:
- modern thermal insulation - 0.85;
- masonry in 2 bricks with insulation - 1;
- non-insulated walls - 1.27.
q3 is the ratio of the areas of windows and floor:
- 10% - 0,8;
- 30% - 1;
- 50% - 1,2.
q4 - minimum outside temperature:
- -10 degrees - 0.7;
- -20 degrees - 1.1;
- -35 degrees - 1.5.
q5 - number of exterior walls:
q6 is the type of room that is located above the calculated one:
- heated - 0.8;
- heated attic - 0.9;
- unheated attic - 1.
q7 - ceiling height:
- 2,5 – 1;
- 3 – 1,05;
- 3,5 – 1,1.
If all of the above factors are taken into account, it will be possible to calculate the number of radiator sections in the room as accurately as possible.
semidelov.ru
Calculation of the standard for heat consumption
Dear Igor Viktorovich!
I asked your specialists for data on the definition of standards for heat consumption. The answer was received. But he also contacted the MPEI, where they also gave a link to the calculations. I quote it:
Borisov Konstantin Borisovich.
Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University)
To calculate the rate of heat consumption for heating, you must use the following document:
Resolution No. 306 "Rules for the establishment and determination of standards for the consumption of utilities" (Formula 6 - "Formula for calculating the heating standard"; Table 7 - "Value of the normalized specific consumption of heat energy for heating apartment building or a residential building ").
To determine the payment for heating for a dwelling (apartment), you must use the following document:
Resolution No. 307 "Rules for the provision of communal services to citizens" (Appendix No. 2 - "Calculation of the amount of payment for utilities", formula 1).
In principle, the calculation of the standard of heat consumption for heating an apartment and determining the payment for heating is not difficult.
If you want, let's try to roughly (roughly) estimate the main numbers:
1) The maximum hourly heating heat load of your apartment is determined:
Qmax \u003d Qsp * Sq \u003d 74 * 74 \u003d 5476 kcal / h
Qsp \u003d 74 kcal / h - standardized specific consumption of heat energy for heating 1 sq. m of an apartment building.
The value of Qud is taken according to table 1 for buildings built before 1999, with a height (number of storeys) of 5-9 floors at an outside air temperature Tnro \u003d -32 C (for the city K).
Sq \u003d 74 sq. m is the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment.
2) The amount of heat energy required to heat your apartment during the year is calculated:
Qav \u003d Qmax × [(Tv-Tav.o) / (Tv-Tnro)] × No × 24 \u003d 5476 × [(20 - (- 5.2)) / (20 - (- 32))] × 215 * 24 \u003d 13 693 369 kcal \u003d 13.693 Gcal
Tv \u003d 20 C - the standard value of the internal air temperature in the living quarters (apartments) of the building;
Tav.o \u003d -5.2 C - outdoor air temperature, average for the heating period (for the city K);
Nо \u003d 215 days - the duration of the heating period (for the city K).
3) The standard for heating 1 sq. meters:
Heating_Rate \u003d Qav / (12 × Sq) \u003d 13.693 / (12 × 74) \u003d 0.0154 Gcal / m2
4) The payment for heating the apartment is determined according to the standard:
Ro \u003d Skv × Heating_Rate × Heat_Rate \u003d 74 × 0.0154 × 1223.31 \u003d 1394 rubles
Data are taken for Kazan.
Following this calculation and in relation specifically to the house number 55 in Vaskovo, with the introduction of the parameters of this structure, we get:
Arkhangelsk
177 - 8 253 -4.4 273 -3.4
12124.2 × (20 - (- 8) / 20 - (- 45) × 273 × 24 \u003d 14.622 ... / (12 \u003d 72.6) \u003d 0.0168
0.0168 - this is exactly the standard that we get in the calculation, and it is precisely the most severe climatic conditions that are taken into account: the temperature is -45, the length of the heating period is 273 days.
I perfectly understand that deputies who are not specialists in the field of heat supply can be asked to introduce a standard of 0.0263.
But calculations are given, which indicate that the standard of 0.0387 is the only correct one, and this raises very big doubts.
Therefore, I kindly ask you to recalculate the standards for heat supply residential buildings No. 54 and 55 in Vaskovo settlement to the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof 0.0168, because in the near future it is not planned to install heat meters in their residential buildings, and paying 5300 rubles for heat supply is very expensive.
Best regards, Alexey Veniaminovich Popov.
www.orlov29.ru
How to calculate a home heating system?
In the process of developing a heating system project, one of key points is the thermal power of the batteries. This is necessary in order to provide the required sanitary standards RF temperature inside the dwelling from +22 ° С. But the devices differ from each other not only in the material of manufacture, dimensions, but also in the amount of heat released per 1 sq. m. Therefore, radiators are calculated before purchasing.
Where to start
The optimal microclimate in the living space is ensured by correctly selected radiators. The manufacturer encloses a passport with each product technical characteristics... It indicates the power of a radiator of any kind, based on the size of one section or block. This information is important for calculating the dimensions of the unit, their number, taking into account some other factors.
From SNiP 41-01-2003 it is known that the heat flow entering rooms and kitchens should be taken at least 10 W per 1 m2 of floor, that is, the calculation of the heating system of a private house is simple - you need to take the nominal power of the battery, estimate the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment and calculate the number of radiators. But everything is much more complicated: it is selected not by square meters, but by such a parameter as thermal loss. The reasons:
1. The task of the heating structure is to compensate for the heat losses of the housing and raise the temperature inside to a comfortable one. The most active heat escapes through window openings and cold walls. At the same time, a house insulated according to the rules without drafts requires much less radiator power.
2. The calculation includes:
- ceiling height;
- region of residence: the average street temperature in Yakutia is -40 ° С, in Moscow - -6 ° С. Accordingly, the size and power of the radiators must be different;
- ventilation system;
- composition and thickness of enclosing structures.
Having received the given value, they begin to calculate the key parameters.
How to correctly calculate the power and number of sections
Sellers heating equipment prefer to focus on the average values \u200b\u200bspecified in the instructions for the device. That is, if it is indicated that 1 segment of an aluminum battery can heat up to 2 sq. m premises, then additional calculations are not required, but this is not the case. During the tests, conditions close to ideal are taken: the temperature at the inlet is at least +70 or +90 ° C, the return temperature is +55 or +70 ° C, the internal temperature is +20 ° C, the insulation of the enclosing structures complies with SNiPs. In reality, the situation is very different.
- Rare CHP plants maintain a constant temperature of 90/70 or 70/55.
- Boilers used for heating a private house do not give out more than +85 ° C, therefore, while the coolant reaches the radiator, the temperature drops by a few more degrees.
- Aluminum batteries have the highest power - up to 200 W. But they cannot be used in centralized system... Bimetallic - on average about 150 W, cast iron - up to 120.
1. Calculation by area.
In different sources, one can find both a highly simplified calculation of the power of a heating battery per square meter, and a very complex one with the inclusion of logarithmic functions. The first is based on the axiom: 100 W of heat is needed per 1 m2 of floor. The standard must be multiplied by the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, and the required intensity of the radiator is obtained. The value is divided by the cardinality of 1 section - the required number of segments is found.
There is a room 4 x 5, bimetallic radiators Global with a segment for 150 watts. Power \u003d 20 x 100 \u003d 2,000 W. Number of sections \u003d 2000/150 \u003d 13.3.
Calculation of the number of sections of bimetallic radiators shows that for this example requires 14 knots. An impressive accordion will be placed under the window. Obviously, this technique is very conditional. First, the volume of the room, thermal losses through the outer walls and window openings are not taken into account. Secondly, the “100 to 1” standard is the result of a complex but outdated engineering heat engineering calculation for a certain type of structure with rigid parameters (dimensions, thickness and material of partitions, insulation, roofing, etc.). For most dwellings, the rule is not suitable, and the result of its application will be insufficient or excessive heating (depending on the degree of insulation of the house). To check the correctness of the calculations, let's take complex calculation techniques.
2. Calculation for heat loss.
The calculation formula includes average correction factors and is expressed as follows:
Q \u003d (22 + 0.54Dt) (Sp + Sns + 2So), where:
- Q is the required heat transfer from radiators, W;
- Dt is the difference between the indoor air temperature and the calculated outdoor temperature, degrees;
- Sp - floor area, m2;
- Sns - wall area outside, m2;
- So is the area of \u200b\u200bwindow openings, m2.
Number of sections:
- X \u003d Q / N
- where Q is the heat loss of the room;
- N is the power of 1 segment.
There is a room 4 x 5 x 2.5 m, a window opening 1.2 x 1, one outer wall, bimetallic radiators Global with a section power of 150 watts. Thermal conductivity coefficient according to SNiP - 2.5. Air temperature - -10 ° С; inside - +20 ° С.
- Q \u003d (22 + 0.54 x 30) x (20 + 10 + 2.4) \u003d 1237.68 W.
- Number of sections \u003d 1237.68 / 150 \u003d 8.25.
We round up to the nearest whole, we get 9 sections. You can check another version of the calculation with climatic coefficients.
3. Calculation of the heat loss of the room in accordance with SNiP "Construction climatology" 23-01-99.
First, you need to calculate the level of thermal loss of the room through the external and interior walls... The same indicator is calculated separately for window openings and doors.
Q \u003d F x k thermal conductivity x (tvn-tnar), where:
- F is the area of \u200b\u200bexternal enclosures minus window openings, m2;
- k - is taken according to SNiP "Construction climatology" 23-01-99, W / m2K;
- tvn - indoor temperature, on average, the value is taken from +18 to +22 ° С;
- tnar - outdoor temperature, the value is taken from the same SNiP or on the website of the city's meteorological service.
The results obtained for walls and openings are added up, and the total amount of heat loss comes out.
This article is the seventh publication of the series "Myths of Housing and Communal Services" dedicated to debunking. Myths and false theories, widespread in the housing and communal services of Russia, contribute to the growth of social tension, the development of "" between consumers and service providers, which leads to extremely negative consequences in the housing industry. The articles of the cycle are recommended, first of all, for consumers of housing and communal services (HUS), however, specialists in housing and communal services may also find something useful in them. In addition, the dissemination of publications from the series "Myths of Housing and Utilities" among consumers of housing and communal services can contribute to a deeper understanding of the housing and utility sector by residents of apartment buildings, which leads to the development of constructive interaction between consumers and providers of utilities. Complete list articles of the cycle "Myths of housing and communal services" is available
**************************************************
This article discusses several unusual question, which, nevertheless, as practice shows, worries quite a significant part of the consumers of utilities, namely: why the unit of measurement of the standard for the consumption of utilities for heating is "Gcal / sq. meter"? Failure to understand this issue led to the advancement of an unreasonable hypothesis that the alleged unit of measurement for the rate of heat consumption for heating was chosen incorrectly. The assumption under consideration leads to the emergence of some myths and false theories of the housing sector, which are refuted in this publication. Additionally, the article explains what is a communal heating service and how this service is technically provided.
The essence of false theory
It should be noted right away that the incorrect assumptions analyzed in the publication are relevant for cases where there are no heating meters - that is, for those situations when it is used in calculations.
Clearly formulate false theories following from the hypothesis about wrong choice units of measurement of the heating consumption standard, difficult. The consequences of such a hypothesis are, for example, statements:
⁃ « The volume of the coolant is measured in cubic meters, heat energy in gigacalories, which means that the standard for heating consumption should be in Gcal / cubic meter!»;
⁃ « Utility heating is consumed to heat the space of an apartment, and this space is measured in cubic meters, not square meters! It is illegal to use area in calculations, volume must be used!»;
⁃ « Fuel for preparing hot water used for heating can be measured either in units of volume (cubic meter) or in units of weight (kg), but not in terms of area (square meter). The standards are calculated illegally, wrong!»;
⁃ « It is absolutely unclear in relation to what area the standard is calculated - to the area of \u200b\u200bthe battery, to the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe supply pipeline, to the area land plot, on which the house stands, to the area of \u200b\u200bthe walls of this house or, perhaps, to the area of \u200b\u200bits roof. It is only clear that it is impossible to use the area of \u200b\u200bpremises in the calculations, since in a multi-storey building the premises are located one above the other, and in fact their area is used in calculations many times - approximately as many times as there are floors in the building».
Various conclusions may follow from the above statements, some of which are reduced to the phrase “ It's all wrong, I won't pay", And in addition to the same phrase, some also contain some logical arguments, among which the following can be distinguished:
1) since the denominator of the unit of measure of the standard indicates a lower degree of magnitude (square) than it should be (cube), that is, the applied denominator is less than the one to be applied, then the value of the standard according to the rules of mathematics is overestimated (the smaller the denominator of the fraction, the greater the value the fraction itself);
2) an incorrectly chosen standard unit of measurement implies additional mathematical actions before being substituted into formulas 2, 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) of Appendix 2 of the Rules for the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings approved by the RF PP of 05/06/2011 N354 (hereinafter - Rules 354) values \u200b\u200bNT (standard for the consumption of utility services for heating) and TT (tariff for thermal energy).
As such preliminary transformations, actions that do not stand up to criticism are proposed, for example *
:
⁃ The NT value is equal to the square of the standard approved by the subject of the Russian Federation, since the denominator of the unit of measurement indicates “ square meter";
⁃ The value of TT is equal to the product of the tariff by the standard, that is, TT is not a tariff for heat energy, but a certain specific cost of heat energy consumed for heating one square meter;
⁃ Other transformations, the logic of which could not be comprehended at all, even when trying to apply the most incredible and fantastic schemes, calculations, theories.
Since an apartment building consists of a set of residential and non-residential premises and places common use (common property), while the common property belongs to the owners of individual premises of the house on the basis of the right of common ownership, the entire volume of thermal energy entering the house is consumed by the owners of the premises of such a house. Consequently, payment for the heat consumed for heating should be made by the owners of the apartment buildings. And here the question arises - how to distribute the cost of the entire volume of heat energy consumed by an apartment building among the owners of the premises of this apartment building?
Guided by quite logical conclusions that the consumption of heat energy in each specific room depends on the size of such a room, the Government of the Russian Federation has established a procedure for distributing the amount of heat energy consumed by the whole house among the premises of such a house in proportion to the area of \u200b\u200bthese premises. This is provided for by both Rules 354 (the distribution of readings of a general house heating meter in proportion to the shares of the area of \u200b\u200bpremises of specific owners in the total area of \u200b\u200ball premises of the house in the property), and Rules 306 when establishing a heating consumption standard.
Clause 18 of Appendix 1 to Regulation 306 provides:
« 18. The standard for the consumption of utility services for heating in residential and non-residential premises (Gcal per 1 sq. M of the total area of \u200b\u200ball residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building or residential building per month) is determined by the following formula (formula 18):
where:
- the amount of heat energy consumed during one heating period by apartment buildings that are not equipped with collective (common building) heat energy meters, or residential buildingsnot equipped with individual metering devices for heat energy (Gcal), determined by formula 19;
- the total area of \u200b\u200ball residential and non-residential premises in apartment buildings or the total area of \u200b\u200bresidential buildings (sq. M);
- a period equal to the duration of the heating period (the number of calendar months, including incomplete ones, in the heating period)».
Thus, it is precisely this formula that stipulates that the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating is measured precisely in Gcal / sq. Meter, which, among other things, is directly established by subparagraph "e" of paragraph 7 of Rules 306:
« 7. When choosing a unit of measurement of standards for the consumption of utilities, the following indicators are used:
f) with regard to heating:
in residential premises - Gcal per 1 sq. meter the total area of \u200b\u200ball premises in an apartment building or residential building».
Based on the foregoing, the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating is equal to the amount of heat consumed in an apartment building per 1 square meter of the area of \u200b\u200bpremises in the property per month of the heating period (when choosing a payment method, it is applied evenly throughout the year).
Calculation examples
As indicated, we will give an example of calculation according to the correct method and according to the methods proposed by false theoreticians. To calculate the cost of heating, we will accept the following conditions:
Let the heating consumption standard be approved at 0.022 Gcal / sq. Meter, the heat tariff is approved at 2500 rubles / Gcal, the area of \u200b\u200bthe i-th room is assumed to be 50 square meters. To simplify the calculation, we will accept the conditions that payment for heating is carried out, and there is no technical possibility in the house to install a general-house metering device for heat energy for heating.
In this case, the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in the i-th residential building not equipped with an individual metering device for heat energy and the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in i-th residential or non-residential premises in an apartment building that is not equipped with a collective (common house) heat meter, when making payment during the heating period, is determined by formula 2:
Pi \u003d Si× NT× TT,
where:
Si is the total area of \u200b\u200bthe i-th premises (residential or non-residential) in an apartment building or the total area of \u200b\u200ba residential building;
NT is the standard for the consumption of communal heating services;
TT is the tariff for heat energy established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The following calculation will be correct (and widely used) for the example under consideration:
Si \u003d 50 square meters
NT \u003d 0.022 Gcal / sq. Meter
TT \u003d 2500 RUB / Gcal
Pi \u003d Si × NT × TT \u003d 50 × 0.022 × 2500 \u003d 2750 rubles
Let's check the calculation by dimensions:
"Square meter"× "Gcal / sq. Meter"× × "Rub. / Gcal" \u003d ("Gcal" in the first factor and "Gcal" in the denominator of the second factor are reduced) \u003d "rub."
The dimensions are the same, the cost of the Pi heating service is measured in rubles. The resulting calculation result: 2750 rubles.
Now let's calculate using the methods suggested by false theoreticians:
1) The NT value is equal to the square of the standard approved by the subject of the Russian Federation:
Si \u003d 50 square meters
NT \u003d 0.022 Gcal / square meter × 0.022 Gcal / square meter \u003d 0.000484 (Gcal / square meter) ²
TT \u003d 2500 RUB / Gcal
Pi \u003d Si × NT × TT \u003d 50 × 0.000484 × 2500 \u003d 60.5
As can be seen from the presented calculation, the cost of heating was equal to 60 rubles 50 kopecks. The attractiveness of this method lies precisely in the fact that the cost of heating is not 2750 rubles, but only 60 rubles 50 kopecks. How correct is this method and how correct is the calculation result obtained from its application? To answer this question, it is necessary to carry out some transformations admissible by mathematics, namely: we will carry out the calculation not in giga calories, but in mega calories, respectively, transforming all the values \u200b\u200bused in the calculations:
Si \u003d 50 square meters
NT \u003d 22 Mcal / square meter × 22 Mcal / square meter \u003d 484 (Mcal / square meter) ²
TT \u003d 2.5 rubles / Mcal
Pi \u003d Si × NT × TT \u003d 50 × 484 × 2.500 \u003d 60500
And what do we get as a result? The cost of heating is already 60,500 rubles! We note right away that if correct method mathematical transformations should not affect the result in any way:
(Si \u003d 50 square meters
NT \u003d 0.022 Gcal / square meter \u003d 22 Mcal / square meter
TT \u003d 2500 rubles / Gcal \u003d 2.5 rubles / Mcal
Pi \u003d Si× NT× TT \u003d 50× 22 × 2.5 \u003d 2750 rubles)
And if, in the method proposed by false theoreticians, the calculation is carried out not even in megacalories, but in calories, then:
Si \u003d 50 square meters
NT \u003d 22,000,000 cal / sqm × 22,000,000 cal / sqm \u003d 484,000,000,000,000 (cal / sqm) ²
TT \u003d 0.0000025 RUB / cal
Pi \u003d Si × NT × TT \u003d 50 × 484,000,000,000,000 × 0.0000025 \u003d 60,500,000,000
That is, heating a room with an area of \u200b\u200b50 square meters costs 60.5 billion rubles a month!
In fact, of course, the considered method is incorrect, the results of its application do not correspond to reality. Additionally, we will check the calculation by dimensions:
"Square meter"× "Gcal / sq. Meter"× "Gcal / sq. Meter"× "RUB / Gcal" \u003d ("square meter" in the first factor and "square meter" in the denominator of the second factor are reduced) \u003d "Gcal"× "Gcal / sq. Meter"× "Rub. / Gcal" \u003d ("Gcal" in the first factor and "Gcal" in the denominator of the third factor are reduced) \u003d "Gcal / square meter"× "rub."
As you can see, the dimension "rub." the result is not obtained, which confirms the incorrectness of the proposed calculation.
2) The value of TT is equal to the product of the tariff approved by the subject of the Russian Federation by the consumption standard:
Si \u003d 50 square meters
NT \u003d 0.022 Gcal / sq. Meter
TT \u003d 2500 rubles / Gcal × 0.022 Gcal / square meter \u003d 550 rubles / square meter
Pi \u003d Si × NT × TT \u003d 50 × 0.022 × 550 \u003d 60.5
The calculation according to the specified method gives exactly the same result as the first considered incorrect method. The second applied method can be refuted in the same way as the first: convert gigacalories to mega- (or kilo-) calories and check the calculation by dimensions.
conclusions
The myth of the wrong choice " Gcal / sq. Meter»As a unit of measurement of the standard of consumption of utility services for heating is refuted. Moreover, the consistency and validity of using just such a unit of measurement has been proven. The incorrectness of the methods proposed by false theoreticians has been proven, their calculations are refuted by the elementary rules of mathematics.
It should be noted that the overwhelming majority of false theories and myths in the housing sector are aimed at proving that the amount of payment presented to owners for payment is overstated - this fact contributes to the "vitality" of such theories, their dissemination and the growth of their supporters. It is quite reasonable that consumers of any service want to minimize their costs, however, attempts to use false theories and myths do not lead to any savings, but are aimed only at, at introducing into the minds of consumers the idea that they are being deceived, they are being unjustifiably charged with money facilities. Obviously, the courts and supervisory authorities empowered to deal with conflict situations between the performers and consumers of utilities will not be guided by false theories and myths, therefore, there can be no savings and no other positive consequences either for the consumers themselves or for other participants in housing relations.