It's hard to imagine roof maintenance, gutter cleaning, antenna repair, maintenance solar collectors or work of a chimney sweep without access to the roof. The choice of the way to enter it depends on the angle of inclination of its slopes and the purpose of the space under it. Access to the roof can be provided by a vertical ladder or ladder installed outside, an internal folding ladder with a hinged cover, as well as a variety of hatches - insulated and not insulated. Steps and walkways installed on the roof help to move around the roof comfortably. The path to the roof must be reliable. Therefore, it is not so important how it is carried out, the main thing is that it guarantees a quick and safe ascent to the roof.
Stepladder on the wall
(Option for flat roofs)
The most simple solution is vertical, fixed to the outer wall. The lower edge of the ladder should be at a height of about 1 m from the ground, this will prevent children from climbing to the roof, and adults can use a regular ladder in this case. A similar solution is the sectional step-ladder, which consists of two parts. Its lower, attached section has a height of about 1.5 m, it is used when necessary.
It is important that the surface of the ladder steps is not slippery. To do this, they are made of corrugated steel or reinforcement of a periodic profile (with sickle-shaped protrusions).
A more secure step is a step-ladder installed on the wall of the upper floor, leading to the roof from the balcony or terrace. Its only inconvenience is that in order to access the roof, you need to go through the interior of the house. The metal structures of the ladder must have an anti-corrosion coating with paint and varnish or polymer powder compositions.
Outdoor staircase
(For flat roofs)
More comfortable and attractive outwardly, in comparison with the vertical step-ladder, is the steep external staircase leading from the lower floor to the terrace (or landing) located at the roof level. The construction of such a staircase is made of steel pipe with brackets welded to it - for installing steps. Their treads are made of corrugated sheet steel or impregnated wood (oak, beech, ash). And the railing can be made of pipes, rods, cables, etc. Usually, the surfaces of all steel elements of the stairs are protected from corrosion paintwork... But such a ladder can be made from polished or brushed stainless steel.
Elements of the metal staircase to the roof can be coated with polymer powder compounds or made of stainless steel
Sunroof
Typically, roof hatches are placed above the top of the stairwell. The installation location of hatches in pitched roofs depends on the pitch of the rafters. The distance between the hatch box and the adjacent rafters to which it is attached should not exceed 7 cm.If this gap is larger, you have to install two transverse beams and one vertical between the rafters (one of the sides of the hatch box is attached to it). When the hatch is wider than the distance between the rafters, you will have to cut out a fragment of one rafter leg, and reinforce its cut edges to the transverse frontal beams that transmit the load to the adjacent rafters. If such a solution is not provided for by the project, it is necessary to obtain an opinion from the designer, architect about the possibility of performing this work. On the pitched roof a large area with several chimneys, it is better to install two hatches. Then there will be no need for walking ladders for the chimney sweep. Hatches should be located next to the chimney. The market offers hatches of several sizes: the smallest - 45 x 55 cm, the largest - 120 x 120 cm. You can also order the hatch custom size... But the price of such a hatch will be 20-30% higher than the cost of a serial production hatch with the same dimensions. The hatch cover is finished with galvanized steel roofing, its surface is primed and coated with paint and varnish compositions or powder varnish.
So that the hatch cover on the roof surface is not conspicuous, it is revetted with the material used in the roof covering. It is easier to finish the roof hatch cover made of bituminous shingle or sheet steel. But it is better to entrust it to a professional roofer who will do the job better. The lid can also be transparent, filled with glass or polycarbonate. The hatch opens up or to the side. V open position the cover can be fixed with two servomotors (gas springs). Serially manufactured hatches are equipped with devices that prevent uncontrolled closing of the lid. If the hatch is mounted over a heated room (staircase, wardrobe, utility room), it is of great importance. thermal insulation properties... Some manufacturers offer insulated hatches, the design of which may have a heat transfer resistance of R = 1.5 m2 * K / W (a polycarbonate cover has R = 0.45 m2 * K / W). The cuffs with which the hatches are completed allow them to be installed in roofs covered with different materials, both flat and wavy, with waves of both regular and high profile.
Sometimes hatches are equipped with burglary protection, their blind cover is additionally reinforced from the inside, and the hinge axes will not allow them to be removed when the cover is closed. The hatch can be completed with a lattice with a lock located in the lower part of the hatch box. You can order a hatch with a lock with a three-bolt latch, or with a lock equipped with a certified lock insert.
Folding ladder with cover
(both for flat and for pitched roofs)
Usually a folding ladder is installed for access to the attic or to a flat roof.
In the second case, the ladder hatch has two covers: an external and an internal one (covering the folded ladder).
The inner lid is a sandwich: wooden frame glued on both sides with wood-fiber boards, between which a sheet of expanded polystyrene with a thickness of 3-6 cm is placed.
The thickness of the inner covers is 3.6-6.6 cm. It is recommended to install inner covers with a thicker thermal insulation layer in flat roofs and ceilings between rooms with a large temperature difference (between residential and non-residential premises).
The heat transfer resistance of such a cover R is 1.54 m * K / W (with expanded polystyrene with a thickness of 3 cm, in which R = 0.91m * K / Bt).
The tightness of the abutment of the inner cover is ensured by a round gasket located in the milled groove of the box.
There are two types of stairs - sectional and scissor. More popular are sectional ladders, consisting of three or four folding or sliding sections. Ladders have different lengths, they are chosen depending on the height of the room. Steel mounting corners of stair flights allow you to clearly fix the sections in the unfolded state and adjust the angle of inclination of the stairs. The stability of the ladder is provided by the mechanism for opening the lid, it fixes it in the open position.
Sectional stairs are made of steel or wood. The ladder can be equipped with handrails or handles on both sides to provide a safe and comfortable climb or descent.
Scissor ladders are made of steel, they are folded like an accordion. It is more difficult to decompose them than sectional ones. The surface of the steps, regardless of the type of staircase, should not be slippery - for this, it is enough to make grooves on the surface of the wooden treads of the steps.
Attention! The thermal insulation of the exit hatch from the residential to the non-residential premises can be increased by additionally placing a 10 cm thick polystyrene sheet on the inner cover.
Foldable sectional ladder withstands loads up to 160 kg
The steel scissor ladder is very convenient, but it is more difficult to unfold and fold it
Roof steps and ladders
(Suitable for pitched roofs)
Free movement of people on the surface of the pitched roof is provided by steps and walkways installed on the roof. On roofs with a slope of less than 30 °, steps must be installed with a distance of 70 cm between them (in every second row of tiles). If the slope of the roof slope is more than 30 °, the steps are installed every 35-40 cm (in each row of tiles). Walkways are usually 25 cm wide and 40 to 300 cm long.
The base of the step is made of strip steel (40 x 4 mm) and the handle is made of 2 mm thick sheet steel. On the steps located in every second row of tiles, they move, as if on a stepladder. A long ladder along the ridge serves as a horizontal path leading from the hatch to the chimneys. The treads of the steps and the platform of the walking ladders are made of galvanized steel sheet, the surface of which is varnished or painted with a powder composition to match the color roofing material.
Steel ladders are not always visually combined with the roof covering, for example with bitumen shingles. An alternative to a typical metal ladder would be a ladder with a platform made of wooden blocks with a cross section of 40 mm, impregnated under pressure. These bars are fixed above the ladder base brackets. The base of ladders and steps can be supported by the bars attached to the rafters with screws. Base brackets are chosen depending on the type of roofing material: ceramic and cement tiles, metal tiles, flat or profile roofing steel, roofing material or bitumen shingles.
The distance between the ladder brackets should not exceed 80 cm. If the chimney is high, brackets are installed on it for lifting to its mouth.
Steps and walkways must have a grooved or perforated surface that prevents slipping
To install steps on the roof, special tile elements with an aluminum or concrete lining are used. These elements are chosen depending on the type of shingles used in the roof. A tile element with a step is attached to the bar with two bolts (for example, 4.5 x 45 mm), and the bar is attached to the rafters with nails
Walkways, platforms and roof steps provide easy movement over the roof during operational work
Skylight
And for pitched and flat roofs
It can be installed anywhere in the attic. Until recently, there were only windows for pitched roofs, but now manufacturers of these products offer windows for flat roofs... Both types of windows can function as an emergency exit to the roof (if their size meets the requirements of standards). When installing a window-exit in a flat roof, on its load-bearing structures mount a wooden window body, top part which has a slope of 19 °. The window itself is installed on this case.
Typically, such windows have dimensions of 66 x 98 (or 118) cm or 78 (or 94, 114) x 140 cm and are intended for installation in heated rooms. Therefore, on their edges, adjacent to the roofing, special sealing cuffs are attached. A plastic mass applied to the underside of the cuff promotes a tight connection of the cuff with the surface of the coating material, guarantees the necessary thermal insulation and prevents water seepage. Some companies offer universal collars designed for any type of roofing, others offer two types of collars, designed for installation over corrugated and flat roofing materials.
Cuffs are usually made of aluminum and copper, but titanium and zinc alloy can be ordered.
Attention! In order to properly lay the thermal insulation around the perimeter of the hatch box, the dimensions of the opening for it in the roof should be 5-7 cm larger than the window box.
The exit window for a pitched roof is chosen depending on the angle of inclination of its slope. The market offers windows designed for installation in roofs with slope angles of 15-85 °, 20-65 °, 20-85 °.
The exit window can be hinged or folded up. Some of them are equipped with gas servomotors for easy opening. Emergency exit windows can be equipped with a device that automatically lifts the sash. Usually boxes and window frames made of laminated wood (usually pine) and covered with several layers of varnish. External glazing is made of tempered glass... The insulating glass unit must guarantee low heat loss. If window glass heat transfer resistance R = 0.91 m2 * K / W, then the R window will be about 0.67 m2 * K / W.
The window-exit to the roof must meet the requirements for an emergency exit and have dimensions of at least 60 x 80 cm
Correct and high-quality construction of the roof of the house does not mean that at the end of construction work you can forget about it. In the future, the roof requires special and regular maintenance, inspection or repair. You will need a convenient and quick access to it. In addition, it is often the only way to get out of the house in the event of an urgent evacuation. The place for access to the roof through the hatch must be included in the project before the start of construction. Further we will talk about how to choose the right and what are the devices for exits to the roof and under its space.
Types of hatches and what they are for
You've probably heard that there are dormer windows, light, fire and attic - all these functions can be performed by a hatch. Yes, this is not just a cover for a long time, but rather a stylish and functional addition to the attic space. After all, it is often used as a full-fledged room - an attic.
Important: for those buildings, the area of which is less than 100 square meters, the presence of a hatch is not strictly recommended. In other cases, where the area is more than the norm, this is a mandatory measure enshrined in SNiP 21-01-97.
First, the roof is a complex structure. Over time, damage to or underneath the roofing may appear. Leaks, holes, cracks, etc. To figure out what's wrong and fix the problem, you need to get to the roof.
Secondly, security measures. If there is a fire, you can get out through the sunroof, when it is impossible to do it through the door. Indispensable for removing smoke.
Thirdly, on the roof there is a ventilation system, lighting elements, television antennas, a chimney, etc. All this requires periodic repairs, cleaning, routine inspection. In addition, there is such a banal, but important thing how to remove garbage from the roof.
Ever since the attic turned into residential attic, manufacturers began to produce beautiful and stylish hatches. They play the role of not only an exit to the roof area, but also lighting and ventilation of the attic. It is both functional and original in terms of design.
Common types:
Roof windows.
Hatch window.
Operational.
On sale, you can mainly find standard sizes- 1200x1200 and 450x450. If your size and desired shape is not available, then it can be made under individual order... But it will cost 30% more. Let's take a closer look at the popular options.
As mentioned above, there are skylights. Some of them act as a hatch. Their advantage is that they not only fulfill their functional purpose, but also decorate the attic space with a play of light and shadow. Outside, they look just as impressive. The disadvantage of this type is the high cost and complex installation. As a rule, specialists are engaged in installation. No one risks producing it on their own, so that it does not turn into wasted money.
A simple and inexpensive option is a hatch window for uninhabited attic... It simultaneously serves as an exit to the roof and illuminates the room. Easy to install, does not require specialist assistance. Reinforced glass unit, polyurethane or wooden frame. Outwardly looks stylish, opens outward. There are no obvious flaws. The only thing that's just right for unheated premises and requires a ladder.
Wooden hatches have certain advantages. They represent a kind of transformer. This is a wooden lid, opening which you get a ladder, and closing it, the ladder folds and hides under the lid. Such hatches do not provide illumination, but they are easy to install and practical to use. In terms of design - complete laconicism and aesthetic appearance... They are mainly used for small private houses. Among the disadvantages is the lack of protection of the lid from the outside. It is imperative to take shelter from the weather destroying the wood.
To organize the exit to the flat roof, service hatches are used. It should be noted right away that they are not distinguished by their beauty and originality. Basically, this is a blank metal cover, complete with a ladder also made of metal. Usually the lid does not let light through, but sometimes it is made of a transparent material. Of course, in terms of design, they don't really benefit from this. But if you consider that they are used for outbuildings or industrial facilities- such a criterion as beauty and aesthetics in this case play the last role.
Which option is right for you depends on where the hatch will be installed. If this is a residential attic, then you should not spare money for high-quality insulation output, as well as its design. For a non-residential attic, which is used as a storage for old things and household items, there is no point in overpaying for beauty. It is better to choose a hatch of a simple but functional type.
How to get to the roof outside the house
Stepladders or outdoor ladders are used to climb onto the roof or reach the same hatch. Manufacturers have made sure that they are not only practical, but also combined with the design of the house. You can easily pick up a high-quality and stylish item.
Most convenient option considered to be a steep outdoor staircase. Expensive models made of stainless steel. Its polished appearance gives the building a beautiful and rich look. Cheaper steel tube options with welded brackets into which grooved steel steps are inserted. Railings can be made of ropes, rods, pipes, etc.
The steps are not always steel - they can be of some kind of hard wood. For example, ash or beech. The wood must be impregnated special mixtures... Outdoor stairs are popular not only for their efficiency, but also for their attractive appearance.
This option is the cheapest and most convenient for reaching a flat roof, and this does not detract from its reliability at all. Nothing superfluous and pretentious. For fans of minimalism and practicality - a great option.
Important: the step-ladder is attached to the wall of the house in such a way that the last step from the bottom is at a distance of one meter from the ground. This is a safety measure for small children so that they cannot climb up.
To use such a stepladder, you need to fix a ladder on it, and when you go back down, remove it. Pay attention to what your stepladder is made of. Metal elements must be covered with varnish or polymer mixtures - this will protect against rust. The steps should be either corrugated steel or reinforcement that has ledges. This is important so that they are not slippery.
Brief installation diagram:
The first step is to choose a place for the future hatch.
WITH inside the roof area is marked out.
Insulation and waterproofing are neatly removed from it.
Then nails are driven into each corner where the hatch will be located.
Marks are made on the rafters.
Where the hatch goes out is nailed wooden blocks so that the nails pierce the sheathing. This will help cut out the outside of the roof covering with the nails in mind.
When the cut is ready, the location of the reinforcing bars is marked.
Above and below the opening, jambs are nailed instead of rafters. They will increase support.
Bars of 5x10 wood are nailed to the location of the beams.
To keep the sawn beams securely, two additional jambs in the ceiling are nailed from the inside.
The finished frame is covered with waterproofing and covered with plasterboard to protect it from moisture.
The hatch frame is fixed to the frame using self-tapping screws or nails, depending on the model.
The joints must be covered mineral wool or with a special sealant.
Installation work on the installation of the hatch can be done independently, but it is better to entrust it to a specialist. Simple types it is not difficult to arrange it yourself if you have the necessary skills. Models complex design it is better to hand it over to a master who will do everything efficiently and according to the rules.
Video
The content of the articleEach roof, regardless of its design, must be periodically serviced and inspected. Therefore, a special exit to the roof must be arranged for the production of these works. It should be comfortable, safe and reliable. The exit device depends on the angle of inclination of the slope, on the purpose of the attic space. There are several ways to climb to the roof. You can climb the usual attached wooden and metal stairs outside the house, on a staircase arranged inside the room, on a ladder or a step-ladder inside the house through a hatch in the attic ceiling and from the attic through a dormer or dormer window.
You can also climb to the roof from balconies or loggias using permanent or temporary stairs. There are many ways, but it is important that all of them are safe and easy to use.
Roofs with large areas must be equipped with an exit to the roof SNiP 21-01-97. If the roof area is less than 100 kV m, and the building is one-story, according to fire regulations, it is allowed not to arrange access to the roof.
- The roof can carry various elements:
- outlet of ventilation systems;
- antennas;
- antiaircraft lights;
- roof hatches;
- chimneys and other elements.
Roof exits are carried out in several ways and, depending on the purpose of the roof space and the angle of inclination of the slope, can be divided into:
- vertical outdoor stairs;
- wall-mounted ladders;
- insulated and cold hatches;
- sliding stairs;
- roof ladders;
- hatches - windows are cold and insulated;
- roof windows.
Varieties of stairs
External stairs of a permanent type are made of metal and must be firmly attached to the wall of the building. A metal corner or corrugated steel is used as a material for the manufacture of stairs. These are the so-called fire escapes, which are necessary for buildings of two or more floors. The metal from which the ladder is made must be treated with anti-corrosion compounds. For the safety of children, the bottom end of the ladder should be raised one meter above the ground.
Such a structure must undergo periodic inspection for its strength, about which records must be made in the relevant documents of the organization serving the building. With the help of such stairs, fire brigades are used to access the flat roof.
In addition, fire escapes on multi-storey buildings can be placed on balconies, communication between which occurs through hatches in the floor of each balcony or loggia. In residential multi-storey buildings, access to the roof is carried out through attic hatch located at the top of the staircase. In this case, the vertical ladder is made of metal and is attached to the floor of the upper staircase, the railing that encloses it and the edge of the attic hatch.
Internal staircases leading to or from the attic attic room on the roof, can be performed from various materials, both metal and wood of different species. Metal stairs must have a non-slippery, ribbed surface of steps, and all stairs must have a handrail for safety.
Outdoor stairs made of metal and wood must be treated with anti-corrosion and antiseptic compounds.
Roof ladders for the movement of people on pitched roofs are made in the following dimensions: width - 25-30cm, length 40-300cm. To service the chimneys, long ladders are laid along the ridge. So that these additional elements of the roof do not spoil appearance roofs, they are painted to match the roofing.
Access to the roof through the hatch
In multi-storey buildings, the roof hatch is usually located at the top of the stairwell. This is suitable for both pitched roofs and flat roofs. With pitched roofs, exit from attic space on the roof itself it is arranged by building a booth or a shed with side walls.
The hatch box must be attached to the rafter system. When the step of the rafters exceeds the dimensions of the hatch, an additional frame is made of timber, which is attached to the rafters. The distance between the hatch trim and the nearest rafter should be about 7cm.
If it is impossible to establish such a gap, either additional bars are inserted (with a large gap width) or into rafter leg a cut is made, at the same time reinforcing the trimmed rafter by setting additional jibs, spacers. Several exits are installed on the roofs of a large area.
The number of exits to the roof is regulated by building codes and regulations in the part fire safety... The best option is when the roof exit in the form of a hatch is located next to the chimney.
In this case, there is no need to install additional drains for servicing chimneys. If the attic space is turned into a residential attic, then the hatch, of course, should be combined with the window. In non-residential attic spaces, hatches are installed simple, not insulated.
Manufacturers currently offer ready-made hatches for escaping through the roof. . The dimensions of the finished hatches can range from 450x450mm to 1200x1200mm. In this case, the design of the hatch cover can be different. It can be a material identical to the roofing material of the rest of the roof, in other cases the hatch cover can be made of translucent structures. The mechanism for opening the hatch cover can work in different directions, and for the safety of those living in the house, the hatch can be equipped with locks or a metal lattice with locks.
Exit through the roof window
If the attic space is used as a living space, then a dormer window may well serve as an exit to the roof. Manufacturers produce both skylights for pitched roofs and flat ones.
But in the case of flat roofs, before installing such a window, it will be necessary to make a box for it, which should have a slope in relation to the roof of 15-20 degrees.
Standard windows, which serve as a roof exit device for warm attics, are manufactured with different sizes, but they all have sealing elements that exclude the possibility of moisture entering the room through the window. Seals are also heat-insulating material at the same time.
As sealing elements, special materials are used, which must be laid along the perimeter of the window and be closed from above with cuffs. Cuffs are made of aluminum or copper, there are also more expensive materials such as titanium and zinc. They are intended for waterproofing the window perimeter and must be tightly connected to the surface of the roofing material.
No matter how beautiful, durable and reliable your roof is, it will still need inspection and maintenance. Such work can be done if it provides a special exit to the roof through a hatch. The most important thing is that it is comfortable, reliable and ensures the safety of people on the roof. This article will focus on different options access to the roof using hatches and other systems and passages.
The exit device will be determined by the purpose of the attic space and the slope of the roof plane. It can be done in several ways - to climb the familiar to all wooden or metal stairs located outside the building. This can be done using the stairs, which are arranged inside the house. Achievement of the goal will help ladder or a stepladder that is attached to the hatch inside the house attic floor... From the attic to the roof, you can use a dormer or dormer window.
When we talk about a complete set of roofing, we mean not only the structure, which includes the base, the material of the topcoat and gutter system... If you look closely at it from the side, then, even without professional knowledge, you can see the antennas and ventilation outlets located on it. In addition to them, the following are located on the roof:
- roof hatches;
- valves and fans;
- pass-through elements;
- antiaircraft lights;
- chimneys and so on.
The elements of exits to the roof surface that exist today have high quality and are modern products... Among their advantages are:
- attractive appearance;
- reliability and durability;
- ease of use;
- harmonious combination with the topcoat;
- ease of installation.
Roof exit applications
It is necessary to use various elements of exits on roofs that need technological and technical inspection of this important structure of the house.
The following construction objects need technological access to the roof:
- mansions;
- residential multi-storey buildings;
- preschool and school institutions;
- terraced houses;
- public buildings;
- non-residential buildings and structures;
- old houses during reconstruction.
Technical exit to the roof, provided for antennas and elements ventilation system, is necessary on all buildings in use, regardless of the type and type of roofing. At present, thanks to a wide range of products, it is possible to select accessories for technical outputs for the desired finish.
The presence and number of exits to the roof is determined during the design work on the roof device.
Methods for the exit to the roof
The above listed objects that need technological outputs. You must have them when you need to carry out the following actions:
- produce renovation work on the roof;
- to clean the roof covering from snow, branches, etc .;
- carry out work to extinguish the fire;
- do everything related to the operation of the roof.
Methods for reaching the roof surface to perform these actions will depend, first of all, on the purpose of the attic space, as well as the angle of inclination of the roof slope. You can get out on it using some devices and objects:
- a stepladder installed vertically against the wall;
- vertical outdoor stairs;
- insulated and cold hatches;
- folding ladders;
- roof ladders;
- roof windows;
- sliding ladders.
Distinctive features of hatches
Roof hatch in multi-storey residential buildings arranged on the upper floor in the ceiling above the last staircase. V this option a metal vertical ladder going to it is attached to the floor of the landing, the edge of the hatch and the railing that encloses the landing.
With the device for access to the pitched roof, the hatch is positioned taking into account the step size of the rafter legs.
Roofs with large areas, need to install several hatches. Traditionally, manufacturers offer these sizes of these structures - 45x45 cm and 120x120 cm.
The surface of the roof hatch cover is treated with primers and paints. The roofing carpet should have the same appearance on its entire surface, therefore, the manhole cover is revetted with the material that is used for the topcoat. In some cases, manhole covers may be translucent.
It should be borne in mind that when designing such an exit to the roof, SNiP requires compliance with a certain distance between the hatch box and the rafter beams. The hatch trim and the nearest rafter should be at a distance of about 7 cm from each other.
The hatches should open in two directions - up and to the side. Using gas springs, the cover is fixed in the open position. For the safety of the residents of the house, the hatches can be equipped with a lock or have a metal lattice with a shutter.
If the installation of the hatch is carried out in a heated room, then it is necessary to pay attention to its thermal insulation properties. You need to exit through the hatch hole using a fixed metal structure.
In the event that during the installation of the hatch it is not possible to precisely comply with the design conditions, then another version of it will additionally require the conclusion of the designer.
In terms of fire safety, the number of exits to the roof is regulated by SNIPs. TO the best option can be attributed to the option in which the exit hatch is located next to the chimney pipe. In this case, it will not be necessary to install additional ladders in order to maintain the chimneys.
When the attic is turned into an attic living space, the hatch, in this case, is combined with the window. Non-residential attic spaces have simple, non-insulated hatches.
Access to the roof through the roof window
In the case when the attic is used as living quarters, then to exit to the roof it is quite possible to use the attic window. Today, the production of skylights, both for pitched roofs and for flat roofs, has been established. They are used for emergency exit to the roof, as well as for ventilation of premises located in the attic space.
With flat roofs, before the dormer is placed, a box is made under it. In relation to the roof, it has a slope of 10-20 degrees.
The size of standard windows that can serve as an exit to the roof in heated attic rooms can be different. In most cases, they have dimensions - 66x118 cm, 94x140 cm.All of them are equipped with sealing elements (cuffs) that prevent moisture from entering inner room... Seals simultaneously act as a heat-insulating material.
You can ensure the best thermal insulation properties of the roof window if you make the window opening 6 centimeters larger than the box. This will also allow for better installation of the seal.
Access to the roof using a stepladder
To one of the most simple ways that can be reached on the roof is by using a stepladder. It is positioned vertically along outer wall... Such an exit to the roof, the norms of which prohibit the raising of children, has limitations. The bottom of the structure should be raised above the ground to a height of 1 meter.
The stepladder should have such a surface of the steps that would not be slippery, and, therefore, safe when people are climbing. They are made from materials such as:
- corrugated steel;
- armature having a crescent-shaped protrusion.
Since the stepladder is often located on outdoors, to extend its service life, anti-corrosion coating... It is made using powder formulations or paints and varnishes.
Access to the roof via an external staircase
To access a flat roof, an external staircase is often used instead of a stepladder. In most cases, its structure consists of metal and wood elements, which require appropriate antiseptic and anti-corrosion treatment.
External stairs used to access the roof are made of the following materials:
- corrugated steel;
- of stainless steel;
- polished steel;
- impregnated wood wood (oak, ash, beech).
All stairs must be equipped with handrails and securely fastened to the walls of the building for safety reasons. Fire escapes made of metal corner or corrugated steel are compulsory in buildings above 2 floors.
Ladder structures should be subject to periodic inspection. The strength test is reflected in the documents of the organization serving this or that building. These stairs are used to exit to flat roof fire brigades.
Roof access with folding ladder
The use of folding ladders for access to the roof is possible when the hatch has an inner cover that can hide the ladder structure. It has a thickness of up to 66 mm with a dense layer of thermal insulation. With the help of folding ladders, they get to the roof from the interior.
Among the types of folding ladders are
- scissor,
- sectional.
Sectional roof ladders allow you to safely climb to the hatch and descend. They include several segments. They are more popular than accordion-like scissor designs.
GOST recommends using hatches with an inner cover and folding ladders that provide access to the roof to connect rooms with different temperatures, i.e. residential and non-residential.
Using roof drains
A roof ladder is used to access the roof. You can move along it in the same way as on a stepladder. The only difference is that the drain is located on the roof surface.
The ladder can be made in the form of single steps, as well as in the form of a single structure, which includes several steps. The ladder, placed along the ridge, usually leads towards the chimney. This arrangement facilitates access to the chimneys during cleaning and other maintenance.
When the slope of the roof is small, the steps of the slope are set in increments of 70 centimeters. At an angle of inclination of the roof of more than 30 degrees, this distance is reduced to 35 centimeters.
Steel ladders are not always in harmony with roofing... For this reason, they are mainly made from wooden blocks.
Roof ladders, made for human movement on a pitched roof, have the following dimensions - width 25-30 cm, length 40-300 centimeters. In order to avoid that the appearance of the roof will deteriorate from the placement of such additional elements, they are painted to match the existing topcoat.
If you mount an exit to the roof according to one of the above options, then you can do everything on the roof necessary work, which will ensure its long-term service and comfortable living of residents.
or another building, each of them needs access from the inside to the top, that is, to the roof.
It can be done like this:
- exit to the roof from the staircase
- using a stepladder attached to the outside wall
- on ordinary stairs but from the outside of the building
- retractable stairs
- not heated or insulated hatch-type openings
- non-stationary ladders (folding)
- roof ladders
- dormer-type windows
First of all, any building or structure needs such an exit.
After all, residential, industrial real estate, private, communal house, etc.
All of them require access to the roof.
Its most important purpose is access to the top of the building.
In this case, it will not be necessary (and no one will demand) to make or equip a special ladder. Then it is not worthwhile to manufacture any other device that has as its purpose access to the roof area for servicing the chimney.
So, if there is a question about choosing a stepladder for organizing a passage to the roof, then it is worth remembering a few that always remain important points... First, the reinforcing steel used to make or reinforce such a ladder must be strong.
Its thickness is obliged to withstand even a person with a build larger than average, or several people at once. And the second point: the fastening materials must be of high quality.
In some, especially large private houses (in mansions), in the presence of a large central open staircase, several different exits are made in the middle of the house.
Such “doors” to the roof were created not only for preventive maintenance, but also for the sake of entertainment (after all, swimming pools, spas and other attractions on the top of buildings can be arranged in mansions).
Use as classical methods organization of lifting to the roof from the staircase, and original or alternative.
The latter include folding stationary ladders. Such a device is only possible when there is a special hatch and space for a folded ladder.
The cover must have a wall thickness of at least six and a half, seven centimeters, judging by general recommendations for the construction and maintenance of buildings and, in particular, their exits to the roof. This applies to both hatches - external and internal, because when arranging a direct hatch upward, it is precisely the structure of two covers that is needed.
In addition to thickness, there is also a requirement for sound insulation and thermal insulation, as well as for the tightness of such a hatch, designed to hide and keep the ladder folded.
The inner part is usually made of a so-called sandwich, that is, a double coating. It is made of wood or boards and boards, which are located close to the central, middle, homogeneous plate - the hatch cover. Between these layers is placed a layer of polystyrene or a similar material with a thickness of three to six and a half centimeters, like the "layers" themselves.
For flat roofs, the thickness of the insulating “level” is increased. Therefore, it is difficult to determine its universal dimensions. The most important reference point in this matter is the value of the temperature difference between internal environment in the house and outside.
In turn, the stairs for organizing the described exit to the roof can also be of at least two types. These are the following varieties. Scissor, which fold in half, and sectional, with several sections folding next to each other.
The first ones are combined like. They are made from steel or steel alloys mixed type... Folding is done with greater difficulty than when pushing or pushing in the stirrups (like a "step-ladder") structures.
All exits to the roof, the roof from the stairs (staircase) are made for preventive, firefighters, repair and installation works... Also - when arranging additional equipment, equipment and leisure facilities at the top of the building.
Roof opening dimensions
The exit to the roof from the staircase, the height of which is regulated by regulatory enactments, construction rules, must also meet the personal comfort requirements of residents of a private house or the requirements of fire and other types of safety for public buildings.
To determine this value, an appeal to official sources is required.
What, in essence, is access to the roof according to such a document?
The answer to the question posed is: an evacuation (or fire) exit.
Such openings for force majeure situations or repair and construction, carried out at the top of the building, are also emergency at the same time and are made not only for decorative or other entertainment purposes. What presupposes the presence of the last mentioned feature?
Compliance with the norms or SNiPs mentioned above is the answer to this question. So, according to the specified document, the exit to the roof from the staircase is at the same time an emergency exit from the building during unforeseen situations and the action of insurmountable natural, man-made and other types of environmental factors. What do these norms imply about the size of the holes for penetration up the building?
Specifically for buildings with a height of more than ten meters to the very top of the wall last floor there must be exits to the roof immediately from the staircase. Each output is calculated in this ratio. One opening per hundred square meters buildings without an attic, which are considered in this context.
If the building has only one floor (not a basement) and the coverage area is less than 100 sq. m, then it is not at all necessary, according to the instructions of these rules, to make such an exit. According to the description placed in the same act, there are the following remarks.
If there are drops in the roof (more precisely, its surface) with transitions more than upward, it should be made with the installation of a typical fire hatch.
Correct outlet dimensions
According to the rules fire safety for different types buildings among the set of regulations there are items concerning the exit to the roof from the staircase, the dimensions of which must correspond to the sudden needs of a group of people to go to the roof.
When it comes to emergency exits, the minimum distance between these two important objects can be calculated using the following formula:
L = (1.5 * sqrt (P)) / (n-1), if the staircase is located in the room without allocating a “shaft” to it, or L = 0.33 * D / (n-1) in the case of a separate staircase overlooking a corridor with a length D (m).
What do the letters mean in these formulas? L is the distance between any outputs located next to each other, measured in meters and is the minimum allowed. P is the perimeter of the entire room for which it is made (the perimeter is calculated by multiplying the length of the room by its width in the case of its rectangular or square even shapes).
Sqrt - this set of Latin letters denotes calculation square root from the number that is further in parentheses. The height of the roof exits for a possible evacuation must be at least 1.9 m. The width is more than seventy-nine centimeters.
In this case, it is always worth remembering the presence of permissible minimum boundaries, regardless of the calculation of the formulas for the number of these passes to the top. In terms of its dimensions in width, this is a number of ninety centimeters or more. And in the case of a fire-prevention platform of the second type, it is seventy-five to one hundred and fifty centimeters.
Such structural elements must be made of steel. If there is a slope, its proportional value should be as follows: two to one. If this occurs in relation to buildings of a certain type (meaning F 1-4), then these dimensions are allowed to be reduced.
Namely: if the exit is through a hatch again of the second type, then the minimum width of the passage will be sixty centimeters. The recommended one is eighty. This applies to the skylight leading to the roof by a stepladder.
Roof exits directly from the stairs can be arranged in different kind houses, structures and buildings, both industrial and intended for household Everyday life... Their design rules are the subject of attention of the controlling services, therefore they must be made in accordance with the current rules.
The rooftop terrace is shown in the video: