Payment for central heating services has become a significant item in the budgetary expenditure of families living in apartment buildings. The question of how to calculate heating in an apartment remains open for most consumers, therefore, the number of subscribers who want to comprehend the difficult methodology by which payments for heat consumption are charged has increased.
Payment without heat meters
The principle of the technique is quite simple: the volume of consumed heat energy and the amount of payment are calculated according to the total quadrature of the dwelling, and the cost of heating an apartment in this situation is determined by the formula P = S x N x T, where:
- P is the amount of money to be deposited;
- S - total area (displayed in the technical documentation of the dwelling, unit of measurement - m 2);
- N is the standard value of heat energy allocated for heating the area, in the amount of 1 m 2 throughout a full month, including holidays and weekends (unit of measurement - Gcal / m²);
- T - energy tariff (cost of 1 Gcal of heat energy).
Heating tariffs have grown exponentially
Tariffication of utilities for apartment owners is established by state executive bodies. When setting the price for the heat supply service, the cost of heat generation is taken into account and Maintenance equipment systems district heating. A special commission is engaged in the establishment of specific heat rates, the values of which depend on climatic conditions and are set for each region individually.
To correctly calculate the cost of heating in apartment building, you need to contact the office of the company providing heat supply services and find out the value of the approved tariff, as well as the standard value of heat energy. Using the formula, you can calculate how much heat supply costs one square meter in an apartment or private house connected to centralized heating (for this, S is replaced by the number 1).
Calculation example: studio apartment an area of 33 m² is supplied with heat by tariff rate 1850 rubles per gigacalorie. The heat consumption rate is 0.024 Gcal / m². The cost of heating in an apartment is calculated as follows: P = 33 x 0.024 x 1850 = 1465.2 rubles.
This technique is used in buildings in which the installation of general house meters is impossible due to design features... If the installation of the meter was carried out with the entry of the node in the system register after 2017, an increasing index of 1.5 is added to the formula: P = S x 1.5 N x T. This formula applies only if heating is paid for without using metering devices ...
The increase in the cost of heat supply by one and a half times is stipulated by order No. 603. It can be applied in the following situations: theft or damage to the heat meter; long time the transfer of meter readings to the heat supply organization was not carried out.
Year-round accruals
In a situation where residents need to pay for heat supply services constantly throughout the year, and commissioning apartment building is not equipped with a metering unit, the index K is included in the formula for calculating heat energy, which shows the frequency of payment for services for the entire calendar year: P = S x (N x K) x T.
The index value is determined by dividing the number of months heating season by the number of months in a year. A two-room apartment with a total area of 56 m², which consumes 0.024 Gcal / m² of thermal energy, will be considered as a sample. First, the frequency index is determined with a heating period duration of 7 months: K = 7 ÷ 12 = 0.583. The result obtained is substituted into the formula: P = 56 x (0.024 x 0.583) x 1850 = 1449.57 rubles. As a result of the calculations, we got the amount that must be paid every month throughout the year.
If for some reason there is no heat meter in the house, then the formula is supplemented with an increasing factor of 1.5: P = S x 1.5 (N x K) x T. In this case, in order to calculate the heating tariff, the monthly payment is multiplied by the index 1.5. The result is 1449.57 x 1.5 = 2174.35 rubles.
Correct utility calculations. Cold and hot water
Using a general house heat meter
This technique is used in high-rise buildings when calculating payments for central heating services in an apartment. Calculate the cost of heat supply for cold period can be by the formula P = V x S / S total x T, where:
Determining the size of the monthly fee for the example of two room apartment: total area of the apartment - 56 m²; the area of all rooms and apartments in the house - 7000 m²; monthly volume of consumed heat energy - 123 Gcal; the price per unit of thermal energy is 1850 rubles. Substituting all the necessary values in the formula, the amount of the monthly subscription fee is determined: P = 123 x 56/7000 x 1850 = 1820.4 rubles.
According to the new rules, it is necessary to pay for heating in rooms equipped with personal heat meters, relying on the data recorded by general house metering devices and the volumes of utility resources accrued according to the standards. To calculate the consumption of heat energy, you can use the online calculator.
Calculation of heating batteries. Rules and mistakes.
The main problem of this method is not the difficulty of calculations, but the extraction of primary information. Apartment owners wishing to check the correctness of the amount to be paid will need to find out last year's information from the general house metering device or write them down in advance. In addition, an annual adjustment is made against the new meter readings.
The reason for the occurrence of different amounts
This question arose simultaneously with the introduction of different methods payment for heat energy: by area (indicator of norms), using general or personal heat meters. The difference in the amount of monthly payments is due to the presence or absence of heat meters. The presence of this measuring device can significantly reduce the payment for heat supply services, since the consumer pays for the actually used energy resources.
Sometimes there are situations in which residents of neighboring houses receive receipts for heating payments for different amounts, regardless of the measuring devices installed in the room. There may be several reasons:
- 1. Heating of neighboring houses is provided by different heat supply organizations, whose tariff plans may vary;
- 2. Increased level of heat loss;
- 3. Malfunction of heat meters due to the fault of the manufacturers.
Large amounts on heating bills can be due to engineering features buildings. Brick walls keep thermal energy much more efficient than reinforced concrete, therefore, houses made of panel blocks are inferior to brick structures in terms of energy saving.
Incoming payment receipts for heat supply services are often baffled by their large amounts to be paid. In practice, it is very difficult to check the relevance of these numbers, since each Management Company develops individual tariffs for the population. In this case, you need to know how payment for heating is carried out: the procedure for calculation and calculation.
Legislative basis for calculating heating
First of all, you need to find out on what grounds the calculations for heat supply are performed. To do this, you should study the law on payment for heating. Its last revision is No. 354 dated 06/05/2011. Its clauses describe in detail the procedure for calculating payment.
Compared to the old version, the procedure for calculating amounts for the services provided, as well as the forms of concluding an agreement and receipts, have undergone changes. The consumer, before calculating the additional payment for heating, needs to find out the type of arrangement of his residential building:
- A common house metering device for the consumed heat energy has been installed, but there are none in the apartments;
- Along with the general house meter, an individual energy meter is installed in the apartment;
- There are no devices for controlling the amount of consumed thermal energy in the house.
Only after that you can find out how the payment for heating is calculated. In addition, according to Resolution No. 354, payment for consumed heat energy is divided into two types - for a specific living space and as general household needs. The latter include heating staircases, basements and attics of buildings. Therefore, before calculating the payment for heating, you should ask the management company for the total area of these premises, as well as the tariff for maintaining the desired temperature level in them.
The same information should be displayed in the receipts received - there will be 2 points for payment, which will give the total amount. Typically, the rates of payment for heating non-residential premises are higher than residential ones. But when the total amount is divided for all apartments in the house, their bleeding in the receipt decreases.
Since the payment for heating residential and non-residential premises is considered, it is necessary that this information be spelled out in the contract with the management company.
District heating - calculation options
Currently, there are no uniform tariffs according to which the payment of housing and communal services for heating would be carried out. Instead, there are recommendations and rules for the formation of the cost of services by management companies responsible for heat supply. residential buildings... The calculation method directly depends on the heat meters installed in the house or apartment.
In addition, the amount is influenced by climatic features region, the degree of wear and tear of equipment, as well as the thermal insulation of the house. These factors are taken into account when maintaining the desired temperature level in residential and non-residential premises of the building.
Those. the lower the efficiency of the system, the higher will be the payment for heating all year round. Let's consider the main options for calculating the cost of heat supply services according to the latest methods regulated at the legislative level.
In some cases, several heating pipes can pass through one apartment. Installing a meter for each of them is a costly undertaking. Then it is best to install a common house heat meter.
Calculation of heating with a general house meter
If a thermal energy meter is installed in the house, the management company is obliged to carry out calculations for a certain formula... In this case, the procedure for calculating payment for heating should consist of several points.
First of all, it is necessary to agree on the total area of the building and the specific apartment for which the calculation is performed. Then the following actions are performed:
- Reconciliation of the readings of the general house meter at the beginning and end of the payment period. The difference will be the total energy consumption of the house. Thus, you can correctly calculate the payment for heating an apartment or non-residential premises;
- Calculate the ratio of the total area of an apartment to the same indicator for a house;
- Find out the tariff for payment of heat energy from the management company.
Further calculation of payment for heating is carried out according to the following formula:
P = V * (Tk / Td) * K
Where R- the planned amount to be paid, V- the volume of thermal energy consumed for the period, TC and Td- the area of the apartment and house, TO- the tariff for heating the apartment.
As an example, you can calculate the payment for heating for an apartment with a total area of 43 m², located in a building with 7000 m². The total heat consumption was 85 Gcal. For Voronezh, the average tariff is 1,371 rubles / Gcal. Then, according to the standards of payment for heating, the total amount will be:
P = 85 * (43/7000) * 1371 = 715 rubles.
But besides this, a system of standards for payment for heating was introduced. It is used in the absence of individual heat meters. The average W norm for residential premises is currently from 0.022 to 0.03 Gcal / m² per month. Then the calculation to calculate the payment for heating is necessary according to the following formula:
P = Tk * W * K
Suppose the W value is 0.027. In this case, the payment will be:
P = 43 * 0.027 * 1371 = 1591 rubles.
It is according to this formula that all management companies prefer to make calculations.
When drawing up a contract for heat supply, it is necessary to check the calculation methodology. In practice, management companies do not always provide it.
Calculation of heating with a general house meter and individual metering devices
The situation is much easier when there is a heat meter in the apartment. In this case, you just need to multiply the meter readings by the tariff of the management company.
Considering that a different interpretation of the law on payment for heating is possible - special attention should be paid to tariffs. The difference in prices between different providers of this service can be up to 30%. And even if payment for heating is made according to an individual meter, a high tariff can nullify all attempts to save on current costs.
But in practice, the consumer does not have the option of choosing a management company. This is especially true apartment buildings... Therefore, when a verification calculation of heating payment is made using an individual heat metering device, current tariffs have to be applied.
However, in addition to the cost of the service for energy consumption in residential premises, it is necessary to take into account the costs of general house heating. First, the amount of heat energy spent on this type of heat supply is calculated. To do this, you need to use the formula:
V = N * S * (Tc / Td)
Where V- the share of the owner of the apartment to pay for general heating, N- consumption standards for payment for general heating, S- the total area of premises belonging to this category, TC and Td- the area of the apartment and house.
At present, the N index is 0.016 Gcal / m². For an example of calculating payment for general house heating, we can assume that the area of non-residential premises in a house is 500 m². Then the owner of the apartment must pay the following heat consumption for heating them:
V = 0.06 * 500 (43/7000) = 0.18 Gcal
Then you need to multiply the result by the tariff from the service provider. In most cases, in the total calculation of payment for heating, this part takes from 5% to 15%.
How to reduce operating costs for heat supply
Taking into account the constantly increasing tariffs for housing and communal services for heat supply, the issue of reducing these costs becomes more urgent every year. The problem of reducing costs lies in the specifics of the centralized system.
How to reduce heating bills and at the same time ensure the proper level of heating in the premises? First of all, you need to learn that ordinary heating systems do not work for district heating. effective ways reduction of heat losses. Those. if the facade of the house was insulated, the window structures were replaced with new ones, the amount of payment will remain the same.
The only way to reduce heating costs is to install individual meters heat energy metering. However, you may encounter the following problems:
- A large number of heating pipes in the apartment. Currently average cost installation of a heating meter ranges from 18 to 25 thousand rubles. In order for the calculations of the cost of heating by an individual device to be carried out, they must be installed on each riser;
- Difficulty in obtaining permission to install a meter. To do this, you need to get technical conditions and on their basis select the optimal model of the device;
- In order to make timely payment for heat supply according to an individual meter, it is necessary to periodically send them for verification. For this, the dismantling and subsequent installation of the verified device is carried out. This also entails additional costs.
But despite these factors, the installation of a heat meter will ultimately lead to a significant reduction in payments for heat supply services. If the house has a circuit with several heat risers passing through each apartment, you can install a general house meter. In this case, the cost savings will not be as significant.
When calculating the payment for heating according to the general house meter, not the amount of incoming heat energy is taken into account, but the difference between it and in the return pipe of the system. This is the most acceptable and open way formation of the final cost of the service. In addition, by choosing the optimal model of the device, you can additionally improve the heating system of the house according to the following indicators:
- The ability to regulate the amount of heat energy consumed in the building, depending on external factors - the temperature outside;
- A transparent method for calculating payment for heating. However, in this case, the total amount is distributed across all apartments in the house, depending on their area, and not according to the volume of heat energy supplied to each room.
In addition, only representatives of the management company can handle the maintenance and adjustment of the general house meter. However, tenants have the right to demand all the necessary reporting to reconcile the executed and accrued utility bills for heat supply.
In addition to installing a heat meter, it is necessary to install a modern mixing unit to regulate the degree of heating of the coolant entering the heating system of the house.
Questions about payment for heating services
In addition to the opacity of the procedure for calculating payment for heating, there is also whole line problems associated with district heating. In most cases, they are about the quality of the services provided, the legality of collecting year-round payments, as well as methods of calculating payment for electric heating.
Alas, in the law on payment for central heating services, most of the calculations and possible compensation for low-quality services are given. Getting the latter is extremely difficult due to the paperwork. Let's consider the main problems of district heating and how to solve them.
Year-round or seasonal payment for heating services
Over the past five to seven years, new form charging the cost of services for district heating. Paying for heating during the summer has become a common practice. But how convenient is it for the consumer and legitimate from the point of view of legislation?
The problem is that an ordinary consumer cannot choose whether to pay him for heat supply all year round or only during the heating season. This decision is made only between the management company and the heat supply organization. In rare cases, it is possible to change the payment schedule in agreement with the HOA or the housing cooperative.
What are the features of payment for heating in the summer?
- Inability to control the relevance of the charged fee. To form it, the management company uses many intricate and complex methods;
- Uniform financial burden on the consumer. The cost of heat supply services in summer and winter period is always the same. Those. expenses in February will be the same as in August;
- Possibility of making a decision on seasonal payment for heat supply in the presence of heating meters.
It is because of the last point that residents of apartment buildings prefer to install a common heat meter.
Summing up the total cost of seasonal and year-round payment, you can see that the lower amount will be in the first case.
Payment for gas and electric heating
Whenever possible, many apartment owners try to disconnect from the central heating supply. Alternatively, autonomous systems are made with gas or electric boilers.
In practice, you can face many problems when organizing such heat supply systems. The main one is not to pay for electric heating, but to obtain permission to equip it. And even after the legal installation of the equipment, the following difficulties may arise:
- Payment for gas heating will be charged on a general basis. Before this, it is imperative that you install a gas meter for the consumed gas;
- Additionally, you will need to pay for heating associated with common premises. The procedure for calculating it was described above;
- The boiler cannot be connected to central system heating, having previously disconnected from it. This will lead to the opening of the common house circuit.
There is a possibility of savings when organizing electric heating. It consists in the provision of a preferential tariff by the electricity supplier. But it can only be used if the house does not have a gas main. If available, the cost of power supply services will be calculated on a general basis.
How else can you save on your central heating bills? One option is to provide benefits or subsidies. However, in recent times getting them is extremely difficult. To do this, you will need to collect a lot of documents, and confirm your requirements to reduce utility bills, including heat supply.
It is often not entirely clear how the cost of heating is formed and why for residents, for example, a neighboring house, it is much lower. However, the fee is always charged according to the approved scheme. There is a certain standard for heating consumption, and it is he who is the basis for the formation of the final cost. We will tell you about what you need to know about calculating heating bills in this article.
In this article, you will learn:
- As a communal heating service, it is linked to heating consumption standards.
- What is "heating consumption standard".
- How to calculate the standard for heating consumption.
- How the electricity consumption standard is related to the heating utilities provided by the MKD.
How the utility heating service is related to the heating consumption standard
To begin with, we will describe what is included in the concept of a communal heating service. Next, we will consider what the consumption rate established for heating is, and how it is formed.
On the basis of Regulation 354, the quality of heating is assessed taking into account the change in the air temperature in the room. According to paragraph 5 of the Rules, the heating season begins when the average daily air temperature drops below 8 ° C and this mode is maintained for 5 days. The main purpose of supplying heat to the premises is to heat the air up to comfortable temperature... How is heating carried out technically?
In our country today, water heating systems are often used. The heat carrier (usually water) is heated to a predetermined temperature and circulated in the heating system. Gradually, the carrier gives off heat to the room. At the same time, its temperature, respectively, decreases. Heat from the coolant enters the atmosphere, as a rule, thanks to heating radiators.
There are three options for supplying heat:
- thermal conductivity;
- convection;
- radiation.
Thermal conductivity is the ability of more heated parts of an object to give off heat to less heated parts with the help of chaotically moving particles (molecules, atoms). For example, when heating radiator transfers heat to the object in contact with it.
Convection is a type of heat exchange in which the transfer of internal energy is carried out by streams and jets. With convection, heat is transferred using a liquid or gas, including air. Gas flows around a certain object with a temperature different from its own. When air flows around a hot radiator, it heats up. When the air flows around objects with a lower temperature, it cools down accordingly. Streamlined objects heat up.
Places common use where there are no heating radiators (for example, staircases in MKD), are heated mainly by convection. That is, warm air from apartments where radiators work enters the entrances. Due to this, a normal temperature is created in them.
With radiation, thermal energy is transmitted through a visually permeable medium, for example, through air, transparent objects or a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves transfer heat from a warmer to a less warm object. For example, it is radiation that transfers heat from the Sun to the Earth. Of course, a heating radiator does not give off heat in the same volume as the sun. An untrained observer cannot see this radiation. But thanks to special devices - thermal imagers - this process is clearly visible.
The heat carrier is not consumed directly during heating (at least with the normal functioning of the heating system and no leaks). It only gives off heat to the space, creating a comfortable environment in it. Water heated in a boiler or some other device enters the heating system, circulates in it, gives off heat and cools down. Further along the return pipe, it goes back to the heating device. Due to the fact that there is no consumption of heat carrier, users of utilities do not pay for its consumption. Only the heat is paid for, which the coolant gives off to the space of the heated apartments.
According to the International System of Units (SI), the generally accepted unit of measurement for thermal energy is the joule (J). MKD premises consume energy of two types:
- thermal;
- electric.
As noted above, energy is measured in joules (J). But to denote electricity, "kilowatt-hours" (kWh) are used, and heat energy - gigacalories (Gcal).
Calorie (cal) is the unit of measurement used in different areas when calculating, for example, if you need to determine the consumption of heat energy in residential buildings and MKD apartments. Calorie is a non-systemic unit equal to 4.1868 J. It is this amount of thermal energy that is required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 ° C.
Calorie was first used as a unit of measurement to calculate the heat content of water. In the field of housing and communal services, the calorie is used precisely for this purpose. The heat carrier in water heating systems, as a rule, is water.
Joules can be used to measure heat energy, like other energy. But, if the thermal energy consumed in residential buildings and MKD is calculated, calories are used.
It takes 1 calorie to heat 1 gram of water to 1 ° C. Accordingly, to heat 1 ton of water (1 million grams) by 1 ° C, 1 million kcal, or 1 Mcal (megacalorie) is required. For example, to heat 1 cubic meter of water (1 ton) to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 60 Mcal (megacalories), or 0.06 (0.060) gigacalories (Gcal). That is, to heat 100 cubic meters of water to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 6 Gcal. Note that 60 degrees is the DHW limit for residents of residential buildings and apartment buildings.
Large volumes of heat carrier circulate in MKD heating systems. That is why the calculations are carried out in Gcal (1 Gcal equals 1 billion cal).
What is the standard for heating consumption from a physical point of view
Russian legislation considers MKD when calculating the consumed energy for heating as a whole. An apartment building acts as an indivisible technical object, consuming thermal energy to heat all the rooms in it. In this regard, when making calculations between a resource-saving organization and a utility service provider, it is very important how much heat energy was used by the MKD as a whole.
There are Rules for the installation and determination of standards for the consumption of utilities, approved by Government Decree No. 306 dated May 23, 2006. In accordance with them, the standard for heating consumption per year in the MKD is first calculated (clause 19 of Appendix 1 to Rules 306, formula 19) ...
When calculating the standard for heating consumption per month, the year is used as the estimated period. The indicators in different months, of course, differ, and the payment for the heating consumption standard should be either the same throughout the entire heating season, or uniform throughout the calendar year. It all depends on what method of payment for heating operates in the Russian subject.
The MKD includes residential and non-residential premises, as well as common property belonging to all owners of objects in the house on the basis of the right of common ownership. They are the ones who consume all the heat energy supplied to the MKD. Accordingly, the owners have to pay for heating. But the question arises: how should the cost of the provided service be distributed among all subscribers? Is there a standard for heating consumption for general building needs?
The amount of payment for heating is distributed quite reasonably. It all depends on the footage of each apartment or non-residential premises (according to Rules 354 and 306).
How is the calculation of standards for the consumption of thermal energy for heating
The heating consumption standard is approved by the authorized local authorities. Most often this is the responsibility of the energy commissions in the regions.
The type of house determines the standard for heating consumption. The standard is valid for at least three years and usually does not change during this period. You can appeal the decision to establish heating consumption standards in court.
KU consumption standards are formed by three methods: expert, calculation and analog method. Authorized bodies have the right to use one method or combine several.
If specialists use the analog and expert method, the heating consumption standard is formed on the basis of monitoring the heat consumption in residential buildings and apartment buildings with approximately the same construction and technical characteristics, the number of residents and the level of improvement. The indicators of collective counters become the basis here.
The calculation method is used in the event that it is impossible to obtain meter readings, or the data of collective metering devices is insufficient to apply the method of analogues, or there is no information for using the expert method.
Each region itself sets the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating. When it is formed, technological losses are taken into account. At the same time, the costs of utilities that appeared due to improper operation engineering communications and equipment in a residential building or MKD, incorrect application of the rules for the operation of residential premises and the maintenance of common property in MKD are not taken into account.
Heating consumption rate per sq. m. is the consumption of heat energy at which the room is maintained at a normal temperature. To calculate the heating consumption standard (Gcal per 1 m2 per month), use the formula:
N = Q / S * 12
Q here is the total heat consumption for heating premises in an apartment building or a residential building. Q is the sum of meter readings for the heating season (Gcal), S is the total footage of premises in a residential building or MKD (m 2).
- Room temperature standards.
There are Rules for the provision of public utilities to the population, approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to them, the air temperature in residential premises should not be less than the mark with 18 ° C and 20 ° C for corner rooms.
The temperature regime in residential buildings is determined by GOST R 51617-2000 “Housing and communal services. General technical conditions ", approved by the decree of the Gosstandart of Russia 158-st of 19.06.00 and SanPIN 2.1.2.1002-00.
GOST recognizes the following temperature conditions as optimal for residential premises:
- 20 ° C for corner rooms;
- 20 ° C for buildings of the first year of operation;
- 18 ° C for living rooms;
- 18 ° C for kitchens;
- 25 ° C for bathrooms;
- 16 ° C for stairwells and lobbies.
According to SanPIN, the following temperature standards are recognized as optimal and permitted in residential premises:
For DHW also installed temperature regime equal to 50–70 ° C.
Calculate the heating consumption rate as accurately as possible
According to the Rules, when setting standards for the consumption of utilities, the method of analogs and the calculation method should be used.
The analog method is used if there is data obtained from meters in houses with similar technical characteristics and design parameters, the level of improvement, as well as located in similar climatic zones... The method of analogs allows obtaining reliable information only regarding energy consumption and water consumption, despite the fact that the owners of premises in the apartment complex wash dishes in different ways, take a shower and a bath, use lighting and energy-consuming devices. When calculating the standard for the consumption of communal heating services, this method cannot be used, at least with the use of general house meters. As for individual meters, there is no practical experience in this matter yet.
The general house metering device at the entrance to the building records the volume of heat consumption for heating. But this does not mean that this amount of heat energy is optimal for residents. For example, in Moscow along Obruchev Street there are 8 identical houses of the P-18 - 01/12 series. As part of the overhaul, they replaced old windows with more energy-intensive new ones, insulated the facades, installed automated control units for the heating system, thermostats on heating devices... At the same time, in two buildings, among other things, heat distributors for apartment heat metering were installed. During the heating season 2010–2011. the specific consumption of heat energy averaged 190 kWh / m 2. At the same time, during the previous period in one house the indicator was equal to 99 kWh / m 2. A significant improvement in performance could be achieved if the temperature schedule for the supply of heat energy for heating was optimized.
To calculate the standard for heating consumption, it is recommended to use only the calculation method. But Formula 9 proposed by the Rules is incorrect. According to it, the heat load for heating changes with the outside temperature:
QO= q o.max (t int - t n.cro) / (t int - t n.ro) · 24 n o · 10 -6, Gcal / h
q о.max - the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating a residential building or apartment building block (kcal / hour); t vn - temperature of heated objects in the house, ° C; t n.sro - the average daily temperature of the outside air during the heating season, ° C; t n.ro - design temperature of the outside air when designing heating, ° C; n о is the duration of the heating season at an average daily outside temperature of 8 ° C or less. 24 - hours in a day, and 10 -6 - coefficients of conversion from kcal to Gcal.
If we take into account the heat balance of the dwelling, the calculated hourly heating load will be equal to:
qo.max= q ogr q inf - q life,
q ogr - heat losses through external fences; q inf - heat losses for heating the infiltrated air through the outer fences; q everyday life - household heat emission from people, artificial lighting, use household appliances, cooking, washing dishes, hot water pipes installed inside apartments, as well as heat input with diffused radiation.
When the outside temperature rises or falls, only the first two components of the heat balance change. Household heat emission remains unchanged throughout the heating season. The outside temperature does not affect them. Due to this correct option the formula looks like this:
QO= [(q о.max q life) (t int - t n.cro) / (t int –E t n.ro) - q life] · 24 n о · 10 -6,
If the household heat dissipation is designated in fractions of the calculated hourly load for heating and take out q o.max for square brackets, the formula will be like this:
QO= q o.max · [(1 q everyday life / q o.max) · 10 –6.
Household heat dissipation in the heat balance remains constant in relation to the calculated hourly heating load for a particular house. However, the proportion of heat emission increases if the outside temperature rises. Due to an increase in the outside temperature, the heat supply for heating the room may be reduced. The temperature graphs of the heat carrier in the supply and return pipelines of the heating system should not converge when t n = t ext = 18 ... 20 ° C, as it was when using the formula given in the Rules, and when t n = 10 ... 15 ° C, in accordance with other given formulas.
Note that the schedule of high-quality regulation of the source, built without taking into account the increasing share of household heat emissions in the heat balance of the house with an increase in the outside air temperature, is contrary to the standards. In this regard, each residential building must have automated control units for the heating system. If the connection is dependent, the movement of the corrective shunt pumps should be carried out not only during the cut off of the central regulation schedule, but also throughout almost the entire period, provided that the outside air temperature exceeds the parameters "A".
The share of household heat emission is a constant value from the estimated hourly load on the heating system for an individual house. This share for another residential building increases with increased thermal protection or with the use of heat recovery from the extract air to heat the supply air. If it is planned to build a house with similar technical characteristics and structure, but in a region with a cooler climate, the share of household heat in heating design will be less. If construction is planned in an area with a higher design outside temperature, the share will be higher.
In this regard, table 7 of the Rules, which indicates the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating a residential building and apartment buildings, cannot be called correct. When determining the values, the changing shares of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated hourly heating load in different Russian regions were not taken into account. It is also not taken into account that in the future, on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of 01/25/2011, the energy efficiency of buildings will increase.
We will not take into account the values of the specific consumption of heat energy for heating houses built before 1995 and after 2000. different amounts floors in regions with an estimated outside air temperature for heating design from -5 degrees to -55 degrees. Let's reveal the same values for buildings of the period 2011–2016. taking into account the requirements to increase their energy efficiency, as well as for buildings where capital reconstruction was carried out at the same time, and compare them with the requirements of 2000 (based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 dated January 25, 2011)
By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 262 dated May 28, 2010, along with an increase in energy efficiency, the normalized resistance to heat transfer of external walls, coatings and ceilings increased to the level of Table. 4 SNiP 23-02-2003, windows from 2011 up to R F = 0.8 m 2 ° C / W for areas with a degree-day of more than 4000 and 0.55 m 2 ° C / W for the rest, and since 2016 - not less R F = 1.0 m 2 ° C / W also for areas over 4000 ° C day. and 0.8 m 2 · ° C / W - for the rest.
For calculations, we will take as a basis a nine-story residential building being built in central Russia. The design temperature of the outside air there is -25 degrees, and the magnitude of the degree-day is 5000. In accordance with the norms for 2000, the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the main external wall enclosures R w = 3.15 m 2 ° C / W, windows R F = 0.54 m 2 ° C / W, the calculated air exchange with a population of 20 m 2 of the total area of apartments per person = 30 m 3 / (h
This is what the heat balance at home looks like. A building loses 20–23% of heat through walls, 4–6% through coatings and ceilings, 25–28% through windows, and 40–50% through air infiltration. The relative percentage of household heat from the calculated heat losses is 18–20%. The estimated heat consumption for heating the house in relation to the calculated heat losses in 2000 will be when solving the heat balance equation: o.max 2000 = 0.215 0.05 0.265 0.47 - 0.19 = 0.81. Percentage of household heat from the estimated heat consumption for heating q everyday life / q o.max = 0.19 100 / 0.81 = 23.5%.
How the relative heat losses through windows and walls of a building change with an increase in their thermal protection
To understand how the estimated consumption of heat energy for heating changes with an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of external fences, let's look at Fig. 1. The figure shows that with an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of walls by 15% from 3.15 to 3.6 m 2 · ° C / W, the relative heat loss through the walls decreases from 0.302 to 0.265 units or equal to 0.265 / 0.302 = 0.877 from the previous value. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 0.8 instead of 0.54 m 2 · ° C / W, the heat consumption is reduced by 0.425 / 0.63 = 0.675 compared to the earlier indicator.
If we consider the reduction in heat loss through coatings and ceilings, as through walls, and the relative heat losses for heating the infiltration air, as before, the heat balance equation for a building building from 2011 will be as follows:
Qht.max 2011 = (0.215 0.05) 0.877 0.265 0.675 0.47 = 0.232 0.179 0.47 = 0.881.
The relative estimated costs of heat energy for heating are Qht.max 2011 = 0.881 - 0.19 = 0.691, and the heating consumption standard for 2011 will decrease compared to 2000: 0.691 / 0.81 = 0, 853 (decrease by 14, 7%, due to an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of walls, coverings, ceilings by 15% and windows from 0.54 to 0.8 m 2 ° C / W), and in absolute value at a value in 2000 q o.max = 50 m 2 ° C / W converted to kcal / h: 50 0.853 / 1.163 = 36.6 kcal / (h m 2).
The reduced resistance to heat transfer of walls will increase by another 15% in 2016 compared to 2011. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 1.0 instead of 0.8 m2 ° C / W, heat losses will decrease by 0.34 / 0.425 = 0 ,eight. The indicator of relative total heat losses in a 9-storey building in 2016 will be:
Q ht.max 2016 = 0.232 0.887 0.179 0.8 0.47 = 0.206 0.143 0.47 = 0.82.
Relative calculated heat losses for heating Q ht.max 2016 = 0.82 - 0.19 = 0.63. The decrease in the standardized specific indicator in 2016 compared to 2000 is 0.63 / 0.81 = 0.778. The resistance to heat transfer of walls, coverings, ceilings increased by only 30% and windows up to 1.0 m2 · ° C / W. Due to this, heat consumption for space heating decreased by 22.2%, including from 2016 - by 22.2-14.7 = 7.5%), and in absolute terms: q o.max = 50 0.778 / 1.163 = 33.4 kcal / (hm 2). This is how the components of heat loss in a residential nine-story building will correlate in 2016. Through walls, coverings and ceilings 25% of heat will go away (0.206 100 / 0.82), through windows 0.143 100 / 0.82 = 17% (in 2000 these parameters were identical to each other - 26.5%) , for heating the infiltrated air in the standard amount: 0.47 · 100 / 0.82 = 58% (in 2000 - 47%). The percentage of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated heat losses for heating will be 0.19 · 100 / 0.63 = 30% (in 2000 - 23.5%).
Let's calculate, in the same ratio as for 2000, the indicators of heat consumption for heating houses with different numbers of floors, but for territories with different design temperature parameters of the outside air. Below is a table with the calculation results belonging to SNiP " Heating network". Thanks to the table, you can determine what capacity the heat supply source has and what is the diameter of the pipes used in heating systems.
It is impossible to calculate the standard of individual consumption of space heating according to this table. The parameters of the calculated losses do not reflect the degree of optimization of the automatic regulation of the heat energy supply for heating.
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Specific indicators of the estimated heat consumption for heating multi-apartment and residential buildings per 1 m 2 of the total area of apartments, q o.max, kcal / (hm 2) |
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How is the standard for heating consumption of non-residential premises calculated?
On the basis of clause 20 of the Rules for the provision of public utilities to the population, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 No. 307, if meters for hot water supply and cold water supply, electricity, heat and gas are not installed in the non-residential premises of the MKD, the amount of payment for utility services is calculated according to the standards established by Russian legislation, as well as taking into account the amount of consumed resources.
The volumes of consumed utilities are determined as follows:
- for cold water and hot water supply - using the calculation method. The standards for the consumption of water resources are taken as a basis. If they are not there - the requirements and rules of building codes;
- for Wastewater- as the total volume of consumed hot and cold water;
- for gas and electricity - using the calculation method. The calculation scheme among themselves must be coordinated by the resource supplying organization and the person with whom the organization has concluded an agreement. The basis for the calculation is the power and operating mode of the consuming devices installed at the facility;
- for heating - in accordance with sub. 1 of paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules [note: according to the standard of consumption in Gcal / m2, i.e. the calculation is the same as for apartments]. At the same time, the contractor needs to adjust the amount of payment for heating once a year. The adjustment procedure is described in sub. 2 p. 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules.
In other situations, the volumes of consumed heat in non-residential premises, including non-residential facilities that are not part of the MKD and are located separately, are calculated according to the Methodology for determining the need for fuel, electricity and water in the production and transmission of heat and heat carriers in the municipal heat supply systems of MKD. The methodology was approved by the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of 08/12/2003. For calculations, the Methodology for determining the amount of heat energy and heat carrier in water systems of municipal heat supply MDS 41-4.2000, approved by order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2000 No. 105, is also used.
Due to the fact that the legislative formulations are very ambiguous, how the issue for the user of utilities will be resolved in practice is determined by the position of the energy-saving organization, the executor (Criminal Code, HOA), the arguments of the participants and judicial practice.
How is the standard of electricity consumption for heating related to the heating utility service provided by MKD
Before the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, in the period from 1999 to 2005. the current legislation allowed the shutdown of centralized heating in a separate residential building of the MKD and heating it with electricity. Since centralized heating in houses did not always function well, a significant proportion of the population, having completed all the technical documents, began to use electric batteries.
The payment for heating in an apartment building was calculated as follows. The owners of apartments, where centralized heating functioned, paid for the service in accordance with the consumption standard. Citizens who used apartment heating did not pay for the service, since they did not receive receipts for it. All this was in accordance with the principles reflected in Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - “rationality and justice”. However, in 2003–2013. everything has changed (table).
Formation of the amount of payment for heating in the municipal district of the Murmansk region
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Conditions |
A period of time |
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Until 2006 |
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Foundations |
There was a uniform heating standard throughout the region |
Heating standards were in place, |
The entity introduced new standards for heating, with the allocation of a standard for common property |
Abolished standards for common property |
Active |
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MKD without a general house metering device, a room without a metering device |
Р i = S i x Nfrom x Тт. Adjustment by year with the new tariff |
Р i = S i x Nt x Тт. Adjustment by year |
R i = S i x Ntot x TT Poin = Nodn x S and x S i / Sv. Correction canceled |
Р i = S i x Nt x Тт. Correction canceled |
Р i = S i x Nt x Тт. Adjustment |
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MKD is equipped with a general house metering device, a room without a metering device |
R i = Vd x S i / Stot x TT. |
Р i = S i x V i x Тт. |
R i = Vd x S i / Sd x Tt. |
Р i = Vd x S i / |
Р i = S i x V i x Тт. |
Difficulties with paying for heat appeared when general house meters were installed in the apartment building. The amount of payment began to consist of two components: for heating the premises for residential or non-residential purposes and for the common areas in the house.
As a result, starting from 2013 to the present day, in a number of Russian regions (for example, in the Kirov and Murmansk regions), where there are rooms in the apartment building that are heated by electricity, in accordance with the legislative translation for this type of heating, the owners of these rooms continue to exhibit receipts for payment for centralized heating services (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Scheme of distribution of heat energy for heating house No. 11 on the street. Soviet city of Kandalaksha (version of the GZI of the Murmansk region):
- 59.07 Gcal / 2617 sq. m = 0.02257 Gcal / sq. m.
- 0.02257 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 36.06 Gcal.
- 0.02257 Gcal / sq. mx 206.5 sq. m = 4.66 Gcal.
- 4.66 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.001933 Gcal / sq. m.
- 0.001933 Gcal / sq. mx 812.8 sq. m = 1.57 Gcal.
- 0.001933 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 3.09 Gcal.
At the same time, the regional authorities insist that the owners again switch to centralized heating. But they forget that the law has no retroactive effect.
In favor of the fact that the actions are lawful, is evidenced by formula 3 from Appendix 2 of the Rules. In accordance with it, areas heated by electricity are not excluded from the payment scheme for centralized heating services.
At the same time, on March 12, 2015, a meeting of the working group was held on the formation of payments for centralized heating for owners of residential premises with electric batteries ( working group instructed to create the governor of the Murmansk region). The minutes of the meeting included a recommendation to the administrations of all municipalities in the Murmansk region to inform the owners that the living quarters should be transferred to centralized heating. However, it is unclear how this relates to the non-retroactive provision of the law.
It turns out that today the essence of conflicts between stakeholders is as follows:
- heat supply companies want owners to pay for services not provided;
- the owners of residential properties do not intend to pay for services not provided.
In a number of Russian regions today (for example, in the Bryansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Stavropol Territory) the situation is somewhat different. Formula 3 of Appendix 2 of the Rules is used taking into account the definition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 03.23.2015 No. AKPI15-198. At the same time, in these regions, the issue of paying for heating is decided on the basis of Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, including its main provisions - reasonableness and fairness.
Possibilities for solving the problem
The main element that confirms that the owner of the facility receives the communal service for central heating is the radiator battery. It is part of the district heating, since it is connected to it, and maintains the required temperature in the dwelling. The premises of an apartment building, heated with electricity, are not equipped with these elements. Accordingly, according to the law, there is no heating service either.
Below are the parts of the MKD that serve as proof that the owners of non-residential and residential premises, where heating is supplied by electric heating, are obliged to pay part of the utilities:
- staircases (common property of all owners of MKD objects);
- heating risers that pass through the residential and non-residential areas of the owners, where electric heating operates.
A number of problems remain to be resolved. Among them:
- As the owners of objects where electric heating is used, they must pay for the heating spent on common house property, what is the standard for heating consumption for common house needs.
- How to pay for the heat that is emitted by the risers of the heating system passing through objects with electric heating.
The Expert Council of the Public Control System in the Housing and Utilities Sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region has developed a number of proposals for the formation of the amount of payment for heating in an apartment building with living quarters with electric batteries (Fig. 2, 3).
Rice. 2. The diagram shows how heat energy is distributed to heat house No. 11 on Sovetskaya Street in Kandalaksha (presented by the expert council of the public control system in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region):
- 0.1712 Gcal / month - heat loss from the supply and return risers (average value) that pass through residential buildings. For calculations, the instruction of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 30.12.2008 No. 325 was used.
- 8 sq. x 0.1712 Gcal = 1.3696 Gcal.
- 59.07 Gcal - 1.3696 Gcal = 57.70 Gcal.
- 57.7 Gcal / 1804.2 sq. m = 0.03198 Gcal / sq. m.
- 0.03198 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 51.09 Gcal.
- 0.03198 Gcal / sq. mx 206.5 sq. m = 6.6 Gcal.
- 6.6 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.00274 Gcal / sq. m.
- 0.00274 Gcal / sq. mx 812.8 sq. m = 2.227 Gcal.
- 0.00274 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 4.38 Gcal.
Rice. 3. Scheme of payment for central heating by owners of objects where electric heating operates.
In this case, you can:
- Use the standard for heating consumption for general building needs (analogue, according to Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
- Install heat energy meters on heating risers of common property.
- Apply the instrumental-calculation method of the amount of heat energy emitted by heating pipes.
In the above schemes, the positions of the parties are justified and fair:
- the heat supply organization is interested in selling heating services and receiving payment for it;
- the owners of the premises want to receive and pay for a quality utility heating service.
Alas, the proposals put forward by the expert council of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region will not even be considered. At the same time, owners of objects heated by electricity continue to receive bills for double payments for heating services. The same problem was found in the Crimea in Krasnoperekopsk. It should be solved directly by the Government of the country.
When planning a heating system for our house, we are faced with the question of how to calculate the heating correctly. And the calculation in this case has two aspects: on the one hand, it is necessary to find out which devices should be installed to maintain a comfortable microclimate in the room, and on the other, to calculate the amount that will need to be spent on paying for services.
Heating of a private house
Boiler type and power
If we are planning the construction or reconstruction of a private house, then one of the most important design points is the choice of a boiler that is optimal in terms of power. If you install an insufficiently productive boiler, then in the cold season it will work in a forced mode, which will lead to its rapid wear. On the other hand, I don't want to pay for the power we don't need either!
Note! The use of a boiler with an excess of power leads to an increase in energy consumption by 20-30%
The first thing to decide - this is the type of the boiler itself:
- Solid fuel- relatively inexpensive and economical, but have some inconveniences in operation. Such inconveniences include, for example, the need for periodic fuel filling (in severe frost - up to 3-4 times a day).
- Liquid fuel- have quite acceptable performance characteristics, but a large amount of toxic combustion products makes their use not environmentally friendly.
- Electrical- are quite effective and easy to use. The main disadvantage of such boilers is high price electricity.
- Gas – preferred option by most parameters, including ease of use and economical use of energy resources. The key disadvantage is the high price of the equipment itself and the dependence on the availability of a gas pipeline.
Regardless of the type of installation used to heat the house, it is necessary to select its optimal performance.
There is quite simple formula to calculate it:
Wcat = Wud * S / 10
In this case:
- Wcot - the minimum allowable boiler power.
- Wud is an indicator of specific power per 10 square meters.
- S is the area of the heated room.
Note! Specific power is a normative indicator and differs in different regions. So in Moscow and the Moscow region this parameter is 1-1.2, in the northern regions it can reach 2, and in the southern regions it is 0.7-0.9.
Radiator calculation
In addition to the boiler itself, it is also necessary to produce. Below we will tell you how the heating of the main area of our house is calculated.
The following formula is used to calculate the number of batteries:
W = S * h * 41
- W - the power of the radiators, sufficient to ensure a comfortable temperature in the room.
- S is the area of the room.
- H - height from floor to ceiling (excluding suspended structures).
- 41 - the rate of consumption of heat energy per cubic meter of internal volume.
The result of the calculation using this formula is the total power installed radiators... We divide the resulting figure by the heat transfer of one section of the battery (the instructions for the radiator must contain this information), and we get the required number of sections. To provide the best heating the resulting number is best rounded up!
Naturally, after completing all calculations, it is necessary to choose optimal models radiators, and install them so that heat loss is minimal. The technology for installing heating radiators is clearly demonstrated in the video tutorials that are posted on our portal.
Calculation of payment
Payment without a common house meter
No less important point is the calculation of payment for heat supply to your apartment. According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 "On the provision of utilities ..." the payment for heating includes:
- Payment for heating provided in your apartment.
- Payment for heating common building premises.
The calculation technology depends on whether your house is equipped with heat metering devices. In our article, we will consider both options, which will allow you to perform calculations with your own hands in any situation.
So, how is the heating tariff calculated in a house in which a common meter is not installed?
Payment for heating the apartment itself, in which an individual heating meter is installed, is made according to the formula:
P i = V i * T k, where:
- V i - the amount of heat consumed according to the indicators of the individual metering device.
For example, the meter showed that you used up 1.5 gigacalories of heat in a month. In this case, the total amount will be:
1.5 * 1400 (heating tariff) = 2100 p.
If there is no counter, then a different formula is used:
P i = S i * N t * T t, where:
- S i - area of the room
- N t - consumption standard
- T t - tariff set for the region
In this case, a calculation example looks like this:
- Consumption standard - 0, 025 Gcal per square meter.
- The area of the apartment is 75 square meters.
- The tariff is 1400 rubles.
As a result, we have:
77 * 0.0025 * 1400 = 2 625 p.
As you can see, a careful calculation shows the entire effectiveness of installing a meter for heating in each apartment, because the savings are very significant.
P i = V i * T k, where:
- V i - the amount of heat provided for general household needs for the reporting period.
- T k - tariff established by law.
For example, if on general heating 1 gigacalorie was spent, then the cost of payment will be 1400 rubles.
- With individual metering devices installed: 2100 = 1400 = 3500r.
- Without individual counters: 2625 = 1400 = 4025 p.
Payment with a common counter
If the house is installed general appliance for accounting, then the calculation of individually consumed heat energy is calculated as follows:
P i = V d * S i / S d * T t, where:
- V d - the amount of heat consumed during the period according to the indicators of the general heating meter.
- S i is the area of the apartment.
- S d - the area of all premises that make up the house (including residential, non-residential and utility).
- T t is the tariff set in your region.
Payment for heating of common areas is made according to the same formula as in the previous case.
Another way is to use utility calculators. Today there are several similar calculators, and the data obtained as a result of their use provide sufficient accuracy of calculations.
In our article, we showed how to calculate the required power of heating boilers and radiators to heat your house, and also clearly demonstrated how to calculate the tariff for heating an apartment in different situations... We hope that the formulas and examples given here will be useful, because strict accounting is the most important condition for reducing costs!
The page discusses such an issue as payment for heating in an apartment building: calculating the cost in the presence of an individual meter in the apartment, how much it costs per square meter, and also how to reduce the heating fee.
Apartment owners who have just begun to deal with receipts for paying for heat, since January 2017, are again forced to study their contents and know how payments for heating an apartment are calculated.
As wise human experience says, there are unchanging phenomena in the world, for example, the change of seasons and the annual increase in utility tariffs.
Heating charges in an apartment building are no exception.
Problems in the heating payment system
Until now, the housing code contains laws that contradict each other.
The main problems are:
- Calculation of payment for heating in an apartment building is complicated, since the percentage of installation of common house meters in the country is extremely low.
- For houses with vertical wiring, there are no individual devices that could be installed on batteries in each apartment.
- The complexity of calculations between the difference that is formed in the readings of heat meters and its calculators, which indicate the actual consumption in kWh.
As a rule, common household appliances indicate how much heat, water or electricity a particular house has spent, while individual ones - for the consumption of all utilities by its residents. It should be borne in mind that IPUs are of different types.
Types of individual heat metering devices
Regular counters crash into heating system and are equipped with two sensors that record how much heat was used per kWh. They are effective for horizontal routing and allowable rate heat meters in an apartment building from 1 or more.
Heat calculators determine how much of it was allocated, taking into account the heating of the radiator and air by two temperature sensors.
Heat distributors, in turn, calculate the heat output from the radiators. According to the law, when installing distributors, there must be at least 50% of them for an apartment building.
These metering devices give readings exclusively inside heated residential premises, and they are used to pay for heating in the apartment according to the meters. At the same time, in an apartment building there are many common areas that also spend heat and other types of utilities, and someone must take them into account and pay for them.
Common property of apartment buildings
There are many places in high-rise buildings that can be attributed to general building:
- stairwells;
- vestibules;
- hall;
- a place for a concierge or security;
- corridors;
- places for strollers;
- technical floor or attic and others.
How is heating paid for in an apartment building? All this space is either heated from risers or receives heat from the walls of the apartments, therefore it is important that there is a general house meter in the building. Its indicators are distributed in equal parts between all apartments.
In the event that there are no devices, then the heating metering in an apartment building is calculated according to the average indicator per 1 m2 for all residents. To make the calculations correctly, you need to take into account several indicators.
How to charge the heating fee in the apartment, read below.
Calculation of payment without counters
How are the heating bills calculated in the apartment?
The existing formulas for calculating the cost of heating in an apartment, while taking into account 3 factors, if payment is made without the presence of metering devices:
- It is calculated separately how much it took for each m2 of residential premises. For this, the tariffs expressed in Gcal / m2 (N), set in the region, are used.
- Realistically heated living space (S) excluding cold areas such as balconies and loggias.
- Service cost (T), accepted by local authorities in accordance with the number of rubles per 1 Gcal.
How is the cost of heating in an apartment without meters calculated?
The calculation of payment for heating in an apartment is made according to the formula:
Thanks to which the tenants will see 2 columns in the receipts. One will indicate how much the heating costs in the apartment, and the second one - the common premises. If last year the tariff for heating the apartment corresponded to 1.4, then in 2017 - 1.6.
Unfortunately, based on the decree 1498 of December 26, 2016, from January 2017, increasing coefficients are added to the new tariff.
This applies to houses in which a special commission has determined that they are suitable for the installation of general house and individual meters.
If, after their solution, the devices were not installed, then a multiplying coefficient comes into force, according to which tenants will receive a payment for heating in an apartment by 50% more than according to tariffs.
Therefore, the calculation of payment for heating an apartment without IPU and general house meters is carried out taking into account this coefficient. How much does a square meter of heating cost in apartments? For example, in the houses of St. Petersburg built in 1980-99, in which meters can be installed, but they are not, the cost of 1 Gcal per m2 will be approximately 0.033, while in 2015 it was 0.020. If the result is multiplied by new coefficient, it turns out that heating has risen in price by 2.4 times.
The new calculation of Gcal for heating in apartment buildings without general and individual meters applies only to those buildings where a special commission decided that their installation is possible. If there was no such decision or the house cannot be equipped with metering devices, then only the new indicator 1.6 is taken into account.
How the payment for heating an apartment in 2017 is calculated in the presence of an IPU, read below.
Payment for heating in an apartment building 2017 in the presence of IPU
To pay for individual heating in an apartment building was carried out by meters, 2 conditions must be met:
- Metering devices must be installed in all apartments of the house.
- There must be a general house meter at the entrance to the building.
How do you calculate the heating per apartment?
Thanks to the counter indicators, the payment for heating in an apartment building (2017) is calculated using the formula:
P = (Q IPU + Q ONE x S / S at home) x T.
- Q IPU are indicators of individual meters;
- Q ОДН - the amount of heat in the whole house, except for living quarters;
- S / S houses - the area of the apartment and the building;
- T is the tariff accepted in the region.
Saving heat
How to reduce heating bills in an apartment? The question of how to pay less for heating an apartment is asked by many of their owners. According to statistics, already in 2016, more than 10% of residents were unable to pay the cost of heating in an apartment building in the winter, and for most of the unaffordable tariffs became a "black hole" in the family budget.
In 2017, these figures may increase significantly.
How to reduce heating bills in an apartment? First thing, it is worth investing in the installation of meters, both general and individual.
If the payment is charged by the management company, then the cost of heating the apartment includes all its expenses in case of loss of heat, that is, the tenants owe her money even before the heat comes to their home.
As practice shows, in the presence of metering devices, the cost of heating, for example, a 3-room apartment is cheaper for the owners than for those who have a "kopeck piece" without them.
It is worth checking the thermal insulation of the apartment, since if it is violated, the installation of meters will not give visible savings. Especially carefully it is worth examining the windows and doors, through which the cold most often penetrates into the premises. If it is not possible to replace them, then it is enough to close up the cracks to warm up the apartment.
If the heating system allows, then you can install thermostats on batteries and monitor the amount of heat, reducing it, for example, on warm days or when no one is in the apartment during the day.
When finances allow, then you can refuse centralized heating by equipping an autonomous system... Choice alternative sources heat on the modern energy market is large. It is enough to submit an application for refusal and indicate what will be used for heating the home. If the chosen method does not contradict SNiP, then you can proceed with the refurbishment of the apartment.
As a rule, the use of even the simplest of the listed methods can significantly reduce the cost of heating your home.
Thus, we can conclude that since January 2017, it is better to have them in houses that are subject to installation of heat metering devices, otherwise residents will have to overpay 50% more than at the indicated rates. Where the meters are located, the calculation is carried out according to a simple formula that takes into account their indicators, and by taking steps to reduce heat loss, you can save money.
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