There are many negative aspects that the summer resident has to face. Either the land is not fertile and the plants do not want to grow, then the summer drought destroys the entire crop, then pests and diseases haunt.
For some, the site is a steep slope and to turn it into a convenient and a nice place it takes a lot of time and effort. No less important issue flooding stands.
Only by carrying out activities aimed at dehumidification suburban area, you can get rid of this trouble. Today we will consider what needs to be done for this in order to forget about excess moisture for a long time.
How to dry the area with your own hands? Basic ways
The degree of waterloggedness of the site is different and may be due to various factors... For example, there is a case when excess moisture is largely due to the relief and type of soil. Those. water cannot leave the site along a natural slope. Then you need to create this bias artificially by planning the territory. If necessary, lift up the earth, fill in the recesses.
It happens that water costs only because you have heavy clay soil... In this case, if it is not possible to make a bedding, it is necessary to arrange drainage. With its help, you can drain the swamp on the site. To get the job done drainage system, you will need some knowledge, competent calculation, accurate planning.
There are many companies that, for a fee, will perform not only the calculation, but also all earth and assembly work. Alternative option- do everything yourself, having previously studied all the necessary information.
Moreover, water from the drainage system can enter the reservoir, which is arranged at the lowest point of the dacha. The purpose of the reservoir can be anything: for irrigation, a decorative structure with plants, etc.
Almost all dehumidification methods garden plot consist in diverting water from the territory... It's just fine if the water has somewhere to leave the site, but it so happens that in relation to the surrounding territory, the dacha is located lower, or there are any structures on the way of the running water (buildings, fence, etc.). In this case, the water must be collected centrally. This can usually be done by constructing a system of canals and ditches.
It should be understood that water must also leave the ditch, which is determined on the spot, depending on the location of neighboring areas. Dig it up in the lowest place.
If the site is more or less level and has a clearly directed slope, then the ditch is placed along the fence in a low place, and it should have a width of about 50 cm and a depth of at least 1 m, a length of 2-3 m.In no case, the excavated soil should be taken out, it is better to distribute it in the country at the lowest places.
Then, throughout the year, the ditch must be gradually filled with various construction and other solid waste (broken brick, stones, broken glass). It is laid tightly enough, and when the ditch is filled to the lower boundary fertile land, a similar ditch is being dug nearby, which will be a continuation of the old one.
The removed plant soil from the new ditch is placed in the old one. In doing so, you will get a good drainage system around the perimeter of the site. You may be wondering why make a ditch (drainage) in the highest place? You don't have to, but if another one located higher adjoins your site on this side, then there is a point in such a closed ditch, because it will intercept water from the neighbors, not allowing it to flow through the entire cottage.
As you can see, in order to properly drain a wetland, you need to combine several methods with each other. This includes bedding, drainage, and the construction of ditches and canals. Another additional way, which is called biological, is the use of moisture-loving plants, which will absorb some of the moisture.
What plants can be used to drain the site?
Since the water in wetlands is high, most plants will feel bad, especially those with a rod root system... The roots of such plants are located deep in the ground and, under the influence of excessive moisture and lack of oxygen, they begin to rot.
You can plant such moisture-loving and well-known trees as willow, birch, maple... There are many beautiful shapes and varieties of these plants, so they will not only absorb excess moisture, but also become beautiful decoration your garden.
Spruce can be planted from conifers, the roots of which are located close to the surface, but it is better to play it safe and plant them on small mounds. A device around the perimeter of a hedge made of wild rose, hawthorn, spirea, irgi, and bladder will help to drain the area.
Alder and poplar also grow well "in the water", but you are unlikely to want to have them on your site because of their low decorative effect. In addition, poplar fluff causes allergies.
You can also plant a hydrangea, mock orange, but if the site is very swampy, it is better to abandon these plants. Amur lilac also withstands temporary flooding.
Fruit trees grow very poorly on waterlogged soils... Therefore, when buying, choose varieties whose stock has a superficial root system. And it is better to plant them on specially arranged mounds about 50 cm high (in some cases - 1 m). From berry bushes black currant feels good. From herbaceous plants dehumidifiers are perennial asters, marsh iris, aquilegia and others.
Excessive moisture has a bad effect on the condition of the soil, it becomes acidic. Therefore, any drainage also includes liming, which will help to increase the fertility of the soil.
In general, it is not easy to drain a land plot with your own hands, but everyone can do it. It will take a lot of time and effort, but the result is worth the work, because in the end - you do everything only for yourself and your family.
If the acquired suburban area is located on a peat bog, its owners will have to perform a number of works to improve the soil on it. The land in such places, unfortunately, cannot be considered too suitable for growing all kinds of agricultural crops. The soil in peatlands contains very little oxygen, which replaces methane. Also, such areas in spring and autumn turn into a real swamp due to flooding. How to drain a peat allotment if necessary - we will talk about this later in the article.
Improvement Ways
In some cases, it is possible to solve the problem of boggy allotment very in a simple way- by adding a certain amount of land imported from outside. But using such a technique, of course, is possible only when the water on the site is collected due to the fact that it is located in a lowland and has relatively small size... In all other cases, it is necessary to drain water from the allotment.
The answer to the question of how to drain the site, in this case, can be two technologies:
superficial;
with pipe laying.
The first method is considered the easiest. Open drainage in a swampy area with your own hands will be absolutely easy to do. But by using pipes, you can equip a more efficient drainage system.
Ditch retraction
This method is a good answer to the question of how to drain a peat bog. The advantage of this method, among other things, is that when it is used to drain water from the site, the owners will not have to spend a penny. For drainage, in this case, a ditch about 50 cm wide and at least 1 m deep is dug along the edge of the allotment on the side that is located below the others.
If there is a slightly higher, also swampy, neighboring area nearby, a trench should be made on the border with it. This will close the access to water from someone else's land.
Subsequently, in the process of execution on the site, various kinds of channels will need to be filled with all kinds of construction and garden waste. This can be, for example, stones, broken brick, weeds, etc.
Benefits of using pipes
Open way drainage of water through ditches is simple and cheap. However, this technique is used only in not very swampy areas. In all other cases, it is advisable to equip plots with full-fledged drainage systems using perforated pipes.
The answer to the question of how to drain a swamp in a garden, such technology in most cases is just ideal. The advantages of such diverting networks, among other things, include:
more uniform and faster regulation of the water balance in the soil;
the ability to cover absolutely the entire area of the site.
When applied, such sleeves pass underground. This does not reduce the usable area of the site. Garden beds when growing garden crops on such an allotment it will be possible to do it, including directly above the pipes.
How to set up a closed system
In this case, ditches are also dug on the site beforehand to drain water. In this case, the main trench is located along the perimeter of the allotment. Next, ditches are dug over the area of the site.
When using this method of drainage, a waterproofing agent is laid at the bottom of dug trenches - a thick film or roofing material. Next, a layer of medium-sized crushed stone or pebbles is poured into the ditches. Perforated pipes are laid on top. In order to prevent the holes of such drainage lines from clogging up in the future, they are pre-wrapped with geotextiles.
Connect the pipes at the points of convergence or intersection of the ditches using tees or angle fittings. Above these network elements, viewing wells made of plastic or concrete are required. If there are such additions in the system, in the future it will be very easy to remove the blockages that appear in the lines and clean them from the accumulated sludge.
What you need to know
Of course, in order for the water to leave in the subsequent section through the pipes by gravity, they must be laid at a slope. Otherwise, it will not work to drain the allotment. Unfortunately, it is impossible to mount the drainage mains under a too steep slope. In this case, the pipes will subsequently become silted up very quickly. A very small slope drainage channels also not worth doing. Otherwise, the system will subsequently work ineffectively.
In most cases, when arranging garden drainage networks, pipes are laid at an angle of 0.5 to 3 cm on running meter... You should not deviate from these parameters up or down.
Receiving well
Thus, we have figured out how to drain the site using pipes. But where can you put yourself excess water? Drain it from the site, if it is located on the outskirts, you can simply behind its side-altars - in some ravine, stream or pond. But if there are neighboring plots next to the swampy garden, you will have to equip a special well to receive wastewater. If desired, such a container can also be built on a site located on the outskirts. After all, the water collected during drainage can subsequently be used to irrigate the same beds.
Receiving wells are equipped at the lowest point of the suburban area using the following technology:
a hole is dug in the ground, into which the main drainage trench is inserted;
the bottom and walls of the pit are concreted with a layer of 5-10 cm.
Of course, in the concrete structures of the well, when pouring, holes should be provided for the pipe plant.
Instead of a concrete structure, when arranging a drainage system, you can also use a plastic one. It will be easy to purchase such a container from companies specializing in the supply of equipment for drainage systems.
Receiving pond
In most cases, the owners of peat bog gardens, of course, equip a well for water drainage. But instead of him, if desired, you can make an artificial reservoir on the site - a beautiful decorative pond... In this case, a foundation pit is also pre-dug in the ground, but wider.
The bottom and walls of the pit for arranging on the site of an artificial reservoir are thoroughly cleaned of roots and stones. Further, the foundation pit is laid out with a strong waterproofing material- best of all with a thick film. Through the holes in the film into the pond, drainage pipes... You can disguise them at the bottom, for example, with beautiful stones or some kind of aquatic plants. In the summer, it will be possible to release unpretentious fish from the aquarium into this reservoir. Spectacular marsh plants are usually planted around the pond.
The main difficulty
In principle, as you can see, the answer to the question of how to drain the area from water with your own hands is quite simple. The most challenging task in this case, most likely, they will become physically difficult excavation... After all, there are actually a lot of ditches on the site. However, for such a system to work as efficiently as possible, trenching on the site, of course, should first of all be in the right places.
To entrust the project of arranging the drainage system of a swampy allotment is best, of course, to a specialist. A professional will be able to take into account all the nuances of the relief of this particular area. However, there are projects drainage systems on the suburban areas unfortunately quite expensive. If there is no money to order a pipe laying plan, you can try to develop it yourself. In order to find out where is the best place to dig drainage trenches, you will have to wait for the first heavy rain. By observing the streams flowing along the ground, it will be possible to accurately determine the optimal location of the trenches.
How to drain a swamp: using moisture-loving plants
Of course, in most cases it is possible to drain a swampy area only by cardinal methods - by arranging ditches or laying pipes. But as additional measure in such a garden it is also worth planting plants that draw a lot of water from the ground. These can be, for example, willows, birches or maples. Such trees, since they have a considerable height, are planted, of course, usually on the northern side of the allotment. Otherwise, in the future, they will obstruct the plantings, which, in turn, can easily lead to a decrease in the yield of garden and vegetable crops.
High level groundwater on the site can be reduced with the help of shrubs. For example, hawthorn, wild rose, bladder, and irga can take a lot of water from the soil. Such plants can be planted around the perimeter of the site to create a hedge.
Methane in soil
Of course, after draining with open drainage or by laying pipes, the land on the site will in any case become more suitable in composition for growing garden and horticultural crops. But in order to further improve its quality, site owners will have to:
scatter a mixture of clay and sand over the area with a thin layer;
carefully dig up the allotment using a shovel or, preferably, a motor-cultivator.
Of course, a very good solution would be to scatter around the site, in addition to clay and sand, before digging, also manure mixed with sawdust. This will not only improve the structure of the soil, but also make it more fertile and nutritious. The introduction of various kinds of mineral fertilizers into the soil will also make it more suitable for growing garden and garden plants.
The advantages of peat bogs
So, we found out how to drain the area from water with our own hands and improve the soil on it. Such an allotment can bring trouble to its owner, of course, a lot. However, peatlands, in comparison with other types of soils, have their own advantages. For example, in such areas, plants usually tolerate winters much better. The soil on peat bogs is frozen slowly, in thin layers. At the same time, the soil on such allotments never freezes too deeply. So on such an allotment, after draining it, you can plant, for example, thermophilic roses, apricots, etc.
) 11 References 15Introduction
It's no secret that the wetland is absolutely impossible to use in any way, and besides, the swamp can be a source of potential threat, for example, various diseases. For these reasons, people should not settle, build structures, or set up agricultural land near wetlands. Also, do not forget that a swamp is a complex ecosystem and draining it has an extremely negative effect on the environment. All natural processes are disturbed, which can lead to partial or complete death of the surrounding fauna and flora. However, the drainage of swamps also brings an undoubted benefit: the land becomes suitable for use, that is, construction can be carried out on this site, the soil is saturated with oxygen and mineralized thanks to sulfuric acid, which is obtained during the oxidation of pyrite. Thus, one of the the best soils for planting crops.
Swamp drainage is usually carried out on an industrial scale, but with the problem of excessive moisture and high level groundwater, summer residents also collide on their household plots... Drainage systems are used to eliminate these kinds of problems.
There are three ways to drain bogs - indoor, outdoor and combined.
Swamps impede development greenhouse effect... They, no less than forests, can be called “the lungs of the planet”. The fact is that the reaction of the formation of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis, according to its total equation, is opposite to the reaction of oxidation of organic substances during respiration, and therefore, during the decomposition of organic matter, carbon dioxide, previously bound by plants, is released back into the atmosphere (mainly due to the respiration of bacteria). One of the main processes that can reduce the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the burial of undecomposed organic matter, which occurs in swamps that form deposits of peat, which is then transformed into coal. (Other similar processes are the deposition of carbonates (CaCO 3) at the bottom of water bodies and chemical reactions flowing in earth crust and mantle). Therefore, the practice of draining swamps, carried out in XIX-XX centuries, from the point of view of ecology is destructive.
On the other hand, swamps are one of the sources of bacterial methane (one of the greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere. In the near future, an increase in the amount of bog methane in the atmosphere is expected due to the melting of bogs in the permafrost region.
Swamps are natural water filters and orderlies of agroecosystems.
In the swamps grow valuable plants(blueberries, cranberries, cloudberries).
Peat is used in medicine (mud therapy), as fuel, fertilizer in agriculture, feed for farm animals, raw material for the chemical industry.
Peat bogs are a source of finds for paleobiology and archeology - they find well-preserved remains of plants, pollen, seeds, bodies of ancient people.
For the latter, swamp ore was a source for the manufacture of iron products.
Previously, the swamp was considered a disastrous place for humans. Livestock that had strayed from the herd perished in the swamps. Whole villages died out due to the bites of anopheles mosquitoes. The vegetation in the bogs is sparse: light green moss, small wild rosemary shrubs, sedge, heather. The trees in the swamps are undersized. Gnarled lonely pines, birches and alder thickets.
People sought to drain the "black spots" and use the land for fields and pastures.
^
Swamp Draining: Full Back!
("Deutsche Welle", Germany)
Drainage of bogs makes it possible to introduce vast territories into agricultural use, but at the same time sharply increases the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
There are few swamps left in Germany today. And once there were many. But then the idea of draining them and turning them into agricultural land triumphed. Only relatively recently did ecologists and biologists manage to convey to the consciousness of the general public that a huge amount of carbon has accumulated in peatlands, which is released in the process of draining bogs and escapes into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, increasing the greenhouse effect. Not to mention the fact that the drainage of bogs leads to the disappearance of unique biotopes with their unique flora and fauna.
Therefore, today in Germany, the concepts of regeneration of previously developed peatlands are actively developed by means of their secondary watering and restoration of the former hydrological regime of the former bogs. Whole line projects of this kind were presented at the recent annual session of the Ecological Society in Lüneburg.
^
Swamp VIP project
One of the projects is called VIP - but you shouldn't think that we are talking here about "a particularly important - or, if you prefer, a very eminent person". “Nothing of the kind! This abbreviation stands for Vorpommern-Initiative Paludikultur - that is, the Pomeranian Swamp Reclamation Initiative. Palus is Latin for a swamp, ”explains Professor Michael Manthey, a plant ecologist at the University of Greifswald.
Through this project, scientists hope to find out if the swamps can serve as an additional area for the cultivation of industrial crops that are used as renewable energy and biomass. After all, today the whole world, and Germany is no exception, is experiencing an acute shortage of such resources, and experts have been puzzling over this problem for a long time. “This is the solution if the swamps are not drained. But that's the catch, ”says Professor Mantai.
^ Back to the original lines
The use of wetlands as hay and pasture lands has been practiced for a long time, however, peatlands are preliminarily drained, which is accompanied by the emission of a huge amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. And artificial regeneration of bogs, that is, their secondary watering, starts the process of formation of new peat, while carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is again absorbed and bound.
The only question is, can the restored swamp continue to be used for agricultural purposes? And if so, how? It is these questions that scientists are trying to find within the framework of the VIP project: after all, in the north-east of Germany, in the territory of Western Pomerania, there are a lot of eutrophic, that is, shallow, well-heated low-lying bogs, rich in nutrients and fed by groundwater.
^ Reed can also be biofuel, ..
The idea, in fact, boils down to cultivating plants there that by nature prefer swampy soils... “This is, first of all, an ordinary reed,” says Professor Mantai. - It is also possible that the reed canary is good. But it can also be representatives of the forest flora, that is, trees. For example, red alder. Or mixed vegetation - say, reeds and different kinds sedges ". 
The stalks are of the greatest interest to experts. Now, in particular, studies are underway to determine how suitable cane is as a raw material for biofuel production. “The current experiments are being carried out in conjunction with the high school in Stralsund,” explains Professor Mantai. "These experiments concern not only the properties that characterize the combustion of cane, but also, say, its suitability for briquetting and pelletizing."
... and an addition to building materials
However, the possibility of using marsh grasses as an additive in building materials is also being considered, the scientist says: wall panels for interior decoration buildings and premises by dry method ”.
For a long time, ecologists have advocated the cessation of all agricultural activities in peat bogs. Now, such activities, apparently, will help restore the wetlands to their original appearance and at the same time will allow the production of a significant amount of valuable plant materials.
^ There are still many unresolved issues
Biology professor Volkmar Wolters, president of the Ecological Society, explains: “Over the next 40 years, we will have to increase plant biomass production by 60% above current levels, otherwise we will not be able to meet the needs of humanity. If we stop destroying nature by producing biomass, if we learn, on the contrary, to regenerate it, especially such valuable biotopes as swamps, this will become a very important contribution to the overall concept of nature protection. "
However, with one caveat, adds Professor Wolters: “It is necessary to take measures so that the agricultural use of the swamps is not too intensive. So that fertilizers or some other chemicals that disrupt the natural development of bogs do not suddenly begin to be applied to the peatlands ”.
^ What about methane?
And we still have to deal with the problem of methane, which, as you know, in the absence of oxygen is formed biogenically in waterlogged soils - it is not without reason that it is called bog gas. It is necessary to compare the amount of carbon dioxide that the regenerated swamps will absorb from the atmosphere with the amount of methane that the same swamps will release into the atmosphere. It is extremely important to take into account that the greenhouse activity of methane is 21 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. And if it turns out that the climate of our planet from the regeneration of swamps, in the final analysis, is still more harm than good, then the VIP project and all other similar concepts will probably have to be buried. 
What does improper drainage of swamps lead to?
Bibliography
Big Encyclopedia of Oil and Gas http://www.ngpedia.ru/id225514p1.html
P. Vvedensky "Guide to the drainage and cultivation of swamps"
Avakyan A.B., Shirokov V.M.: Rational use of water resources: Textbook for geogr. , biol. and builds. specialist. universities - Yekaterinburg, publishing house "Victor", 1994. - 320 p.
Karlovsky V.F .: Influence of land reclamation on the environment. In the book. Reclamation and security environment... Collection scientific papers... - Minsk, publishing house BelNIIMiVKh, 1989.212 p.
On July 10, 1976, a terrible catastrophe occurred in the small Italian town of Seveso. An accident at a local chemical plant for the production of trichlorophenol erupted into the air a huge poisonous cloud containing more than 2 kg. dioxins - some of the most toxic substances on earth. (This amount of dioxins can kill more than 100 thousand people). The cause of the accident was a malfunction in the production process, the pressure and temperature in the reactor rose sharply, the explosion protection valve worked, and a lethal gas leak occurred. The leak lasted two or three minutes, the formed white cloud began to spread with the wind to the southeast and stretched over the city. Then it began to descend and cover the ground in fog. Tiny particles of chemicals were falling from the sky like snow, and the air was filled with a pungent chlorine-like odor. Thousands of people were seized by attacks of coughing, nausea, severe pain in the eyes and headache. The plant's management believed that there was only a small release of trichlorophenol, which is a million times less toxic than dioxins (no one imagined that they could be contained there).
The plant managers provided a detailed report on the incident only by 12 July. Meanwhile, all this time, unsuspecting people continued to eat vegetables and fruits, as it turned out later, from the area contaminated with dioxins.
The tragic consequences of what happened in full began to manifest themselves from July 14. Hundreds of people who have received serious poisoning ended up in hospitals. The victims' skin became covered with eczema, scars and burns, they suffered from vomiting and severe headache. In pregnant women, there has been an extremely high rate of miscarriages. And doctors, relying on information from the company, treated patients from poisoning with trichlorophenol, which is a million times less toxic than dioxins. Started mass death animals. They received lethal doses of poison much faster than humans due to the fact that they drank rainwater and ate grass, which contained large doses of dioxins. On the same day, a meeting of the mayors of the cities of Seveso and nearby Meda was held, at which a priority action plan was adopted. The next day, it was decided to burn all the trees, as well as the harvest of fruits and vegetables harvested in the contaminated area.
Only 5 days later, a chemical laboratory in Switzerland found that a large amount of dioxins had been released into the atmosphere as a result of the leak. All local doctors were notified of the contamination of the area with dioxins, and a ban was imposed on the consumption of food from the contaminated region.
On July 24, the evacuation of residents from the most contaminated areas began. The area was fenced in with barbed wire and police cordons were posted around it. After that, people in protective overalls entered there to destroy the remaining animals and plants. All vegetation in the most polluted area was burned, in addition to the 25 thousand dead animals, another 60 thousand were killed. A healthy human existence is still impossible in these areas.
Scientists from the University of Milan conducted a study to study the frequency of cancers in the population of settlements close to the city of Seveso.
More than 36 thousand people were monitored and their frequency significantly exceeded the norm. oncological diseases... From 1976 to 1986, about 500 people died from cancer in the area of the disaster. In 1977, 39 cases of congenital malformations were recorded there, which is significantly more than before the disaster.
Largest Hungarian industrial and ecological catastrophy that took place on October 4, 2010 at the aluminum production plant (Ajkai Timfoldgyar Zrt) near the city of Ajka (150 km. to Budapest). An explosion occurred at the plant, destroying the platform that contained the toxic waste container. The result was a leak of 1,100,000 cubic meters of highly alkaline red mud. The territories of the regions of Vas, Veszprem and Gyor-Moson-Sopron were flooded. It is known about 10 victims of the accident (one more is considered missing), in total due to the accident more than 140 people received chemical burns and injuries. Most of the local flora and fauna died. Poisonous waste has entered many local rivers, significantly affecting their ecosystems.
Chronology of events:
October 4 at 12.25 pm - destruction of the dam. Leakage of 1.1 million cubic meters of toxic chemical - red mud.
October 7 - the norm of alkali content in the Danube was exceeded (according to the Hungarian Water Resources Control Service). The entire Danube ecosystem is under threat.
October 9 - the beginning of the evacuation of the population of the affected city of Kolontar due to the existing threat of a repeated sludge spill.
October 12 - a decision was made to nationalize the company that owns the plant. All victims will receive compensation. According to the monitoring indications, the number of toxic substances in the soil is decreasing, although their level is still at a dangerous level
Perhaps the most important environmental problem of the Nile River is the overpopulation of countries located on the river. The life of the population of these countries is completely dependent on the Nile. The needs of people are growing every year. The river provides the people with water and electrical resources. Many wars, in the old days, were fought over oil, but in the modern world, they can be fought over water. It is the Nile, the great river of the world that has flowed the history of mankind through its streams, and will find itself at the epicenter of the conflict.
Fresh running water has always nourished life on our planet, but now its value is higher than ever. It is estimated that over the next 20 years, the amount of water available to everyone will be reduced by three times. It's about Egypt. Since Egypt is downstream, relative to Ethiopia, the question rational use water resources of the Nile, has a conflicting nature. The situation is extremely serious and Egypt has already announced the possibility of war, referring to Ethiopia.
The Nile in Egypt flows through the desert almost all the time, apart from narrow strips of green irrigated land bordering on both banks with the river, the entire territory of the country is a homeless desert. In the struggle for survival in this desert, the river plays a key role.
Giant platinum was built upstream of the Nile to meet the need for electricity, but they also began to delay the flow of the river and destroyed the lives of Egyptian peasants. This country used to have some of the best soil in the world, but the construction of dams disrupted the process of silt deposition, which naturally has enriched this land for many thousands of years. Now the fields are producing an extremely meager harvest.
Direct result modern methods dam construction - began to decline Agriculture in Egypt, for the first time in history. The peasants are forced to abandon the way of life that has supported the nation for many thousands of years. As the river gets closer to the very south point the borders of Egypt, it becomes difficult not to notice that this people is rapidly modernizing and that tourism is replacing agriculture from the place of the main pillar of the Egyptian economy, while the old way of life is gradually becoming a thing of the past.
The construction of a giant dam in Ethiopia can solve many of the problems of the population of this poor country, including providing full electricity. With a positive outcome of this project, it is planned to build several more dams, which in turn will reduce the flow of water resources located downstream of Egypt by about half.
Undoubtedly, every country wants to use the invaluable wealth of the Nile to the maximum. If a compromise is not found, the future fate of Neal will be sad. Be that as it may, the river acquired such a specific ecological problem due to the growth of the population, its modernization and increased needs.
The idea to restore drained peat bogs in the Moscow region will require significant funds and gigantic volumes of water, the sources of which are limited in the central part of Russia, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kirill Dyakonov, head of the department, told RIA Novosti physical geography and landscape studies at the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University.
Swamps are found in almost all natural areas and are very diverse. They differ in vegetation, the structure of the peat deposit, the location in the relief, as well as the conditions of water and mineral nutrition.
According to one of the classifications, according to the characteristics of peat accumulation, there are five categories of bogs:
- peat-free bogs, where peat does not accumulate due to the peculiarities of the natural environment (for example, delta and floodplain bogs, where peat is not formed due to the drift and drift of residues);
- thin (polygonal) bogs - peat accumulation is slow; these swamps do not create their own hydrological system and microrelief;
- mosaic-focal peat bogs, where peat deposits occur unevenly throughout the entire area (hilly bogs of the North, ryam and bog bogs of Siberia);
- typical peat bogs (swamps of the forest zone);
- peat bogs - peat accumulation occurs so intensively that it practically does not depend on the relief conditions (swamps in coastal regions Western Europe, in a less pronounced form of the swamps of Kamchatka and Sakhalin).
Peat is a product of incomplete decomposition of plant mass in conditions of excessive moisture and insufficient aeration... Peat has the highest of all solid fuels moisture capacity.
Ways to drain swamps and the consequences
One of the forms of increasing the productivity of bogs is drainage reclamation.
Drainage radically changes the appearance of the bog, since the natural laws of the development of the bog landscape are sharply violated and it turns into another landscape - a meadow, arable land, a forest.
The main ways to drain bogs are open and closed drainage networks. Drainage by open ditches appeared before drainage and is used more often. However, with the help of a closed drainage network (drainage), Better conditions for cleaning and drying peat. And the area of the massif turns out to be whole, uncut, which is especially important when developing swamps for meadows and arable land. Regardless of the method of drainage, the swamp is first removed surface waters, then proceed to cutting the drainage network.
After the swamp has dried up and became suitable for the operation of machines, the following operations are carried out: tree cutting and uprooting of stumps, leveling the surface and removing the top layer of vegetation (stripping). Next, they begin to extract peat. Its following methods are known: carved, elevator, hydraulic (hydro-peat), excavator (dredge) and milling. The last three are now used, but the most widely used is the milling method.
When designing land reclamation, it is necessary to take into account the general geographic situation, to know the ecological characteristics of objects and their surroundings. In arid areas, reclamation often has a negative effect. The most successful reclamation of bogs takes place in the taiga zone of the European part of Russia, Western Siberia and the Far East. There are extensive peat bogs and low-yield wetlands.
As a rule, these hard-to-reach areas abound with gnats and are considered unhealthy, since constant evaporation increases the humidity of the air. After draining, these lands can be turned into highly productive meadows, arable lands or occupied for forest plantations. At the same time, there will be an opportunity to improve the living conditions and activities of the population. In this case, reclamation should be considered as a means of resisting progressive waterlogging.
At the same time, it is unprofitable to drain the raised sphagnum bogs in the north of the taiga zone. They do not lend themselves well to drainage, and for their subsequent development, large material costs are required (maintaining the drainage system, applying fertilizers). It is better to use such swamps as grounds for picking berries and medicinal plants.
As it turned out in many cases, the drained lands not only did not yield the expected yields, but the upper overdried peat layer began to undergo wind erosion (blowing) in dry years.
Many supporters of bog conservation believe that as a result of drainage, runoff from catchments decreases, and rivers and streams become shallow. Drainage has a negative effect on the surrounding forests, agricultural land, as their productivity decreases.
Peat fires and measures to prevent them
When the surface of a peat bog overheats by the rays of the sun or as a result of the careless handling of people with fire, a so-called peat fire occurs - the ignition of a peat bog, either drained or natural.
Summer soil surface in middle lane Russia can heat up to 52-54 degrees. In addition, soil peat fires are quite often the development of a ground forest fire. In these cases, the fire deepens into the peat layer near the tree trunks.
Peat fires cause tremendous harm to the forest, they destroy soil organic matter, the roots of trees burn out in the fire, the forest falls and completely dies.
The only way to end peat fires, according to experts, is to saturate them with moisture. All over the world, worked-out peatlands are returned to waterlogging. The method is quite simple. Initially, for the extraction of peat, the swamp is drained, and in its place there are irrigation canals, through which water was once diverted. If you block the main or main channel, then natural, melt water will gather again. In 2-3 years the place will be swamped again. No special technology is required for this. Specialists-hydrologists just need to understand where the drain is located and in what places to create additional dams so that water is collected not only in the place of the main drain, but throughout the entire territory.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources